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UNIT1.1-MedievalPPT2023.pptxMusic Literature MUSI 1307
Instructor: Mrs. MINA Kramer
Textbook: A History of Western Music 10th edition by Burkholder, Grout, Palisca
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Grading Rubric:
5 tests 50%
1 Research Paper 15%
Assignments 15%
Discussions 10%
Concert Review 10%
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5 Time Periods
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Medieval/Renaissance (400-1600)
Baroque (1600-1750)
Classical (1750-1825)
Romantic (1825-1900)
20th Century (1900+)
UNIT 1 MEDIEVAL / RENAISSANCE ERA
MUSI 1307 – Music Lit
In this Lecture, we will cover:
Antiquity Time Period - 3000 BC-476 AD
History
Music
Medieval Time Period – 476-1400
History
Music
Notation Development
Music in the Church
Secular Music
Medieval Instruments
Polyphony (13th Century)
Polyphony (14th Century)
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Antiquity (“Ancient Past”) 3000 BC – 476 AD
Rise of Roman empire
Greece – center for learning and philosophy
Plato wrote “The Republic”
Aristotle wrote “Politics”
Oral Tradition
The Parthenon in Greece built in 437 BC
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Common Instruments from Antiquity
Kithara (large Lyre)
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Antiquity
Plato
Aristotle
Monophonic
Tetrachords (4 note sequence)
DISCUSSION: Aristotle and other Greek philosophers believed that music could affect ethos (one’s ethical character or way of behaving). Do you believe that music has such power? What are examples of recent music created to generate a specific emotion or reaction?
Plato
Aristotle
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Anonymous: Epitaph of Seikilos LISTENING #1
Epitaph is a phrase written in memory of a person who died, sometimes on a tombstone
From 1st century AD
only surviving fully notated composition
Inscribed on a tombstone
What instrument is played?
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476
Fall of the Roman Empire
525
Calendar invented
1096
First Crusades start
1347
Black Death spreads through Europe
1206
Mongol Empire founded by Genghis Kahn
1182
Compass invented
800
Charlemagne, Crowned Holy Roman Emperor
1193
Construction starts on Notre Dame in Paris
1337
Hundred Years War begins between England and France
1455
Printing Press invented
1219
Windmill invented
1066
William of Normandy becomes King of England
Medieval Era Timeline
1492
Columbus sails to America
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Medieval (Middle Ages) HISTORY 1000-year period (476-1400)
Fall of the Roman empire marks the beginning of Middle Ages (476 AD)
3 groups succeeded power from the Roman Empire:
Byzantine Empire
Arab world
Western Europe
Constant struggle of power between King and Church
In around 800, Charlemagne became Emperor of Rome
Strong connections to Roman Catholic church and support them
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Fall of the Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
Arab world
Western Europe
Roman Catholic church grows – Gregorian Chants developed
Economic growth from trade and commerce
Deep religious belief causes violence (Crusades)
Secular music begins to grow in popularity
Instruments become more common
Invention of the compass and printing press
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Music of the Middle Ages
Church becomes principal place for musical development
Early Church Modes
Plainchant / Gregorian Chant (Pope Gregory the Great – 560-604 AD)
LISTEN: “Viderunt omnes” from Mass from Christmas Day
Outside the church, few knew how to read
Secular music was purely aural & used vernacular language
13th century – more donors, more economic growth
Notre Dame Cathedral begins 900-year construction
Watch this short video about the history of Notre Dame
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Notation
Neumes
From 9th Century
Heighted neumes
From 10-11th centuries
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“Musica enchiriadis”
9th Century Music Handbook on music and Early Church modes
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Guido of Arezzo & the Guidonian Hand
Music in the Church
Liturgy - order of services & structure of each service
Church calendar of feasts and celebrations
Two types of services:
Mass – most important type of service
Office – series of 8 services throughout the day.
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Mass
PROPER of the Mass – sections that vary
ORDINARY of the Mass – sections that always remain the same
Mass contained 3 sections:
Introductory
Readings and Psalms
Prayer and Communication
Monasteries & convents observed the OFFICE (series of 8 services in 1 day)
| Music portions of the Mass | ||
| Proper (vary) | Ordinary (same) | |
| Introductory | Introit | 2. Kyrie 3. Gloria |
| Readings / Psalms | 4. Gradual 5. Alleluia | 6. Credo |
| Prayers / Communion | 7. Offertory | 8. Sanctus 9. Agnus Dei |
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3 types of Gregorian Chant
Syllabic
Neumatic
Melismatic
3 uses of Gregorian Chant
Responsorial Antiphonal Direct
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Anonymous: Mass for Christmas Day, Puer natus est nobis (Introit) Listening #2
What type of chant is this?
Syllabic
Neumatic
Melismatic
How is this chant used?
Responsorial
Antiphonal
Direct
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Anonymous: Mass for Christmas Day, Puer natus est nobis (Introit) Listening #2
What type of chant is this?
Syllabic
Neumatic
Melismatic
How is this chant used?
