International Economic assignment
Unit 1: what determines the pattern of trade?
EWU Econ 470, Fall 2017 Maggie apRoberts‐Warren
Where Was Your Shirt Made?
• Take a look at your shirt (or dress, jacket, pants, etc.) tag and see where your shirt was made • You can go to the bathroom to do this • Then come up to the board and put an “X” in the region your article of clothing was made • Don’t worry about putting it in the exact location of the country – the general region (e.g., central America, east Asia, etc.) is fine
• After everyone has marked their location, we will discuss any patterns that emerge
Essential Question
• What determines the pattern of trade? • What determines the goods a country will import and export?
• Comparative advantage determines the pattern of trade • Two cases: constant opportunity costs, increasing opportunity costs
• What is consumption and production without trade (aka, in autarky)? • What is consumption and production with trade?
• What influences comparative advantage? • Factor endowments and factor intensities Heckscher‐Olin theory • Factor = input used to make goods and services
• E.g., land, labor, physical and human capital
Textbook Reference • Knowledge from chapter 3 of Pugel • Absolute and comparative advantage. • How comparative advantage gives rise to gains from trade (arbitrage). • The production possibility curve under constant opportunity costs. • How comparative advantage dictates trade patterns.
• Skills from chapter 3 of Pugel • How to calculate the opportunity cost of production • How to determine comparative and absolute advantage • How to determine the feasible set of trade prices under constant opportunity costs • How to construct the production/consumption possibility curves under autarky and trade (given prices and constant opportunity costs)
Textbook Reference • Knowledge from chapter 4 of Pugel
• The production possibility curve under increasing opportunity costs. • How production is determined under increasing opportunity costs (given prices). • Community indifference curves, the budget constraint, and the optimal consumption bundle (given prices).
• Production and consumption under autarky and trade (under increasing opportunity costs).
• The predictions and implications of the Heckscher‐Olin theory. • Skills from chapter 4 of Pugel
• How to use a graph to identify production, consumption, the pattern of trade, imports, and exports under autarky and trade (given prices and increasing opportunity costs).
• How to illustrate in a graph production, consumption, the pattern of trade, imports, and exports under autarky and trade (given prices and increasing opportunity costs).
• How to calculate relative factor abundance and shares (intensities) and predict trade patterns using this information.
Comparative and Absolute Advantage • Why do people trade? • Why don’t you make your own clothing? • I’m not very good at making clothing…
• …others are better at producing clothes
• What does “better at producing” mean? • Option 1: absolute advantage
• can produce more of a good • Measured/determined by labor productivity and the amount of labor available
• Labor productivity: units of a good produced per labor hour • Can produce 2 shirts per labor hour in Vietnam
• Unit labor requirements: labor hours needed to make one unit of a good • Need 0.5 labor hours to make 1 shirt in Vietnam • reciprocal of productivity
Comparative and Absolute Advantage • All else equal, a country has the absolute advantage in production of a good… • …when they have higher labor productivity for making the good • Aka, lower unit labor requirement
Vietnam Rest of the World
Labor Productivity
• Shirts made per labor hour
2 shirts 0.5 shirts
• Loaves of bread made per labor hour
1.5 loaf 3 loaves
Unit labor requirement to make
• 1 shirt • 1 loaf of bread
Absolute advantage in shirts
Absolute advantage in bread
NOTE: This is the constant opportunity cost case
ASSUME: both Vietnam and ROW have 1 million labor hours available
Comparative and Absolute Advantage
• Can trade make Vietnam and the rest of the world better off? • Sure can! • Vietnam can produce shirts and trade for bread • Rest of the world can produce bread and trade for shirts
• world production increases • Each country gains by producing the good they have an absolute advantage in
• This was the main conclusion of Adam Smith!
• But…what if a country has no absolute advantage? • Can they still benefit from trade?
