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Chapter

Introduction to Information Technology: The Future Now

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Using Information Technology, 11e

Chapter 1 Topics

UNIT 1A: The Mobile World, Information Technology, & Your Life

1.1 Information Technology & Your Life: The Future Now

1.2 Information Technology Is Pervasive: Cellphones, Email, the Internet, & the E-World

UNIT 1B: The Basics of Information Technology

1.3 The Practical User: How Becoming tech Smart Benefits You

1.4 The “All-Purpose Machine”: The Varieties of Computers

1.5 Understanding Your Computer

1.6 Where Is Information Technology Headed?

Using Information Technology, 11e

UNIT 1A: The Mobile World, Information, & Your Life

As the result of developments in information technology,

smartphones and tablet computers are changing

nearly everything we do.

Information technology refers to any technology that

helps produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or

disseminate information.

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1.1 Information Technology & Your Life

The Future Now

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Information technology affects almost all aspects of our lives,

including education, health, finance, recreation and entertainment,

government, jobs and careers, and your personal life.

Part 1: Computer Technology

A computer is a programmable, multiuse machine that accepts data—raw facts

and figures—and processes, or manipulates, it into information we can use.

Part 2: Communications Technology

Communications technology, also called telecommunications technology, consists of of electromagnetic devices and systems for communicating over any distance.

Two Parts of IT: Computers & Communications

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Education: The Promise of More Interactive & Individualized Learning

Education has become heavily involved in information technology.

Information technology can be used for:

Personalizing students’ education

Automating tedious and rote tasks and managing classes

Reducing instructors’ workload (course-management software)

Graphical presentations (e.g., PowerPoint)

What is misuse?

Text messaging or emailing friends during class

Surfing the Internet for entertainment

Doing assignments for other classes

Sharing answers

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Education: The Promise of More Interactive & Individualized Learning

Online Learning, or distance learning, is becoming common.

Not all online schools/courses are accredited; students should check.

Online courses are less expensive than traditional courses.

Distance learning is available to students in rural areas.

Tutoring, simulation, and avatars are also aspects of IT in education:

Using Information Technology, 11e

Health: High-Tech for Wellness

Computers are playing important roles in our

personal lives.

Telemedicine: Medical care via

telecommunications lets doctors treat patients

from far away.

3D Computer models allow accurate tumor location inside a skull; X rays, MRIs, CT scans can be done remotely.

Robots—automatic devices that perform functions

ordinarily performed by human beings—permit precise microsurgery.

Health websites provide medical information.

Many health records are stored electronically.

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Money & Business: Toward the Cashless Society?

Information technology is reducing the use of traditional money.

Virtual means something that is created, simulated, or carried on by means of a computer or a computer network.

Virtual money includes cash-value cards, automatic transfers, and digital money

“Electronic wallets” (e.g., PayPal)

Electronic payroll deposit

Online bill paying via debit and credit cards

Micropayments for online products and

to help charities

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Money & Business: Toward the Cashless Society?

Smartphones are used for “showrooming” and shopping.

Technology can also be used to telecommute and to start businesses and earn money.

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Government & Electronic Democracy: Participating in the Civic Realm

Information technology is helping governments to deliver services and is affecting political activism.

IT can help governments to improve services, including police services, which use databases, computer systems with a collection of interrelated files.

Online voting is becoming common.

Information is easier to disseminate.

Watchdog websites are growing.

Easier fund raising from small donors.

BUT:

Gerrymandering is becoming easier—redrawing voting districts for partisan advantage.

Voting machine problems can occur.

Invasion of privacy is becoming an important issue.

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Jobs & Careers

People now use computers to post résumés and find jobs.

IT is used in starting new business ventures.

IT is used to prepare résumés and find jobs on many websites.

To help find jobs, participate in social media and write comments on blogs (weblogs), frequently updated sites on the web intended for public consumption that contain a writer’s observations, opinions, images, and links to other websites. (But be aware of privacy issues and DON’T POST inappropriate pictures or text!) (Internet postings live forever!)

Using Information Technology, 11e

Jobs & Careers

Basic computer skills are needed for most jobs:

Know how to use a keyboard.

Use email.

Be able to use a word processor (usually Microsoft Word).

Know basic spreadsheet and database software skills.

Understand the basics of file sizes, computer memory limitations, and network arrangements.

Know what the basic computer system components are.

Discussion Question: Can anyone think of a career that does not require computer skills at all?

Using Information Technology, 11e

Your Personal Life

Computers are playing important roles in our personal lives.