Responsorial
Antiphonal
Direct
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Soloist
Soloist
Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)
Founded Convent in 1150
Famous for visions and prophecy
Poet and composer
Sacred Musical Drama
LISTENING #3 – Hildegard : Ordo virtutum, In principio omnes (The Virtues: closing chorus) – morality play
Characters: Prophets, Virtues, Happy Soul, Unhappy Soul, Devil (only speaks)
82 songs
Addition of instruments (non-liturgical)
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Secular Music of the Middle Ages
Began as monophonic singing for celebration and good cheer
Polyphonic singing growing
Rounds – like “Row Row Row your boat”
3 types of Latin songs:
Versus (sacred)
Conductus (sacred or secular)
Goliard Songs (secular)
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Secular songs - vernacular languages
Northern France – Chanson de geste
Southern France – Troubadours
English – English Song
Germans – Minnesingers
Italy – Laude
Spain – Cantigas
Anonymous: Cantiga 159 Non sofre Santa María, from Cantigas de Santa María
What do you notice about this music?
Do you hear a repeated section?
Listen for the format:
Abba Abba Abba …
(A = refrain)
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Medieval Instruments
Vielle (early violin)
Medieval Trumpet
Pipe and Tabor
Shawm
Transverse Flute
Psaltery
Hurdy Gurdy
Also – Bagpipes, Bells, Organs
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Polyphony in the 13th Century
As grandeur of Notre Dame was being build, music was adapting and finding new ways of development.
Polyphony
Counterpoint, Harmony, Notation, Composition
Organum – Parallel and Mixed Parallel and Oblique Organum
Musica enchiriadis, Sit gloria domini
example of early organum
Drone
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Development of Polyphony (13th c)
CHANT
Monophonic
ORGANUM
Polyphonic
2 voices – Principal voice
Organal voice (below)
FREE ORGANUM
Polyphonic
2 voices – Principal voice
Organal voice (above or below)
NOTRE DAME POLYPHONY
Polyphonic
2+ voices –
Multiple voices
Descant (tenor sings above)
Added rhythmic modes
MOTET
Polyphonic
2+ voices –
Multiple voices
Motetus (upper voice)
Secular or sacred
Cantus Firmus
Franconian notation
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Notation Development (so far)
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Neumes
From 9th Century
Heighted neumes
From 10-11th centuries
Guidonian notation
From Guido d’Arezzo
From 11th century
Franconian Notation
From 13th century
Rhythmic Notation
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Rhythmic Modes
from Notre Dame Polyphony
Franconian Notation
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New Developments of the 14th Century
Philippe de Vitry (1291-1361)
“Ars nova” treatise (“New Arts” ca. 1322)
Isorhythms
Color (Melodic pattern)
Talea (rhythmic pattern),
Color: melodic pattern
Talea: rhythmic pattern
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Guillaume de Machaut (1300-1377) - Ars Nova composer
First to write a complete Mass cycle
3 types of Formes Fixes (“fixed form”)
Ballade
Rondeau
Virelei
La Messe de Nostre Dame , Kyrie
4 voices with Countertenor line too
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media1.mp3
NAWM 3d: Mass for Christmas Day: Gradual, Viderunt omnes
Concentus; Paul Elliott, director
The Norton Recorded Anthology of Western Music, Eighth Edition, Volume 1
2019
126.9858
eng - Courtesy of W. W. Norton & Company.
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media2.mp3
NAWM 14b: Organa from Musica enchiriadis: Sit gloria domini
Concentus; Paul Elliott, director
The Norton Recorded Anthology of Western Music, Eighth Edition, Volume 1
2019
14.210549
eng - Courtesy of W. W. Norton & Company.
media6.mp3
NAWM 3a: Mass for Christmas Day: Introit, Puer natus est nobis
Concentus; Paul Elliott, director
The Norton Recorded Anthology of Western Music, Eighth Edition, Volume 1
2019
147.2588
eng - Courtesy of W. W. Norton & Company.
media7.mp3
NAWM 22: Aucun ont trouvé/Lonc tans/Annuntiantes
Musica Mensurata.
The Norton Recorded Anthology of Western Music, Eighth Edition, Volume 1
2019
156.82054
eng - ℗ 1990 Düsseldorf: TVD.
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media3.mp3
NAWM 15: Alleluia Justus ut palma, from Ad organum faciendum
Paul Elliott, tenor; Matthew Leese, baritone; Concentus; Paul Elliott, director
The Norton Recorded Anthology of Western Music, Eighth Edition, Volume 1
2019
126.7768
eng - Courtesy of W. W. Norton & Company.
media4.mp3
NAWM 17: Viderunt omnes
Concentus; Paul Elliott, tenor and director
The Norton Recorded Anthology of Western Music, Eighth Edition, Volume 1
2019
493.7808
eng - Courtesy of W. W. Norton & Company.
media5.mp3
NAWM 19: Viderunt omnes
Theatre of Voices; Paul Hillier, director
The Norton Recorded Anthology of Western Music, Eighth Edition, Volume 1
2019
661.6077
eng - ℗ 2002 Harmonia Mundi USA. Courtesy of Harmonia Mundi USA.