Comparative and Absolute Advantage Nauru Australia
Labor productivity
• Shirts made per labor hour 2 shirts 3 shirts • Loaves of bread made per labor hour 0.5 loaf 1 loaf
• Nauru has no absolute advantage… • …but they can still gain if they trade on the basis of comparative advantage
• A country has the comparative advantage in production of a good… • …when they can produce the good at a lower opportunity cost • Opportunity cost: how much of one product a country must give up to produce one more unit of the other good
Comparative and Absolute Advantage
Nauru Australia
Labor productivity
• Shirts made per labor hour 2 shirts 3 shirts • Loaves of bread made per labor hour 0.5 loaf 1 loaf
• Calculating opportunity cost • To produce one more shirt, how many loaves of bread does Nauru have to give up? • Shift one labor hour from bread production to shirt production: give up 0.5 loaf, gain 2 shirts
• Cost per shirt = 0.5/2 = 0.25 OC of a shirt in Nauru = 0.25 loaf of bread
Comparative and Absolute Advantage Nauru Australia
Labor productivity
• Shirts made per labor hour 2 shirts 3 shirts • Loaves of bread made per labor hour 0.5 loaf 1 loaf Opportunity cost
• Of a shirt 0.25 loaves • Of a loaf of bread 4 shirts
• What is the opportunity cost of shirts and bread in Australia? • Who has the comparative advantage in bread production?
• Lowest OC of bread Australia • Who has the comparative advantage in shirt production?
• Lowest OC of shirts Nauru • Australia is absolutely better at making shirts… • …but Nauru is relatively better
Comparative and Absolute Advantage
• What is the pattern of trade between Nauru and Australia? • A country exports goods it can produce at a lower opportunity cost and imports goods it produces at a higher opportunity cost • export comparative advantage good • import non‐comparative advantage good
• Nauru exports shirts, imports bread • Australia imports shirts, exports bread • This makes both countries better off!
• How? • Relative prices change
• Relative price of export good rises, relative price of import good falls compared to autarky prices
• produce more, consume more!
Gains From Trade • How much does a shirt cost? How much does a loaf cost? • We use relative prices price of a shirt in terms of loaves of bread (or vice versa)
• No money; like a barter economy • E.g., one shirt = 2 loaves (price of shirt = 2 loaves/shirt = 2 L/S)
• In autarky • Assuming competitive markets, price = marginal cost of production • price = opportunity cost
• With trade • Prices in each country will equalize as traders take advantage of arbitrage opportunities
• Arbitrage: profiting by buying low and selling high • Need more info to know the exact price… • …but we can say something about the set of feasible prices
Opportunity cost Nauru Australia
• Of a shirt 0.25 loaves/shirt 0.33 loaves/shirt
• Of a loaf of bread 4 shirts/loaf 3 shirts/loaf
Price in Autarky
Gains From Trade • Feasible set of trade prices • Producer won’t sell if price ≤ cost to produce • Buyer won’t purchase if price ≥ cost to make the good themselves • For a trade to happen price must be…
• More than seller’s cost to produce • And less than buyer’s cost to make it themselves
• For trade to occur, trade price must fall between autarky prices of the good • Feasible shirt prices (price = loaves/shirt = L/S)
• 0.25 L/S at minimum • 0.33 L/S at maximum
• Feasible loaf prices (price = shirts/loaf = S/L) • 3 S/L at minimum • 4 S/L at maximum
Opportunity cost Nauru Australia
• Of a shirt 0.25 loaves/shirt 0.33 loaves/shirt
• Of a loaf of bread 4 shirts/loaf 3 shirts/loaf
Price in Autarky
Gains From Trade
• Assume trade prices: • Price of shirt = 0.3 L/S • Price of a loaf = 3.33 S/L
• Nauru: exports shirts, imports bread • Price of the export good rises
• From 0.25 L/S to 0.3 L/S • Price of the import good falls
• From 4 S/L to 3.33 S/L • Australia: exports bread, imports shirts
• Price of the export good rises • From 3 S/L to 3.33 S/L
• Price of the import good falls • From 0.33 L/S to 0.3 L/S
Opportunity cost Nauru Australia
• Of a shirt 0.25 loaves/shirt 0.33 loaves/shirt
• Of a loaf of bread 4 shirts/loaf 3 shirts/loaf
Price in Autarky
Illustrating Gains From Trade: Constant Costs
