world history

Prim ar y S our ce Doc um e nt wi t h Qu e st io n s ( D BQ s)

S E L E C T I O N S F R O M T H E T W E N T Y - F O U R E X E M P L A R S O F F I L I A L P I E T Y Int rod uct io n The Confucian classics provide the sophisticated reader with a wealth of moral teachings and examples. However, they are not well adapted to telling ordinary people how to put those abstract moral principles into practice in their daily lives. With the advent of printing in the Song dynasty (960-1276), writers had an opportunity to rectify this by composing books of moral instruction meant for a mass audience. The excerpts below are from a popular tract widely circulated from the Yuan through the Qing dynasties in many different editions. Docu m e n t E xc erpt s w it h Q ue s tio n s (Longer selection follows this section) From Sources of Chinese Tradition: From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century, compiled by Wm. Theodore de Bary and Richard Lufrano, 2nd ed., vol. 2 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), 139-141. © 2000 Columbia University Press. Reproduced with the permission of the publisher. All rights reserved.

Selections
from
The
Twenty‑four
Exemplars
of
Filial
Piety
 
 11.

 Mosquitoes
Gorged
Freely
on
His
Blood
 Wu
Meng
of
the
 Jin
dynasty
was
eight
years
old
and
served
his
parents
with
extreme
filiality.
 The
 family
 was
 poor,
 and
 their
 bed
 had
 no
 mosquito
 net.
 Every
 night
 in
 summer
 many
 mosquitoes
 bit
 him,
 gorging
 on
 his
 blood.
 But
 despite
 their
 numbers
 he
 did
 not
 drive
 them
 away,
fearing
that
they
would
go
and
bite
his
parents.
This
is
the
extreme
of
love
for
parents.
 


…
 
 17.

 Playing
in
Colored
Clothes
to
Amuse
His
Parents
 Old
 Master
 Lai
 of
 the
 Zhou
 dynasty
 was
 extremely
 filial.
 He
 respectfully
 cared
 for
 his
 two
 parents,
preparing
delicious
 food
for
 them.
He
was
over
 seventy,
but
he
never
mentioned
the
 word
 “old.”
 He
 wore
 five‑colored
 motley
 and
 played
 children’s
 games
 at
 his
 parents’
 side.
 Often
he
carried
water
 into
 the
room
and
pretended
to
slip
and
 fall;
 then
he
would
cry
 like
a
 baby
to
amuse
his
parents.
 


…
 
 22.

 Carving
Statues
to
Serve
As
Parents
 When
Ding
Lan
of
the
Han
dynasty
was
young
his
parents
passed
away.
He
was
unable
to
care
 for
 them,
 and
 yet
was
 aware
 of
 how
 they
 had
 toiled
 to
 bring
 him
up.
 So
 he
 carved
wooden


Prim ar y S our ce Doc um e nt , wit h Qu e st io n s (D B Q) o n S E LE C TI O NS F R O M T HE TW E N TY-F OU R E XE MP L A RS OF F I LI AL PIE TY

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statues
 of
 them
 and
 served
 them
 as
 if
 they
were
 alive.
 After
 a
 long
 time
 his
wife
 ceased
 to
 revere
 them,
and
 in
 jest
 she
 pricked
one
of
 their
 fingers
with
a
needle.
 It
 bled,
 and
when
 the
 statues
saw
Lan,
they
wept.
Lan
discovered
the
reason
and
brought
forth
his
wife
and
divorced
 her.
 Q ue st io n s:

1. What is the nature of the filiality being taught in these vignettes? 2. Is it likely that anyone would literally behave in the manner described? If

not, then what is the point of the stories? Why not write something more realistic?

3. Why would elite men take the time and effort to produce such literature for the instruction of commoners? Why should they care whether commoners understand filiality?

Lo n g er S e le cti o n From Sources of Chinese Tradition: From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century, compiled by Wm. Theodore de Bary and Richard Lufrano, 2nd ed., vol. 2 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), 139-141. © 2000 Columbia University Press. Reproduced with the permission of the publisher. All rights reserved.

Selections
from
The
Twenty‑four
Exemplars
of
Filial
Piety
 
 3.

