Literature Review for the Intervention Proposal

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Literature Review.doc by Janine Vereen

From Week 3 Assignment (PSY610 PSY610 Applied Social Psychology PYC1742B Nov2017 11678)

• Processed on 08-Nov-2017 7:27 PM PST
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https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/106161/1/Franklin%20A%20E%20Thesis%202015.pdf 2

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http://www.lorenecary.com/map.php paper text: Running Head: LITERATURE REVIEW Literature Review Janine Vereen Ashford University November 8, 2017 Literature Review Breakups are commonly identified to be one of the major causes of distress that people experience in life. While a good number of research has sought to study interpersonal problems within the issue of divorce and bereavement, limited research has been done to find out if there could be any positive psychological outcomes of breakups. The 1breakdown of a romantic relationship normally is associated with social, emotional and psychological upheavals (Monroe and Rohde, 1999). However, research findings have suggested that significant variation according to how people cope with loss do exist (Bonanno,2001). But still it is not clear how and 1why some people become mired in high levels of distress, yet others come out stronger and 1function effectively (Bonanno,2009). Circumstance of break up and relationship Prior study has to a greater extent 1focused on the circumstances of break up and relationship that are associated with post-separation stress (Bizzocco and Lewandowski ).As implied by the relationship investment model (Rusbult,1980) people who are committed more to the relationship, stay together for longer periods and cohabitate, have been found to have greater distress when they separate (Fine and Sacher,1997). 1In contrast, those who experience less distress after the relationship is over are more likely to be ones who initiated the breakup, found someone else, have access to greater psychosocial support and even being separated for long. 1Unfortunately, the power of these factors to explain is modest since they are mostly contextual, they, therefore, offer less opportunity for intervention. Previous studies further have almost exclusively focused on the issues associated with post break-ups distress yet not or little consideration to the factors that promote or protect wellbeing when a relationship comes to an end (Frazier and Tashiro,2003). 1Positive psychological factors In line with the positive psychology movement, a need to extend the point of focus from the narrow spectrum of distress recovery to include the probe of resilience factors which promote wellbeing and flourishing (Seligman 1,2000).Within the frameworks of resolving relationship issues, the identification of such resilience and what causes them may help clinicians in shifting the trajectories of individuals about post break up analysis and aid form 1states of emotional distress, to positive adaptation and recovery. The current probe, therefore, sought to identify positive psychological factors which relate to both positive adjustment and distress following a relationship break up. While several 1variables are related to post break up adjustment, this research work identified factors under two criteria. One the variables had to have been related to positive outcome and well-being following an interpersonal loss. Two, the variables had to be shown and trainable to enhance wellbeing through intervention. About this technique, 1a set of five positive psychological aspects say (Optimism, mindfulness, hope, self- compassion, and self- esteem) were identified for inclusion. 1Mindfulness is defined as the arising awareness when one pays attention to the experiences they have moment to moment in an accepting and a nonjudgmental way (Babat 1,2003). Mindfulness has been linked repeatedly to greater wellbeing, positive psychological functioning and life satisfaction and recent studies have indicated that mindfulness training help improves wellbeing effectively (Oman and Thoresan 2008). The mindful abilities may be helpful particularly when navigating the aftermath of the break up as low emotional tolerant, ruminant and 1avoidant coping have been related to poor post break up adjustment. Another 1positive factor that has been commonly linked to psychological health and subjective well-being is being optimistic, optimism is defined as the general expectation that a person has about positive outcomes I life (Lopez, 2009). 1A growing number of studies has indicated that this is a trainable skill which can be cultivated through intervention to improve psychological functioning and wellbeing. Several mechanisms have linked this skill to wellbeing after a breakup. For example, people who are 1optimists tend to maintain a larger social network which brings advantage when coping with loss. Optimism that develops after a break up may help to adjust the following dissolution of a breakup. Hope, this 1is a positive goal oriented construct that is made up of two things, agency (The motivation to work to attain set goals) pathways (Perceived capacity to plan for goals that are desirable). Hope has been linked persistently to overall adjustment of the psychology and 1has been identified as a critical ingredient in formulating resilience after a loss. In the last decade some measures of intervention which are designed to support goals pursuit and clarify the goals, 1have demonstrated improvements in hope and psychological wellbeing. While hope has not been given priority in research about break ups, bereavement studies have indicated that individuals with the high hope exhibit lower creativity of the emotions and better adaptation following the loss of the ones they love. It has been suggested that high hope individuals cope with loss more effectively and can form goals and pathways, 1enabling them to refocus on the future and present rather than ruminating about the relationship. Self esteem This is defined as a person's overall evaluation of value and worth. 1It has been implied that people with high self-esteem may protect one from the negative self-relevant information and rejection that people are subjected to after a breakup. Indeed, research has suggested that people 1with high self-esteem don't attend much to rejection cues and are more able to offset this kind so f 1experiences by calling upon self-relevant information that is positive and a history of experiences whereby they have felt being valued socially. Self compassion This consist of three components namely common humanity, self-kindness, and mindfulness. People that have high self-compassion tend to be more satisfied with life, social connectedness, lower rates of anxiety, self-criticism, and depression. Using a novel technique of examining post break up adaptations through 1a positive functioning framework, the study sought to dig deep into research by developing the understanding that trainable factors of post break up distress can indeed help a breakup yield positive results rather than negative outcomes as perceived. According to the study, positive psychological factors which have an incentive to develop after breakups were more influential as well as whether they did account for any variance that is unique in post break up adaptation, after controlling for the break up and relationship variables. The preliminary findings, therefore, have suggested that the above discussed trainable factors can help a breakup yield more positive results than negativity about the psychological context of an individual. REFERENCES 2Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A., & O'Neill, K. (2001). Loss and human resilience. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 10(3), 193-206. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0962- 1849(01)80014-7 Lewandowski, 1G. W., & Bizzoco, N. M. (2007). Addition through subtraction: Growth following the dissolution of a low-quality relationship. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(1), 40-54. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760601069234 Monroe, S. M., Rohde, P., 1Seeley, J. R., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (1999). Life events and depression in adolescence: Relationship loss as a prospective risk factor for the first onset of major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 606-614. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.108.4.606 1Frazier, P. A., & Cook, S. W. (1993). Correlates of distress following heterosexual relationship dissolution. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10(1), 55-67. 1 3LITERATURE REVIEW 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 LITERATURE REVIEW 6