• Illustrate the gains from trade using the production possibility curve (PPC) • PPC: shows all output combinations of two goods that can be produced with full employment of resources and maximum productivity
• Assume Nauru has 100 thousand labor hours available • Devote all labor to shirt production output = 200 thousand shirts, 0 loaves • Devote all labor to bread production output = 0 shirts, 50 thousand loaves
• Assume Australia has 60 thousand labor hours • Devote all labor to shirt production output = 180 thousand shirts, 0 loaves • Devote all labor to bread production output = 0 shirts, 60 thousand loaves
Nauru Australia
Labor productivity
• Shirts made per labor hour 2 shirts 3 shirts • Loaves of bread made per labor hour 0.5 loaf 1 loaf
• Slope of PPC = OC of x‐axis good (autarky price of x‐axis good) • Autarky: domestic production = domestic consumption • Assume equal to point A in graphs • World production/consumption = 190 shirts, 55 loaves of bread
• Nauru specializes in comparative advantage good (shirts) produces at point PN • Can trade each shirt for 0.3 loafs (vs 0.25 loafs in autarky) • Expanded consumption possibilities red line • Slope of red line = trade price of x‐axis good
• Produce 200 shirts; assume they trade 93.33 • Get 28 loaves of bread in return • Consume at point CN
Assuming trade prices: Pshirt = 0.3 L/S Ploaf = 3.33 S/L
• Australia specializes in comparative advantage good (bread) produces at point PN • Can trade each loaf for 3.33 shirts (vs 3 shirts in autarky) • Expanded consumption possibilities red line • Slope of red line = trade price of x‐axis good
• Produce 60 loaves; assume they trade 28 • Get 93.33 shirts in return • Consume at CA
Autarky world prod/cons: • 190 shirts, 55 loaves Trade world prod/cons: • 200 shirts, 60 loaves Total world production and consumption increase!
Illustrating Gains From Trade: Constant Costs • How can we illustrate the gains from trade? • Graph production and consumption possibilities under autarky
• production possibility curve • Autarky production = consumption
• Point where we produce and consume is on PPC • Slope of PPC = opp cost of x‐axis good
• Graph production and consumption possibilities under trade • Production possibilities still represented by PPC…
• Specialize in comparative advantage good • Point where we produce is on the PPC
• …but consumption possibilities have expanded! • Represented by the trade line • Slope of trade line = relative price of x‐axis good
Production With Increasing Opp. Costs • Previous material assumes constant opportunity costs • Not very realistic • Increasing (marginal) opportunity costs are more realistic • As quantity produced of one good increases, more and more of the other good produced must be given up
• Results in a concave (bowed out from origin) PPC
• Why is this more realistic? • Different products use inputs (land, labor, etc.) in different proportions
Production With Increasing Opp. Costs • What is the optimal production combo? • How much bread should be produced? • How much decision principle of marginal analysis
• Produce bread until the marginal cost of last loaf = marginal benefit • Marginal = “one more” • Cost of producing one more loaf?
• Opportunity cost! slope of PPC • Benefit of producing one more loaf?
• Price of a loaf of bread • E.g., if the price of bread is 1 S/L (shirts/loaf)…
• Produce 20 loaves, 80 shirts • What if the price of bread is 2 S/L?
• 4 S/L? • 3 S/L?
OPTIMAL PRODUCTION: Price = opp. Cost
Price of x‐axis good = slope of PPC
Consumption With Increasing Opp. Costs • What about the demand for bread and shirts? • Need to introduce consumer theory indifference curves (IC) • Indifference curve: shows combos of consumption quantities that lead to the same well‐being/happiness (aka, utility) • Could be for an individual (individual indifference curve)…
• …or an entire community/country (community indifference curve; what we use)
• An infinite number of indifference curves exist • Different points on one IC are associated with the same level of happiness
• ICs to the • northeast of origin more happiness • southwest of origin less happiness
Consumption With Increasing Opp. Costs • What is the optimal consumption bundle? • How much bread and shirts should we consume?
