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Table of Contents CHAPTER ONE 5 1.1 Introduction 5 1.2 Statement of the Problems/Dilemmas 5 1.2.1 Particulate Matter (PM) 5 1.2.2 Safety Training Effectiveness 6 1.2.3 Sound-Level Exposure 6 1.2.4 New Employee Training 6 1.2.5 Lead Exposure 7 1.2.6 Return-On-Investment 7 1.3 Research Objectives 7 1.4 Research Questions and Hypotheses 8 CHAPTER TWO 11 2.1 Literature Review 11 2.2 Conceptual framework 11 CHAPTER THREE 12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, DESIGN, AND METHODS 12 3.1 Introduction 12 3.2 Research Design 12 3.3 Research Methods 13 3.4 Data Collection Methods 13 3.5 Sampling Design 13 3.6 Questionnaires 13 3.7 Data Analysis Procedures 14 3.8 Data Analysis 14 3.8.1 Correlation Analysis 15 3.8.2 Simple Regression Analysis 16 3.8.3 Multiple Regression Analysis 17 3.8.4 Independent Samples t Test 18 3.8.5 Paired Samples t Test 18 3.8.6 One-Way ANOVA 19 CHAPTER FOUR 20 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 20 4.1 Introduction 20 4.2 Summary of key findings 20 CHAPTER FIVE 21 SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 21 5.0 Introduction 21 5.1 Recommendations 22 5.2 Conclusion 22 5.3 Suggestion for Further research 23 References 24

Senior leadership at Sun Coast has identified several areas for concern that they believe could be solved using business research methods. The previous director was tasked with conducting research to help provide information to make decisions about these issues. Although data were collected, the project was never completed (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). Senior leadership is interested in seeing the project through to fruition. The following is the completion of that project, and includes statement of the dilemmas, literature review, purpose statements, research methodology, design, and methods, research questions and hypotheses, data analysis, and findings.

There is a concern that job-site particle pollution is adversely impacting employee health. Although respirators are required in certain environments, particulate matter (PM) varies in size depending on the project and job site. PM between 10 and 2.5 microns can float in the air for minutes to hours (e.g. asbestos, mold spores, pollen, cement dust, fly ash), while PM less than 2.5 microns can float in the air for hours to weeks (e.g. bacteria, viruses, oil smoke, smog, soot) (Ferreira, 2011). Due to the smaller size of PM less than 2.5 microns, it is potentially more harmful than PM between 10 and 2.5 since the conditions are more suitable for inhalation. PM less than 2.5 are also able to be inhaled into the deeper regions of the lungs, potentially causing more deleterious health effects. It would be helpful to understand if there is a relationship between PM size and employee health. Air quality data have been collected from 103 job sites, which is reflected in PM size. Data is also available for average annual sick days per employee per jobsite.

Health and Safety training is conducted for each new contract that is awarded to Sun Coast. Data for training expenditures and lost-time hours were collected from 223 contracts. It would be valuable to know if training has been successful in reducing lost-time hours and, if so, how to predict lost-time hours from training expenditures (Wang et al., 2009).

Sun Coast’s contracts generally involve work in noisy environments due to a variety of heavy equipment being used for both remediation and the clients’ ongoing operations on the job sites. Standard earplugs are adequate to protect employee hearing if the decibel levels are less than 120 decibels (dB) (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). For environments with noise-levels exceeding 120 dB, more advanced and expensive hearing protection is required, such as ear-muffs (Ferreira, 2011). Data have been collected for the primary variables that are believed to contribute to excessive noise. It would be important if these data could be used to predict the dB levels of work environments before placing employees on site.

All new Sun Coast employees participate in general health and safety training. The training program was revamped and implemented six months ago. Data is available for two Groups; a) Group A employees who participated in the previous training program, and b) Group B employees who participated in the revised training program. It is necessary to know if the revised training program is more effective than the prior training program.

Employees working on job sites to remediate lead must be monitored. Lead levels in blood are measured as micrograms of lead per deciliter of blood (μg/dL). A base-line is taken pre-exposure, then post-exposure at regular intervals, and at the conclusion of the remediation (Ferreira, 2011). Data are available for 49 employees who recently concluded a two-year-long lead remediation project. It is necessary to determine if blood lead levels have increased.