Online relationship sites, or online dating sites, provide electronic forums that people may join in the hope of meeting compatible companions or mates.

“Digital is embedded into the fiber of every aspect of our culture and our personal lives”– public safety and security; in the home; entertainment; finance; communications; traveling; shopping; medical care; and so on.

Discussion Question: Can anyone think of an area of life NOT affected by IT?

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1.2 Information Technology Is Pervasive

Cellphones, Email, the Internet, & the E-World

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The Phone Grows Up

The telephone is not what it used to be.

1973: First cellphone call

Mobile phone use estimated to rise to 7 billion users in 2014

Today’s smartphones can:

Make voice calls

Connect to Internet and web for all sorts of activities

Send and receive text messages

Take and send pictures and download music and video

Obtain news and TV programs

Scan special barcodes that take users to a website

Provide maps

Do research

Pay for products and services

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Email’s Mass Impact

Email revolutionized communication, and has many benefits, but in many areas it is being supplanted by texting.

Introduced in 1981

Reached 10 million users in about one year

1998 surpassed hand-delivered mail

In 2013 about 144 billion messages per day

In business, at least, email requires writing skills

For personal activities, texting is replacing email

Texting, or text messaging, is sending and receiving short written messages between mobile phones or other portable or fixed devices

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The Internet, the World Wide Web, & the “Plumbing” of Cyberspace

The net, the web, and cyberspace are not the

same things.

Cyberspace

Term coined by William Gibson in Neuromancer

(1984) to describe a futuristic computer network people “plugged” into directly with their brains

Now the term cyberspace encompasses not only the online world and the Internet in particular but also the whole wired and wireless world of communications in general.

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The Internet (the “Net” or “net”) is a worldwide computer network that connects hundreds of thousands of smaller networks. These networks link educational, commercial, nonprofit, and military entities, as well as individuals.

The World Wide Web (the “Web” or the “web” is an interconnected system of Internet computers (called

servers ) that support specially formatted documents

in multimedia form. (The word multimedia, from “multiple media,” refers to technology that presents information in more than one medium, such as text, still images, moving images, and sound.)

The Net & Web Defined

Using Information Technology, 11e

UNIT 1B: The Basics of Information Technology

As the result of developments in information technology,

smartphones and tablet computers are changing

nearly everything we do.

Information technology refers to any technology that

helps produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or

disseminate information.

Using Information Technology, 11e

1.3 The Practical User

How Becoming tech Smart Benefits You

Using Information Technology, 11e

Being informed about information technology has

practical payoffs.

Know how to make better buying decisions

Know how to fix ordinary computer problems

Know how to upgrade equipment and integrate it with new products

Know how to use the Internet effectively

Know how to guard against online dangers

Know how computer knowledge can advance your career

Using Information Technology, 11e

1.4 The “All-Purpose Machine”

The Varieties of Computers

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All Computers, Great & Small: The Categories of Machines

Computers come in different sizes; they also function as clients and/or servers.

There are five basic computer sizes.

Supercomputers

Mainframes

Workstations

Microcomputers

Microcontrollers

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1. Supercomputers

Supercomputers are used in very special situations.

Priced from $1 million to over $350 million.

High-capacity machines with thousands

of processors that can perform more than several

quadrillion calculations per second.

Faster and largest computer available.

Used for government census, weather forecasting, designing aircraft, scientific projects, etc.

The Titan (U.S.A.) computer is currently the largest supercomputer.

The next supercomputer generation may use nanotechnology.

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2. Mainframes

Mainframe computers are used in many large businesses.

Priced from $5,000 to $5 million

Process billions of instructions per second

Size is dependent on the use

Water-cooled or air-cooled

Used to be called midsize computers

Used by banks, airlines, colleges, and the like for

millions of transactions

Using Information Technology, 11e

3. Workstations

Workstations are used for graphics, special effects, and

certain professional applications.

Expensive, powerful personal computers

Used for scientific, mathematical, engineering, computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) applications

Used for designing cars, drugs, movie special effects

Are usually connected to a network

Using Information Technology, 11e

4. Microcomputers

Microcomputers are used by individuals as well as businesses, and

they can be connected to networks of larger computers. There are

many types of microcomputers.