• We’d like an infinite amount, but we are constrained by a finite income
• budget constraint/price line: total spending on all goods must be equal to income (Y) • • (absolute value of) slope =
• relative price of x‐axis good • Want to be on highest indifference curve while adhering to our budget constraint • optimal bundle occurs where a IC is just tangent to the price line
Production and Consumption With Increasing Opp. Costs: Autarky
• No trade outcome • Country must be self‐sufficient • domestic production = domestic consumption
• Production/consumption point maximizes well‐being… • is on highest IC
• …given production possibilities • is on the PPC
• Autarky outcome • Production/consumption = point where PPC is just tangent to highest IC
• Autarky price = slope of the tangent line
Production and Consumption With Increasing Opp. Costs: Autarky
• Autarky in Nauru • Produce and consume at point S0
• 50 shirts, 40 loaves • OC (aka price) of bread = 2 S/L; OC of shirt = 0.5 L/S
• Autarky in Australia • Produce and consume at point S0
• 30 shirts, 80 loaves • OC (aka price) of bread = 0.75 S/L; OC of shirt = 1.33 L/S
Production and Consumption With Increasing Opp. Costs: Trade
• What happens when countries open to trade? • Nauru has comparative advantage in shirts expect to export shirts • Australia has comparative advantage in bread export to export bread • Feasible trade prices? • Relative price of bread must be between 0.75 S/L and 2 S/L • Relative price of shirt must be between 0.5 L/S and 1.33 L/S
• In Nauru, price of bread falls compared to autarky • produce less bread, more shirts (point S1) • consume more bread, fewer shirts (point C1) • Export the shirts they produce but do not consume… • …import the bread they consume but do not produce
• Assume relative price of bread is 1 S/L under trade
• Different prices with trade new price line (green line)
• In Australia, price of bread rises compared to autarky • produce more bread, fewer shirts (point S1) • consume less bread, more shirts (point C1) • Export the bread they produce but do not consume… • …import the shirts they consume but do not produce
• Assume relative price of bread is 1 S/L under trade
• Different prices with trade new price line (green line)
• Conclusions from opening to trade… • Countries export their comparative advantage good
• Domestic production of export good increases, domestic production of import good decreases • Total world production increases more efficient production • Consumers are better off
• Increase consumption of import good • May increase, decrease, or not change consumption of export good • Move to a higher indifference curve consumers are better off
• Assume relative price of bread is 1 S/L under trade
• Different prices with trade new price line (green line)
H‐O Theory
• To recap: comparative advantage determines the pattern of trade • But what factors determine comparative advantage? • Comparative advantage is determine by autarky opportunity costs (aka relative prices) • Determined graphically by PPC and indifference curves (tangent point) • Different consumer preferences different shaped ICs difference autarky OCs/prices • Different production conditions different shaped PPCs difference in autarky OCs/prices • May be the result of different technology, resource productivity • May be the result of different factor endowments and factor intensities
• Heckscher‐Olin (H‐O) theory
H‐O Theory
• The H‐O Theory • A country will export the good(s) that uses its relatively abundant factor(s) intensively
• “Relative abundance” compare factor ratios between countries • E.g., factors are labor and land • Labor abundance measured by
(labor‐to‐land ratio)
• A country (Nauru) is relatively labor abundant if it’s labor‐to‐land ratio is higher compared to other countries (Australia)
• Nauru is relatively labor‐abundant; Australia is relatively land‐abundant
H‐O Theory
• The H‐O Theory • A country will export the good(s) that uses its relatively abundant factor(s) intensively
• “intensively” compare factor cost shares across goods • Factor costs share of a product’s total value labor/land/capital cost per dollar of output • For each dollar used to produce a good, how much of the dollar is spent on labor/land/capital?
• A good (shirts) are relatively labor intensive if the labor cost share is higher than other goods (bread) labor cost share
$ $ • shirt production is relatively labor‐intensive
H‐O Theory
• Intuition? • How do factor endowments/intensities affect opportunity costs (aka prices) in autarky?
• Nauru is relatively labor‐abundant (compared to Australia) • Labor is relatively cheap, land is relatively expensive
• Shirt production is relatively labor‐intensive (compared to bread production) • Making a shirt in Nauru uses relatively…
• A lot of cheap labor, a little expensive land • Making a loaf in Nauru uses relatively…
• A little cheap labor, a lot of expensive land • Shirts will be cheap relative to bread in autarky (compared to Australia) • comparative advantage in shirts for Nauru