Sun Coast would like to know if all lines of service provide the same return-on-investment. Return-on-investment data is available for air monitoring, soil remediation, water reclamation, and health and safety training. If return-on-investment is not the same for all lines of service, it would be helpful to know were differences exist (Ferreira, 2011).

Sun Coast has identified several areas for concern that they believe could be solved using business research methods. The previous director was tasked with conducting research to help provide information to make decisions about these issues. Although data were collected, the project was never completed (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). Senior leadership is interested in seeing the project through to fruition. The organization seek to achieve the objectives highlighted below in its endeavor to promote effective leadership and efficiency of service provision

i) To determine the relationship between Particulate Matter (PM) size and employee health.

ii) To evaluate if training has been successful in reducing lost-time hours and, if so, how to predict lost-time hours from training expenditures.

iii) To employ the historical data from 1,530 contracts to predict the decibels (DB) levels of work environments before placing employees on-site for future contracts,

iv) To evaluate whether the revised program is more effective than the prior training program based on the two groups of employees, A and B who participated in the prior training program and in the revised training programs respectively

v) To determine if blood lead levels have increased based on 49 employees who recently concluded a 2-year lead remediation project

Sun Coast faces different business problems which need to be addressed as one means of promoting its endeavor to achieve both short- and long-term goals. The research questions will help the researchers is designing an appropriate research process that will lead to a credible conclusion to the problem (Creswell, & Creswell, 2018). On the hand, both null and alternative hypotheses will enable the researchers to determine the possible outcome based on the research problem.

i) Is there a relationship between Particulate Matter (PM) size and employee health?

H0: PM that is less than 2.5 microns is potentially more harmful than PM that is between 10 and 2.5

H1: There is no statistical relationship between the PM size and the worker’s health.

ii) Has health and safety training successful in reduced lost-time hours and, if so, how to can lost-time be predicted?

H0: There is no statistical relationship between health and safety training and lost time.

H1: Health and safety training has successfully limited lost-time hours and the lost time can be predicted based on current performance

iii) Can (DB) levels of work environments be predicted before placing employees on-site for future contracts?

H0: The standard earplugs are adequate to protect employee hearing if the decibel levels are less than 120 decibels (dB).

H1: It is difficult to predict the DB levels since there is no statistical link to it

iv) Which program is more effective between two groups of employees, A and B prior training and during the revised training respectively?

H0: The program is more efficient with the revised programs than the prior training one.

H1: The program is more efficient with the one prior training than revised one

v) Has the blood lead levels have increased based on 49 employees who recently concluded a 2-year lead remediation project.?

H0: The blood lead levels have increased considering the sampled employees.

H1: The blood sugar of the employees was maintained upon completion of a 2-year old lead remediation project.

vi) Is there a difference between return on investment exist considering four lines of service that Sun Coast offers to their customers?

H0: There is a difference between the return on investment

H1: there is no statistical provision justifying the relationship between the four lines of service that Sun Coast offers to their customers

This chapter covered a review of literature to the study. The chapter covered the following: theoretical and empirical literature leading to this study’s conceptual framework, accrual theory of accounting, trade credit theory and agency theory. It is after this evaluation that a literature gap is identified at the end of this chapter with Sun Coast employee’s performance.

This chapter dealt with research design, location of the study, target population, sample size, sampling procedures, research instruments, instrument reliability, instrument validity, and data collection procedures and data analysis techniques. A discussion of each aspect of the research methodology was given hereunder, beginning with research design

The study used descriptive survey design combining both qualitative and quantitative research strategies. The researcher mainly employed descriptive correlation design, quantitative approaches to get a clear knowledge and level of time losses, employees health and training effect on Sun Coast employees.

Descriptive correlation design was an appropriate design preferred by the researcher as it aim at establishing relationships between dependent and independent variables through quantifiable results (Wang et al., 2009). Descriptive studies are regarded as non-experimental studies that are used to describe characteristic of a certain individual or group under study.it focuses on identifying association between variables and formulating hypothesis upon making valid decisions and conclusions after the findings.

Describe the research methods that will be used for this research study. They may include survey, observation, experimentation, descriptive, correlation, or causal comparative.

The researcher used both primary and secondary data to complete this research. Primary data was collected through surveys and sampling techniques among Sun Coast employees (Wang et al., 2009). Sampling is the act, process or technique of selecting a suitable sample or representative part of a population for the purpose of determining parameters or characteristics of the whole population. A simple random sampling was used in our survey where 103 job sites employee,49 trained employees were used

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Secondary data were obtained from different financial data listed in 1,530 contracts information records on performance of the employees.

