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Terrorist Attack

September 11 Attacks

Summary

Three East Coast airports saw the hijacking of four domestic flights on September 11,

2001. Some of the plane's crew members might have been pierced with box reapers that the

hostage-takers had stashed in their possession shortly after takeoff. It was then that the hostage-

takers seized the airplanes and took them to the West Coast with filled tanks of gasoline. Around

8:46 a.m. on September 11, 2001, “American Airlines Flight 11 was the first plane to bang into

the north tower of the World Trade Center.” The vast majority of those on the scene initially

thought it was a small commuter plane that had crashed, and they were accurate (Galea et al.,

2002). Seventeen minutes after the first accident, “United Airlines flight 175 from Boston”

struck the south tower. No one could argue that the United States was under attack at this time.

Every structure was obliterated and engulfed in flames after being impacted by the explosion.

Workers stuck at a high altitude above the impact locations opted to plunge to their deaths rather

than confront the raging fires.

On September 11, 2001, “American Airlines Flight 77”, which had departed from Dulles

Airstrip outside of Washington, DC, crashed into “the southwest side of the Pentagon at 9:37

a.m.", igniting a fire (Pfefferbaum et al. 2020). Passengers onboard “United Airlines Flight 93

from Newark, New Jersey” attempted to overwhelm their assailants by using their cell phones to

notify them of the situation. Federal Aviation Administration orders countrywide ground stop

minutes later, and United Airlines flight 93 from Newark, NJ goes down within an hour (at 10:03

a.m.). The heavily smashed south tower of the “World Trade Center fell at 9:59 a.m.”, and the

north tower fell later. After the explosion, Lower Manhattan was quickly enveloped in a thick

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cloud of smoke and debris. Office employees and people ran in horror as they strained to flee the

increasing wreckage clouds.

The Perpetrators

Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, an operational planner, was born and reared in Kuwait. He

was identified as "KSM" in the subsequent 9/11 Commission Report and the media. The US

administration thwarted a previous attempt by “Khalid Sheikh Mohammed to blow up a dozen

American planes in Asia in the mid-1990s” was thwarted by the US administration. However,

Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's vision endured. The September 11 plot was developed in Hamburg,

Germany (McEntire, 2018). While traveling through Germany in 1999, an Islamist terrorist

spoke with them about the war being waged in the Russian province of Chechnya, striking up a

dialogue with four members of the "Hamburg cell," which would go on to seize operational

control of the September 11 attacks. Mohammed Atta was eventually recognized as an Islamist

militant.

There were a lot of tourists being detained in Georgia, therefore the Hamburg cell

couldn't go to Chechnya at that time to link with an al-Qaeda operator in Germany. Instead, he

recommended that they head to Afghanistan. Al-rise Qaeda was aided greatly by the knowledge

and experience obtained in the West by some of its members, who were more fervent and more

equipped to accomplish the terrorist attacks (Galea et al., 2002). During their time in Hamburg,

three of the four hijackers who would fly the taken-over planes on September 11 and one of the

main organizers, Ramzi Binalshibh, nurtured extremists. Discrimination and isolation, as well as

homesickness, appear to have driven them to become more aggressive in their religious and

political views and activities.

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Qaeda's after arriving in Afghanistan in 1999, Atta and the other associates of the

Hamburg gang were just beginning to plan the September 11 terrorist attacks. They steadily

radicalized one other as they isolated themselves from the rest of the world. As time went on, the

companions decided to join bin Laden in his worldwide struggle, and in 1999, they traveled to

Afghanistan to pursue al-leadership. Muhammad Atef and Bin Laden realized that Atta and his

other Western-educated jihadists would be considerably greater commanders than the warriors

they had previously recruited, so they nominated him to spearhead the outbreaks on Washington

and New York City (Pfefferbaum et al. 2020). Most of the hijackers came from Saudi Arabia and

had already developed themselves in the United States months or even years before the attacks.

Many of them became commercial pilots after traveling in small groups.

Response of the law enforcement community

The President's Surveillance Program was one of many covert intelligence measures

President George W. Bush authorized in 2001. After the terrorist attacks on “September 11,

2001, the Department of Justice's Office of Legal Counsel” began issuing memoranda providing

the president a wide range of hitherto imagined administrative powers. A decade-long Senate

investigation into the legality of "enhanced interrogation tactics," measures later ruled to be

torture by succeeding administrations, was also covered. (PSP). The PSP is an example of a Bush

administration program that started behind closed doors (McEntire, 2018). The warrantless

surveillance of communications of persons suspected of having links to al-Qaeda, as well as the

warrantless acquisition and mining of data from American phone and internet usage, were all

covered by PSP.