 A
Bitten
Finger
Pains
the
Heart
 Zeng
 Shen
 of
 the
 Zhou
 dynasty
 had
 the
 honorific
 name
 Ziyu.
 He
 served
 his
 mother
 with
 extreme
filiality.
One
day
when
Shen
was
in
the
mountains
gathering
firewood
a
guest
came
to
 the
house.
His
mother
had
made
no
preparations
and
she
kept
hoping
that
he
would
return,
but
 he
did
not.
Then
she
bit
her
finger,
and
at
the
same
time
Shen
suddenly
felt
a
pain
in
his
heart.
 He
shouldered
his
firewood
and
returned
home;
kneeling,
he
asked
his
mother
what
the
matter
 was.
His
mother
said,
“A
guest
came
unexpectedly
and
I
bit
my
finger
to
make
you
aware
of
it.”
 
 8.

 Acting
As
a
Laborer
to
Support
His
Mother
 Jiang
Ge
 lived
 in
 the
Eastern
Han
dynasty.
His
 father
died
when
he
was
young,
and
he
 lived
 alone
with
his
mother.
Disorders
broke
out,
 so
he
 fled,
 carrying
his
mother.
Again
and
again
 they
encountered
bandits
who
wanted
 to
 force
 him
 to
 join
 them.
 But
Ge
 burst
 into
 tears
 and
 told
them
that
he
had
his
mother
with
him.
The
bandits
could
not
bring
themselves
to
kill
him.
 They
took
up
residence
in
Xiapei.
Impoverished
and
without
shirt
or
shoes,
he
hired
himself
out
 as
a
laborer
to
support
his
mother.
He
gave
her
whatever
she
needed.
 
 10.

 Breast‑Feeding
Her
Mother‑in‑law
 Madame
Zhangsun
was
the
great‑grandmother
of
Cui
Nanshan
of
the
Tang
dynasty.
When
she
 was
old
and
toothless,
every
day
Cui’s
grandmother,
Madame
Tang,
after
combing
her
hair
and
 washing
her
face,
entered
the
main
hall
and
breast‑fed
her.
Although
the
old
lady
did
not
eat
a
 grain
of
rice,
after
several
years
she
was
still
 in
good
health.
One
day
she
fell
sick,
and
young


Prim ar y S our ce Doc um e nt , wit h Qu e st io n s (D B Q) o n S E LE C TI O NS F R O M T HE TW E N TY-F OU R E XE MP L A RS OF F I LI AL PIE TY

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and
old
gathered
about
her
as
she
announced,
“There
is
no
way
that
I
can
repay
my
daughter‑ in‑law’s
goodness
 to
me.
 If
 the
wives
of
my
 sons
and
grandsons
are
as
 filial
and
respectful
as
 this
daughter‑in‑law,
it
will
be
enough.”
 
 11.

 Mosquitoes
Gorged
Freely
on
His
Blood
 Wu
Meng
of
the
 Jin
dynasty
was
eight
years
old
and
served
his
parents
with
extreme
filiality.
 The
 family
 was
 poor,
 and
 their
 bed
 had
 no
 mosquito
 net.
 Every
 night
 in
 summer
 many
 mosquitoes
 bit
 him,
 gorging
 on
 his
 blood.
 But
 despite
 their
 numbers
 he
 did
 not
 drive
 them
 away,
fearing
that
they
would
go
and
bite
his
parents.
This
is
the
extreme
of
love
for
parents.
 
 12.

 Lying
on
Ice
Seeking
for
Carp
 Wang
Xiang
of
the
Jin
dynasty
was
young
when
his
mother
died.
His
stepmother,
named
Zhu,
 was
unloving
toward
him
and
constantly
slandered
him
to
his
father.
Because
of
this
he
lost
the
 love
 of
 his
 father.
 His
 stepmother
 liked
 to
 eat
 fresh
 fish.
 Once
 it
was
 so
 cold
 the
 river
 froze.
 Xiang
took
off
his
clothes
and
lay
on
the
ice
to
try
to
get
some
fish.
Suddenly
the
ice
opened
and
 a
pair
of
carp
leaped
out.
He
took
them
home
and
gave
them
to
his
stepmother.
 