Students should briefly describe the type of sampling design that was most likely used for the data that were collected. Choices include, but are not limited to, random sample, convenience sample, etc. Explain your rationale for your sampling design selection(s).

The researcher developed the questioners to enable him to collect data from the selected employees and employers of Sun Coast. The aim of the questionnaires was to obtain the primary data from the various employees on site in order to tap more information from those who experienced health problems among other employees. The respondents were instructed to answer all questions in the questionnaire. The respondents were giving a maximum of five days to understand the questionnaire and fill all the fields. upon collection of the questionnaires from the employee’s researcher and his assistant ensured that all questionnaires had been answered

After the administration of the questionnaires the data gathered was organized, collected, and encoded into the computer and statistically treated using the MS-Excel. The researcher ran descriptive statistics analysis based on frequency tables and percentages based on the data collected (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in the study where with respect to descriptive statistics, mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation were used to establish core relationships between response variables in Sun Coast management where null hypothesis for different research questions was assessed against alternative hypothesis which stated at least one was different. To ascertain the hypothesis the researcher performed one-way and two- way ANOVA. The researcher also performed F-tests to obtain critical values for the test parameters. For inferential statistics the researcher performed regression analysis where dependent variable were Heath and ROI while (lost time, revised trainings, resources such as air: water and soil, safety trainings e.t.c) were treated as independent variables

Details of how data is collected and analyzed is presented here. The research that led to the achievement of Sun Coast objectives was done using quantitative research methods since they offer detailed insights pertaining to the study (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). Research design is the specific type of study that one would conduct and is usually consistent with one’s philosophical worldview and the methodological approach the researcher chooses

From the above correlation analysis Pearson correlation coefficient value between the test variables is negative value=-0.71598 indicating that when one variable increases the effect on other variable decreases (Wang et al., 2009). We accept alternative hypothesis and conclude that There is no statistical relationship between the PM size and the worker’s health.

Model

Safety training=1753.602-6.157*lost time hours

From the above simple regression output since we have one independent variable, we will pay attention to R square=0.8827 which shows high significance between the response variable and predictor variable (Wang et al., 2009). We reject null hypothesis and conclude that Health and safety training has successfully limited lost-time hours and the lost time can be predicted based on current performance

Model

Frequency (HZ) =32243.94-86.45*Angles in degrees-741.55*chord length+42.06*velocity-65093.43*Displacemet-241.1097*Decibel

Since it is a multi-regression analysis we focus on adjusted R-squared=0.3385 which indicates low relationship between the response and predictor variables taken as a pair (Wang et al., 2009). we reject null hypothesis and conclude that the standard earplugs are adequate to protect employee hearing if the decibel levels are less than 120 decibels (dB).

From the above sample t test output, we can see that t-statistic is=-9.666 <1.9876 critical t value hence we do not reject null hypothesis. we conclude that It is difficult to predict the DB levels since there is no statistical link (Wang et al., 2009).

From the output above t-statistic=1.9298>1.6777 critical value hence we reject null hypothesis and conclude that the program is more efficient with the revised programs than the prior training one.

ANOVA output above illustrate that P-value=0.00000176<0.05 hence it is statistically significant. F-value=11.9231>critical F-value=2.72494 hence we reject null hypothesis and conclude that There is a difference between the return on investment

This chapter presents analysis of the data on the effect of proper health and safety measures on employees’ performance in Sun coast company (Wang et al., 2009). The chapter also provides the major findings and results of the study and discuss those finding and results against employee’s health and work output. This was mainly performed from data obtained from questionnaires.

· Based on particulate matter size and employee’s heath with regards to the sample dataset of 103 job sites it was evident that is no statistical relationship between the PM size and the worker’s health.

· Based on safety training expenditure our study showed that Health and safety training has successfully limited lost-time hours and the lost time can be predicted based on current performance. The more training was conducted the lesser the lost time experienced.

· Based on sound level exposure our research showed that standard earplugs are adequate to protect employee hearing if the decibel levels are less than 120 decibels (dB). For environments with noise-levels exceeding 120 dB, more advanced and expensive hearing protection is required, such as earmuffs

· Based on employees training the study established that the revised training program is more effective than the prior training program.