The assaults, particularly the obliteration of the “Twin Towers, New York City's” best

detectible symbol, caused a significant amount of emotional pain. “The World Trade Center,

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unlike Pearl Harbor," was in the heart of one of the world's greatest affluent cities, causing it to

be a more appropriate comparison to the September 11 attacks than Pearl Harbor. The assaults

were witnessed by hundreds of thousands of spectators, many of whom took photographs or

videotaped the events on video cameras, and millions tuned in to watch the disaster develop live

on television. Media replays of the attacks and of people assembling at "Ground Zero" (the site

where the towers previously stood) in the days after September 11 resurfaced several times, as

did images of individuals, many of them carrying photographs of loved ones who were missing,

searching for a clue to their fate (Pfefferbaum et al. 2020). Furthermore, the global economy was

thrown into turmoil. New York's financial markets were shut down for four trading days because

of loss to “Lower Manhattan's” setup and fears of a stock market terror. In the following days,

the markets suffered record-breaking losses. Additionally, hundreds of passengers were stuck

across the United States since commercial airspace in the country remained closed until

September 13, and normal service wasn't resumed for several days.

Major and long-lasting changes were made to the legal environment in the United States

as executive authority expanded tremendously under President Ronald Reagan's leadership.

Within months considering the September 11 terrors, the “George W. Bush Administration”

allowed monitoring of Americans, established a covert military tribunal system and began

surreptitiously detaining people from Muslim and Arab countries. On the contrary, many of these

policies have remained in place, influencing the United States' use of force abroad, immigration

and surveillance laws, and the delicate balance of powers between the federal and the state

governments.

Prevention of the attack in future

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It explains how each mission area contributes to national preparations. It lays out the plan

and principle for how the entire public works together to build and deploy the essential

capabilities. Operations planning is aided by active scheduling, which offers additional evidence

on characters and accountabilities, specifies the most important activities a unit will carry out in

the execution of essential competencies, and determines the source, employees, and sourcing

necessities for the organization (Zaidi et al. 2020). The whole public, comprising the business

and non-profit divisions and all stages of administration and other organizations, is involved in

operational planning. A “Federal Interagency Operational Plan reinforces each structure" focused

on a specific mission area at the federal level (FIOP). “Comprehensive Preparedness Guide

(CPG)” offers more data on the different types of strategies and guidelines for planning concepts.

Prevention Operational Planning

The ability to help develop operational plans at all levels, including local, state, tribal,

and federal, is an important part of this capability. A plan summarizes upcoming events that act

as a jumping-off point for actual operations. Governments may influence the course of events at

immediate risk by creating the activities, regulations, and procedures trailed before the actual

threat (Pfefferbaum et al., 2020). For one thing, it helps to retain a sense of cohesion by

providing a standardized set of tasks to follow in the event of a crisis. There is also a use for it in

disaster planning and resource allocation. Local, state, and federal planning efforts, as well as

corporate sector initiatives, should address the following challenges in support of the National

Prevention Framework:

1) Forming alliances with all relevant parties

2) An understanding of the circumstance that will be present during the planned

operation

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3) An explanation of precarious responsibilities

4) A description of roles and duties

5) Resource and recruit’s necessities

Submission of a Framework

Application CPG 101 provides instructions for preparing municipal, state, tribal, and

territorial emergency operations plan, among other things. It helps planners develop integrated,

coordinated, and synchronized plans and strategies by fostering a mutual consideration of risk-

informed scheduling and execution. Although CPG 101 was originally intended for disaster

administration developers, some of its concepts and planning methods may be used to

preventative planning at all levels, including at the local/state and tribal/territorial levels. This

guideline may be useful to the Federal Government if it so decides (Zaidi et al. 2020). All

municipal, state, tribal, and territory governments should create a prevention strategy to

complement the National Prevention Framework. As part of the Prevention strategy document,

prevention plans must outline how stakeholders will provide and implement the Prevention core

capabilities and their critical roles and duties if they are required. Such plans must include

information on the federal government's roles and responsibilities, as well as any incident-

specific considerations.

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References

Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Bucuvalas, M., Gold, J., & Vlahov, D. (2002).

Psychological Sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. New

England journal of medicine, 346(13), 982-987.

McEntire, D. A. (2018). Introduction to Homeland Security: Understanding Terrorism

Prevention and Emergency Management. John Wiley & Sons.

Pfefferbaum, B., Palka, J., & North, C. S. (2020). Media Contact and Posttraumatic Stress in

Employees of New York City Area Businesses after the September 11 Attacks. Disaster

Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 1-7.

Zaidi, A. J., Mahmoud, A., Hassan, S., Mohammed, T. O., & Hoenig, L. J. (2020). The

September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks from a Dermatology Perspective: A

Remembrance. Clinics in Dermatology.