 13.

 Burying
His
Son
on
Behalf
of
His
Mother
 The
family
of
Guo
Ju
 in
 the
Han
dynasty
was
poor.
He
had
a
 three‑year‑old
 son.
His
mother
 reduced
what
she
ate
to
give
more
food
to
him.
Ju
said
to
his
wife,
“Because
we
are
very
poor,
 we
cannot
provide
for
Mother.
Moreover,
our
son
is
sharing
Mother’s
food.
We
ought
to
bury
 this
son.”
When
he
had
dug
the
hole
three
feet
deep
he
found
a
great
pot
of
gold.
On
it
were
the
 words
“Officials
may
not
take
it,
commoners
may
not
seize
it.”
 
 16.

 After
He
Had
Tasted
Dung,
His
Heart
Was
Anxious
 Yu
Qianlou
of
the
Southern
Qi
dynasty
was
appointed
magistrate
of
Zhanling.
He
had
been
in
 the
district
less
than
ten
days
when
suddenly
he
became
so
alarmed
that
he
began
to
sweat.
He
 immediately
retired
and
returned
home.
At
that
time
his
father
had
been
sick
for
two
days.
The
 doctor
said,
“To
know
whether
 this
 illness
 is
serious
or
not,
you
only
need
taste
 the
patient’s
 dung.
If
it
is
bitter,
it
is
auspicious.”
Qianlou
tasted
it,
and
it
was
sweet.
He
was
deeply
worried.
 When
night
came,
he
kowtowed
to
 the
Pole
Star
 [the
Star
of
Longevity],
begging
to
die
 in
his
 father’s
place.
 
 17.

 Playing
in
Colored
Clothes
to
Amuse
His
Parents
 Old
 Master
 Lai
 of
 the
 Zhou
 dynasty
 was
 extremely
 filial.
 He
 respectfully
 cared
 for
 his
 two
 parents,
preparing
delicious
 food
for
 them.
He
was
over
 seventy,
but
he
never
mentioned
the
 word
 “old.”
 He
 wore
 five‑colored
 motley
 and
 played
 children’s
 games
 at
 his
 parents’
 side.
 Often
he
carried
water
 into
 the
room
and
pretended
to
slip
and
 fall;
 then
he
would
cry
 like
a
 baby
to
amuse
his
parents.
 
 
 


Prim ar y S our ce Doc um e nt , wit h Qu e st io n s (D B Q) o n S E LE C TI O NS F R O M T HE TW E N TY-F OU R E XE MP L A RS OF F I LI AL PIE TY

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22.

 Carving
Statues
to
Serve
As
Parents
 When
Ding
Lan
of
the
Han
dynasty
was
young
his
parents
passed
away.
He
was
unable
to
care
 for
 them,
 and
 yet
was
 aware
 of
 how
 they
 had
 toiled
 to
 bring
 him
up.
 So
 he
 carved
wooden
 statues
 of
 them
 and
 served
 them
 as
 if
 they
were
 alive.
 After
 a
 long
 time
 his
wife
 ceased
 to
 revere
 them,
and
 in
 jest
 she
 pricked
one
of
 their
 fingers
with
a
needle.
 It
 bled,
 and
when
 the
 statues
saw
Lan,
they
wept.
Lan
discovered
the
reason
and
brought
forth
his
wife
and
divorced
 her.
 
 23.

 Weeping
on
Bamboo
Made
Them
Sprout
 Meng
Zong
of
the
Three
Kingdoms
period
had
the
honorific
Gongwu.
When
he
was
young
his
 father
died,
and
his
mother
was
old
and
very
sick.
In
the
winter
she
wanted
to
eat
soup
made
of
 bamboo
shoots.
Zong,
not
knowing
how
to
get
them,
went
into
a
bamboo
grove,
leaned
against
 a
big
bamboo,
and
wept.
His
filial
piety
moved
Heaven‑and‑earth.
Instantly
the
ground
broke
 open
and
several
bamboo
shoots
appeared.
He
picked
them
and
took
them
home
to
make
soup
 for
his
mother.
When
she
had
eaten
it
she
was
cured.