· Based on lead exposure, our made us believe that It is necessary to determine if blood lead levels have increased through cross check monitoring.

· Based on ROI as an indicator for Sun coast profitability metric we found that investment is not the same for all lines of service i.e. soil, air and water.

The chapter provides the summary of the findings from chapter four, and it also gives the conclusion and recommendation of the study based on the objectives of the study (Creswell & Creswell, 2018).

The study recommended that

· Employees should not pay much attention to PM size in refence to their heath rather they should focus on establish proper measures to evade themselves from inhaling the particles e.g. by wearing nose masks while on site for their health.

· More safety training should be exercised as their significantly reduce lost time hours.

· Employees on noisy sites are recommended to have earplugs to prevent ear damage and other hearing problems.

· Newly employed employees should be scheduled frequent revised trainings in order to equip them with new and efficient skills.

Based on the above findings employees on site should have proper gears to prevent themselves from PM inhaling’s, Frequent revised trainings on newly contracted employees were necessary, Sun Coast management should mainly focus on the utility which gains higher return on investment, Safety trainings should be highly advocated to reduce lost times.

A similar research could be carried out among other industries in the same category as sun Coast in order to find out whether the same results will be obtained so as to allow generalization of the results.

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Ferreira, D. F. (2011). Sisvar: a computer statistical analysis system. Ciência e agrotecnologia, 35(6), 1039-1042.

Wang, Y. Q., Zhang, X. Y., & Draxler, R. R. (2009). TrajStat: GIS-based software that uses various trajectory statistical analysis methods to identify potential sources from long-term air pollution measurement data. Environmental Modelling and Software, 24(8), 938-939.

Return-On-Investment

Particulate Matter (PM)

Lead Exposure

Safety Training Effectiveness

New Employee Training

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics

Multiple R0.939559324

R Square0.882771723

Adjusted R Square0.882241279

Standard Error161.302987

Observations223

ANOVA

dfSSMSFSignificance F

Regression143300521.43433005211664.2117.6586E-105

Residual2215750122.45126018.65

Total22249050643.88

CoefficientsStandard Errort StatP-valueLower 95%Upper 95%Lower 95.0%Upper 95.0%

Intercept1753.60213330.3629622357.754652.6E-1351693.7641351813.4401321693.7641813.440132

lost time hours-6.1573943650.150935993-40.79477.7E-105-6.45485242-5.85993631-6.45485-5.85993631

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics

Multiple R0.583706496

R Square0.340713274

Adjusted R Square0.338511248

Standard Error2564.049485

Observations1503

ANOVA

dfSSMSFSignificance F

Regression55.09E+091017230383154.72714711.2E-132

Residual14979.84E+096574349.763

Total15021.49E+10

CoefficientsStandard Errort StatP-valueLower 95%Upper 95%Lower 95.0%Upper 95.0%

Intercept32243.941721307.24124.665647385.2672E-11329679.7234808.159929679.7235334808.1599

Angle in Degrees-86.4596200717.19892-5.0270363735.58105E-07-120.196-52.72307055-120.1961696-52.72307055

Chord Length-741.55591911361.862-0.5445163360.586167308-3412.921929.803715-3412.9155541929.803715

Velocity (Meters per Second)42.060937514.2998949.7818547396.02337E-2233.6264850.4953940833.6264809450.49539408

Displacement-65093.432458026.09-8.110229811.0415E-15-80837-49349.85665-80837.00825-49349.85665

Decibel-241.109719210.26503-23.488460424.0652E-104-261.245-220.974353-261.2450855-220.974353

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Group A Prior Training ScoresGroup B Revised Training Scores

Mean69.7903225884.77419355

Variance122.00449526.96456901

Observations6262

Hypothesized Mean Difference0

df87

t Stat-9.666557191

P(T<=t) one-tail9.69914E-16

t Critical one-tail1.662557349

P(T<=t) two-tail1.93983E-15

t Critical two-tail1.987608282

t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means

Post-Exposure μg/dLPre-Exposure μg/dL

Mean33.2857142932.85714286

Variance155.5150.4583333

Observations4949

Pearson Correlation0.992236043

Hypothesized Mean Difference0

df48

t Stat1.929802563

P(T<=t) one-tail0.029776357

t Critical one-tail1.677224196

P(T<=t) two-tail0.059552714

t Critical two-tail2.010634758