Process Recordings

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Theory Variables Aboriginal Behavior Theory Client-Centered Theory Cognitive Theory Communication Theory Constructivism Crisis Theory Ego Psychology Empowerment Theory Existential Theory Feminist Theory Functional Theory Gestalt Theory Hypnosis Life Model Materialist Theory Meditation Theory Narrative Theory Neurolinguistic Theory Problem-Solving Theory Psychoanalytic Theory Psychosocial Theory Role Theory Systems Theory Task-Centered Theory Transactional Analysis Theory Transpersonal Theory
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Mawhiney, A., Nabigon, H., Waterfall, B. Gambrill, E., Rose, S., Stuart, R., Thomlison, R., Thyer, B. Fischer, J., Larsen, J., Rowe, W., Shulman, L. Goldstein, H., Lantz, J., Werner, H. Greene, G., Grove, D., Nelsen, J., Segal, L., Solovery, A. Carpenter, D., Fisher, D.D.V., Hoffman, L., Laird, J. Ell, K., Golan, N., Parad, H. Austin, L., Garrett, A., Goldstein, E.G., Hamilton, G. Gutierrez, L. M., Lee, J.A.B., Pinderhughes, E., Solomon, B. Bradford, K., Curry, A., Krill, D., Weiss, D. Hooyman, N.R., Jenkins, M.B., Russel, M.N., Valentich, M., Van Den Berg, N. Dunlap, K., Faatz, J., Pray, K., Smalley, R.E., Robinson, V., Taft, J. Congrress, E., Lammert, M., Levenson, J., Napoli, D. Nugent, W., Thyer, B. Germain, C., Gitterman, A. Bailey, R., Brake, M., Burghardt, S., Fabricant, M. Keefe, T. Dean, R., Kelley, P., Hoffman, L., Laird, J., White, M. Angell, G. B., McLean, M., Zastrow, C. Brill, N., Jaco, R.M., McMahon, M., Siporin, M., Turner, J. Freiberg, S., Hamilton, G., Hellenbrand, S., Strean, H. Hamilton, G., Hollis, F., Richmond, M., Turner, F., Woods, M. Davis, L.V., Perlman, H.H., Strean, H., Thomas, E.J. Andofe, M., Andreae, D., Compton, B.R., Galaway, B., Pincus, A., Minihan, A. Epstein, L., Reid, W., Rooney, R., Telson, E. Coburn, D.C., Cooper, M., Turner, S. Canda, E., Cowley, A., Derezotes, D., Vincentla, J.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Antoine, R., McKenzie, B., Miller, D., Morisette, L. Bandura, A., Beck, A., Meichenbaum, D., Skinner, B.F., Wolpe, J. Berenson, B., Carkhuff, R., Rogers, C., Truax, C.B. Beck, A., Ellis, A., Lazarus, A. Coyne, J., Fisch, R., Haley, J., Madanes, C., Watzlawick, P. Kant, I., Kelly, G., Maturana, H., Watzlawick, P. Caplan, G., Lindeman, E. Erikson, E., Hartman, H., Mahler, M., White, K. Friere, P., Gillingan, C., Miller, J., Pouissant, A., Tamaz, G. Frankl, V., Hora, T., May, R., Offman, W. Collier, H., Hare-Mustin, R.T., Sturdivant, S., Worell, J. Rank, O. Nevis, E., Perls, F., Polster, E., Yontef, G. Erickson, M., Rossi, E. Bandler, B. Draper, H, Engels, F., Heildbroner, R., Marx, K. Eastern traditions, Goleman, D., Shapiro, D. H., Suzuki, D.I. Bruner, J., Epston, D., Jenkins, A., Tomm, K. Andreas, S., Bandler, R., Grinder, J., Dilts, R. Dewey, J. Fine, R., Freud, A., Freud, S., Hartman, H. Ackerman, N., Hartman, H., Satir, V., Freud, S. Biddle, B.J., Goode, W.J., Linton, R.L., Sarbin, T. Bateson, G., Minuchin, S., Von Bertalanffy, L, Weiner, N. Beck, A., Bundina, A., Goldman, A., Minuchin, S. Berne, E. Graf, S., Walsh, R., Vaughn, F., Washburn, M., Wilber, K.
Closest Other Theories Existentialism, Meditation, Transpersonal Cognitive, Social Learning, Task-Centered Existential, Functional, Psychosocial Communication, Constructivism, Existential Constructivisim, Systems, Task-Centered Cognitive, Client-Centered, Existential, Psychosocial Ego Psychology, Psychosocial Crisis, Problem Solving, Psychosocial Constructivist, Feminist, Life Model, Narrative, Psycho-social Client-Centered, Cognitive, Gestalt Empowerment, Problem Solving, Psycho-social Problem Solving, Psychoanalytic, Task-Centered Existentialism, Life-Model, Client-centered Cognitive, Psychodynamic Problem Solving, Reciprocal Feminist, Role, Systems Cognitive, Existentialism, Gestalt Constructivism, Personal Construct, Problem Solving, Solution-focused Gestalt, Hypnosis, Narrative Brief Therapy, Cognitive, Task-Centered Ego Psychology, Psychosocial Ego Psychology, Life Model, Object Relations Cognitive, Systems, Transactional-Analysis Gestalt Problem Solving Cognitive, Encounter, Gestalt, Re-decision Behavior, Ego Psychology, Existential, Psychosocial
Level of Integration into SW Practice Beginning Recognition Strongly Influential Strongly Influential Major Theory Beginning Recognition Beginning Recognition Major Theory Major Theory Moderately/Strongly Important Moderately Important Moderately Important Major Theory Beginning Recognition Beginning recognition Strongly influential Beginning recognition Just emerging Beginning recognition Strongly influential Major theory Major Theory Major Theory Beginning recognition Strongly infuential Major Theory Beginning recognition Beginning recognition
Interdisciplinary Utility Strongly Useful Pan-Professional Pan-Professional Pan-Professional Pan-Professional Pan-Professional Pan-Professional Pan-Professional Strongly Useful for other professions Strongly Useful for other professions Strongly Useful for other professions Strongly Useful for other professions Strongly Useful for other professions Strongly useful for other professions Moderate utility for other professions Pan-professional Pan-professional Srongly Useful for othe professions Pan-professional Pan-professional Strongly useful Strongly Useful Pan-professional Strongly useful for other professions Moderate Utility for other professions Pan-Professional Pan-professional
Empirical Base Minimal Extensive Strong Extensive Moderate Minimal Emerging Strong Emerging Emerging Emerging Minimal Minimal Emerging/Moderate Emerging Strong Moderate Emerging Moderate Emerging Extensive Extensive Moderate Moderate/Emerging Extensive Moderate Minimal/Emerging
Extent of SW Literature Minimal Moderate Moderate Strong Emerging Emerging Extensive Extensive Emerging/Moderate Minimal Moderate Moderate Minimal Minimal Extensive Emerging Minimal Moderate Moderate Moderate Extensive Extensive Moderate Moderate Extensive Minimal Emerging
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process Use of natural elements to heal mind, body, and spirit Short-term time limited systemic & planned individual behavior change program built on a positive relationship To facilitate the natural self-actualizing tendency of persons toward meeting their individual or collective life enhancing goals To change patterns of irrational thinking Brief prescriptions focusing on defining problems & goals; Identifying problem maintaining patterns, Implementing prescription to disrupt them A conceptual framework from which treatment derives emphasizing cognitive, psycho, & neurophysicalogic mechanisms Brief, immediate emotional, cognitive tangible aid with some pharmacological aid under specific conditions To restore, maintain, & enhance ego functioning & person's ability to cope with environment Clients examine internal & external power blocks which disempower & work towards action to change both & empower & liberate Promote understanding to enhance choice & responsibility. Emphasis on heightened awareness Enabling women to take charge of their lives to relieve stress & achieve social justice To engage client in a time-limited process of personal growth leading to self-actualization within the limits of the setting To engage client in intense emotional relationship focusing on greater self-awareness & personal growth To assist clients to access latent potentials To elevate the level of fit between people & their environment, & bear witness against social injustice To engage client as equal in a safe relationship where the person-in-situation can be explored Development of non-reactive experiential self. Global desensitization, relaxation, & self-regulation To help client reauthor their lives, incorporating wider views of self, offering more choice Short term experiential relationship focused on intention & behavior represented in verbal/non-verbal communication To involve clients in the cognitive emotional process in which processing factors in their situation is the key factor Although designed for a long-term relationship, applicable to many modalities To facilitate intrapsychic, interpersonal, intersystemic change through mutual contact & client worker relationship To assist client to understand how significant life roles critically influence past & present socialization To make client aware of the impact of environment on behavior & behavior on the system(s) To help clients specify self-perceived problems & to develop implement tasks to resolve them To engage client in taking responsibility for their destinies, life scripts; people are capable of leading healthy and productive lives To assess & intervene in issues related to spiritual dimensions, moral development, "beyond ego" potential
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Four colors of man; four medicines; four sacred directions; healing; Little Rascals; Sacred pipe Antecedant behaviors; Baseline measure; Behavior-target; Behavior-inventory; Consequences; Contingencies; Negative and Positive reinforcement; Reinforcers Accurate empathy; Client/Person; Congruency; Genuineness; Experiential; Positive Regard; Self-Actualization; Self-Disclosing; Valuing Cognitive misconception; Cognitive restructuring; Homework; Irrational thinking; Rational self-analysis; Relationship Behavioral prescriptions; Double bind; 1st & 2nd order change; Metacommunication; Pragmatics of human communication; Reframing; Restraint from change; Pragmatics of communication Autopoiesis; Cognition; Epistemological relativism; Ideosyncratic reality; Perception; Schemas (beliefs); Structure determinism; Structural coupling Ameliorative; Brief; Preventive; Psychotherapeutic Corrective relationship; Defenses; Ego assessment; Ego deficits; Ego mastery; Ego modification; Ego strengths; Ego support Personal political & interpersonal change; Empowering mutual processes; Challenging false beliefs & oppression; Praxis; Consciousness raising; Telling the story; Group & Individual action World design (being in the world); Value positions; