ASSIG

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Module 06 Worksheet- Development Assignment

Infancy Toddler Pre School School Age Adolescent Observation Data for [insert age, gender, and other relevant information]. Example: Female, Age 4, Autistic. *Only fill out this column for the age group you observed.

Erikson’s Theory Trust versus Mistrust:

Learns to love and be loved, eats from parent to be comfortable, infants learn to trust when they have a need, infants learn that a parent will come to fulfill the needs (Silbert- Flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Autonomy vs. shame or doubt

The child learns to be independent and make decisions, take pride in new accomplishments (Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Initiative vs. guilt

Learns how to do things such as fundamental problem solving, doing things that are desirable to the child, initiating motor activities, no longer responding or imitating other children’s actions (Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Industry vs. inferiority

Children learn initiative (learns to do things well). Encouraged to do practical tasks, praised and rewarded for finished results (Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Identity vs. role confusion

Adolescents learn who they are and what kind of person they are becoming integrate different self-images into a whole sense of person (Silbert- Flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Victory is a 4- year-old female; she is trying to be independent by feeding herself, cutting her food, and dressing. She becomes pleased when she dresses without her mother’s help.

Cognitive Development

Children learn about the world through senses, understand the permanence of objects, cognitive abilities develop, capacity to represent the world mentally, search for blocks hidden under a blanket (Silbert- Flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Children use trial and error to discover new characteristics of objects and events. Acquire the internal ability to represent the world through language, detaching thought from the physical world; thinking is based on subjective judgments, draw conclude from obvious facts (Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Children look at an object; they can see only one of its characteristics. Acquire the internal ability to represent the world through language, a thought process dominated by how the world looks rather than how it is (Silbert- Flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

A child who understands water does not change in an amount just because it is poured from one glass to another has grasped the concept of conservation. Chil dren begin thinking logically about events, begin to understand conservation, can mentally reverse things, start to think about how other people might feel or react (Silbert- Flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Adolescence is when cognition achieves its final form or formal operational thought begins. Follow logical argument without reference to content, develop the ability to abstract think, can deal with hypothetical problems, capable of thinking in terms of possibility (Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Victory is a 4- year-old female trying to be independent, and she is using her vocal and language to distinguish different items around her.

Language Development

Begin making tiny coos, differentiate their cries, talkative and babbling by four months, simple vowel sounds by five months of age, generally build up to 2-3 words a sentence by 12 months of age (Child Development Institute, 2019)

Frequently use “no”; may use “no” to refuse tasks or because they don’t understand, begin to be more exposed to words through conversations and books, gain respect from parents for what is being said (Child Development Institute, 2019)

The extent varies on how much the child has been encouraged to ask and participate in the conversation, frequent use of language to ask questions, sentences begin reaching 4-5 words, needs simple answers to order to promote curiosity (Child Development Institute, 2019)

Talk in a complete sentence, use language with meaning, incorporate language permanently, define objects by use, usually by 7- 8 years of age they can tell the time in hours, familiar with the months of the year, sometimes use swear words by mistakes (Child Development Institute, 2019)

Use complex sentences, both oral and written language, able to produce written stories; follow grammatical rules, ability to make correct inferences, ability to understand and correctly use figurative language (Child Development Institute, 2019)

Victory is a 4- year-old female; she is trying to be independent. She repeatedly says no when asked what do you want? And can you do it? Or she is told she cannot do something.

Psych-Social Development

Oral stage

The child explores the world using the mouth, provided oral stimulation by pacifiers, do not encourage thumb sucking (Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Anal stage

The child learns to control urine and defecation, the emphasis of the importance of bowel and bladder control (Silbert- flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Phallic stage

The child learns sexual identity through awareness of the genital area, normal for genital exploration to occur (Silbert- Flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Latent stage

Personality development appears nonactive or dormant help build self-esteem through positive activities and encouragement (Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Genital stage

Develop sexual maturity to establish good relationships and opportunities to engage with the opposite and own sexual relationships. (Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Victory is a 4- year-old female. She is trying to be independent. She tells everything she does when she needs to use the bathroom, to pee or poop.

Moral Development

N/A

The child does right because parents tell them to avoid punishment. Give clear instructions to avoid confusion.

(Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Carries out actions to satisfy own needs, will do something for others only in exchange for something done for them, unable to take responsibility for self-care because meeting own needs interferes with this.

(Silbert- flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

The child follows the rules because of the need to be good to other people, finds rules satisfying, follows traditions of authoritative figures to keep the system working. May have difficulty modifying a procedure because one method may not be correct.

(Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

The social contract follows society's standards, is responsible for self-care, the standard of adult behavior begins to be followed. Many adults do not reach this level of moral development.

(Silbert- flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Victory is a 4- year-old female. She is trying to be independent. She seems to know between wrong and right. Victory prevents situations that will get her in trouble and avoid punishment.

Discipline

N/A

Physical guidance or removing child from the given situation (Child Development Institute, 2019)

Consistent discipline is key (Child Development Institute, 2019)

Offer positive reinforcement for good behavior enforce negative consequences for bad behavior (Child Development Institute, 2019)

Outgrow discipline strategies that were previously effective, privileges determined by behavior (Child Development Institute, 2019)

Victory is a 4- year-old female. She is trying to be independent. Victory started acting up and disrupting all the others. She was excused from the room and spoken to outside. This action helped her make better choices and behave.

Physical Development

Double birth weight by 5-6 months, increase height by nearly 50% in the first year, the lower jaw becomes prominent, chest circumference lessens, abdomen remains protuberant until walking is achieved.

(Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Weight gain increased by about 5-6 lb a year becomes leaner with increased muscle tone and a more prominent abdomen due to increased ingestion of food.

(Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Children gain 4-5 lb a year, height gain occurs but is very minimal, generally have developed 30 of their deciduous teeth (Silbert- flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Annual weight gain of about 3-5 lb, brain growth is complete by around age 10, puberty is beginning for some children in this age group, deciduous teeth are lost, and permanent teeth start to come through.

(Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Initiation of body hair growth, most girls are a few inches taller than boys. Girls experience menarche and develop breasts, and long bones begin to fuse along to epiphyseal line.

(Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Victory has lost all her baby weight and is growing lean. Her weight and BMI match her age group.

Injury Prevention

Baby swim classes, smoke alarms near infant room, safe changing areas, keep toys clean, lock away medicines, and cleaning products.

(Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Restrict child access to streets, block doors and stairways, cover power outlets, lock away medications, avoid access to choking hazardous foods, install and use the correct car seat

(Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Supervise play, teach traffic and roadway safety, discuss fire safety, possess and use appropriate care seat

(Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Wear helmets when appropriate, keep toys out of the street, use safety equipment such as mouthguards for contact sports and activities

(Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Supervision of all parties and social events, enforce curfews, teach drive safety, educate on the use of drugs and alcohol.

(Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

The doors, windows, medicine, and laundry cabinet are locked in the home. Her mom is constantly monitoring her. She wears a helmet when riding her bike and sunscreen when playing outside.

Nutritional needs Breastmilk generally supplies a child with the required amount of nutrients, fluids, and energy up to about six months, give baby foods rich in iron and zinc, solid foods can be introduced around six months, avoid juices and sugared sweets, avoid nuts and other choking potential foods (Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Should be encouraged to eat a variety of foods, avoid sugary foods and drinks, limit fruit juices and soft drinks (Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Limit juices and soft drinks, avoid sugary sweets that can cause increased tooth decay, encourage intake of varying foods and liquids (Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Healthy foods and nutritious snacks, many food habits start at this age range; often the nutritious snacks provide nearly 1⁄4 total calorie intake, always have them consume breakfast (Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Extra energy for growth should be obtained through nutrients, not just empty calories, balance takeout food and nutritional, increased intake of milk, yogurt, and cheese for a calcium boost; adolescent girls should be strongly encouraged to consume milk and milk products (Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Victory eats what the family eats, and they around the table as a family during meals. Since she was an infant, her mom included veggies in her meals, so she is not too picky. She prefers water or milk over juice and eats fruits for snacks.

Dental Care Good oral hygiene is essential even before teeth come in, wipe gums with gauze or cloth after feeding, brush with fluoride- containing toothpaste, natural sugars from milk, juice or breastmilk can cause tooth decay, schedule office visit after first tooth appearance but no later than a year (Shelby Pediatric Dentistry, 2019)

Ensure child stops using a bottle or sippy by age 1, use fluoride toothpaste, don’t give too many snacks between meals that are sticky, no more than 4-6oz of juice daily, stops sucking fingers or pacifier by age 3 to prevent bite or facial development issues (Shelby Pediatric Dentistry, 2019)

Begin to lose primary teeth and gain permanent around age 6, begin flossing once teeth are touching, pay special attention to brushing along the gum line and back teeth (Shelby Pediatric Dentistry, 2019)

Dental injuries are common so consider mouthguards during sports; belief dental sealants to cover high-risk areas for cavities as they become more common during this age (Shelby Pediatric Dentistry, 2019)

By 12-13, all baby teeth are lost, and permanent teeth have come in, cavities are most common due to increased freedom of food choices, discuss options for braces and whitening, preventative x-ray to monitor wisdom teeth development (Shelby Pediatric Dentistry, 2019)

She has been seeing the dentist since age one. She brushes her teeth twice daily, and her mom helps floss her teeth. She drinks bottled water at home but gets fluoride paste on her teeth every six months.

Sleep 3-6 months: start developing night and day patterns, 12-15 hours of sleep each day, may start sleeping 2 hours naps 2-3 times a day 6-12 months: more rest happens at night, ready for bed between 6 and 9 pm, longer sleeps of 6 hours a night, daytime naps lasting 30 min-2 hours a day.

(Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

11-14 hours of sleep, 10-12 hours of sleep being through the night, 1-2 hour naps each day, often fight bedtime because they want to stay up with the family

(Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

10-13 hours of sleep a night, might have a day nap lasting about an hour

(Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

9-11 hours of sleep at night, children no longer need a day nap because they’re getting adequate sleep at night, tired after school, and are often ready for bedtime around 7:30 pm

(Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

8-10 hours of sleep to maintain alertness for school during the day, the average for teens to want to go to bed 11 pm or later because of the "body clock," often sleep in later in the morning

(Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

She hates naps and wants to play all day, but her mom implements naps time. She goes to bed at 8 pm each night and gets 10 hours of sleep.

Activity and Play types

The best toys are bright-colored noisemakers; this age loves bathtub toys need toys that help develop fine motor skills (Child Development Institute, 2019)

The brain is twice as active as an adult; motor development continues at a rapid pace, take- apart toys and pop-up toys are popular to create curiosity (Child Development Institute, 2019)

Imagination and interactive play, dramatic play, play telephone and kitchen appliances and tools, language and social skills are practices through make- believe games (Child Development Institute, 2019)

Change themselves in play, puzzles, and games that test the knowledge or involve strategy, crafting becomes popular (Child Development Institute, 2019)

Play becomes sophisticated and symbolic, group production, electronic games become popular, books and music become an essential part of life (Child Development Institute, 2019)

She plays with a lot of toys that create curiosity within her. She uses her imagination when playing and creates her reality. She loves playing with her siblings and is always curious or asking questions when she doesn’t understand something.

Vital Signs Including the type of Pain assessment

Newborn

HR: 120-140/min Temp: 97.9-98F Resp: 30-60/min

Infant (1yo) HR: 90-130/min Temp: 97-99F Resp: 20-40/min

BP: 60-80/30-60 Pain: FLACC

(Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

HR: 80-120/min Temp: 97.5-98.6F BP: 90-100/50-65 Resp: 24-32/min Pain: FLACC, faces

(Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

HR: 70-110/min Temp: 97.5-98.6F BP: 95/57 average

Resp: 16-22/min Pain: faces

(Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

HR: 60-100/min Temp: 97.5-98.6F BP: 95-110/55-70 Resp: 18-20/min Pain: faces, 1-10

(Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

HR: 55-90/min Temp: 97.5-98.6F BP: 110-120/60- 80

Resp: 12-20/min Pain: 1-10 (Silbert-flagg & Pillitteri, 2017)

Her BP is 94/55. HR is 98/min, temp is 98.2F, RR is 18.

She seems happy and running around, and she denies any pain.

Reference:

Child Development Institute. (2019, July 23). Watch them change from babies to children with developmental play. Child Development Institute. https://childdevelopmentinfo.com/child-development/play-work-of-children/pl2/#gs.8q04al.

Silbert-flagg J., & Pillitteri A. (2017). Maternal and Child Health Nursing. [Bookshelf Ambassadored]. Retrieved from https://ambassadored.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781496374578/

Shelby Pediatric Dentistry. (2019). Ages & Stages: Shelby Pediatric Dentistry: Dental care for kids: Birmingham, AL. Shelby Pediatric Dentistry | Dental Care for Kids | Birmingham, AL. https://shelbypediatricdentistry.com/ages-stages-of-oral-health/.