Personal computers that cost $500 to over $5,000

Used either stand-alone or in a network

Types include: desktop, tower, notebooks (laptops), netbooks, tablets, mobile devices, personal digital

assistants (PDAs), and e-readers

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Types of Microcomputers (1)

Desktop and tower PCs

Notebooks & netbooks

Tablets

Tower PC

Desktop PC

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Types of Microcomputers (2)

Mobile devices & PDAs

E-readers

Also called embedded computers, microcontrollers are tiny, specialized microprocessors inside appliances and automobiles They are in microwaves, programmable ovens, blood-pressure monitors, air bag sensors, vibration sensors, MP3 players, digital cameras, keyboards, car systems, etc.

Using Information Technology, 11e

Servers

The word server describes the way a computer—

whether mainframe, workstation, or PC—is used.

A server, or network server , is a central computer that holds collections of data (databases) and programs for connecting or supplying services to PCs, workstations, and other devices, which are called clients. These clients are linked by a wired or wireless network. The entire network is called a client-server network.

Purpose: Hold data and programs for clients to access and to supply services for clients.

Using Information Technology, 11e

1.5 Understanding Your Computer

Using Information Technology, 11e

How Computers Work: Three Key Concepts

All computer users must understand three basic principles: (1) Data is turned into information; (2) hardware and software have their own specific functions; and (3) all computers involve input, processing, storage, and output, plus communications.

1. Purpose of a computer: Turning data into information

Data: the raw facts and figures

Information: data that has been summarized or otherwise transformed for use in decision making

2. Hardware vs. software

Hardware = the machinery and equipment in a computer system

Software (programs) = the electronic instructions that tell the computer how to perform a task

(continued)

Using Information Technology, 11e

3. The basic operations of a computer: All computers use 4 basic operations + communications:

Input: What goes into the computer system

Processing: The manipulation a computer does to transform data into information

Storage:

Primary storage, or memory, is temporary storage for data waiting to be processed

Secondary storage is permanent storage: media such as hard disk, DVDs, and CDs

Output: What comes out—the results of processing, such as on the screen, printouts, sound

Communications: Sending and receiving data

Using Information Technology, 11e

Panel 1.7

Page 29

Using Information Technology, 11e

Customizing a Desktop Computer

What would you need?

Keyboard & mouse (input hardware)

Inside the system cabinet (processing & memory hardware)

Case and power supply

Processor chip – the central processing unit (CPU)

Memory chips – random access memory (RAM) or primary storage

Motherboard – the system board, the main circuit board, with expansion slots to plug in components

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Putting the components together

Panel 1.8

Page 31

Using Information Technology, 11e

Storage Hardware: Hard Drive, CD/DVD Drive

Storage capacity is represented in bytes

1 byte = 1 character of data

1 kilobyte = 1,024 characters

1 megabyte = 1,048,576 characters

1 gigabyte = over 1 billion characters

1 terabyte = over 1 trillion characters

1 petabyte = about 1 quadrillion characters

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Output hardware

Video

Sound cards

Speakers

Monitor

Printer

Communications hardware

Modem

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Basic PC System

Panel 1.9

Page 33

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Software

Computers use two basic types of software: system software and application software.

System Software—enables the computer to perform essential operating tasks and makes it possible for application software to run.

Most important part: operating system (OS)

Some operating system options

Windows

Unix

Linux

Mac OS

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Software

Application Software—enables you to perform specific tasks—solve problems, perform work, or entertain yourself.

Compatibility: Application software is specific to the system software you use.

Linux applications won’t work on Windows.

Windows applications won’t necessarily work on Linux.

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1.6 Where Is Information Technology Headed?

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Computers are headed in three basic directions—

miniaturization, faster speeds, and

greater affordability

—and communications are improving connectivity,

interactivity, and support of multimedia.

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When Computers & Communications Converge: Five Results

Convergence—combination of several industries

Computers

Communications

Consumer electronics

Entertainment

Mass media

Portability

Personalization

Collaboration

Cloud computing

Artificial intelligence

Using Information Technology, 11e

Cloud computing basically means that instead of storing your software and/or data on your own PC or your own company’s computers, you store it on servers on the Internet.

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to a group of related technologies used for developing machines to emulate human qualities, such as learning, reasoning, communicating, seeing, and hearing. Much of AI is based on the use of algorithms, formulas or sets of steps for solving particular problems. AI deals with Big Data, data that is so large and complex that it cannot be processed using conventional methods,

Using Information Technology, 11e

Ethics

Many important ethical issues are involved in the use of information technology.

Ethics is the set of moral values or principles that govern the conduct of an individual or a group.

3 ethical considerations resulting from development of IT:

Speed & scale affect security and personal privacy

Unpredictability—IT can be less predictable and reliable than other technologies

Complexity—computer systems can be unmanageable

Using Information Technology, 11e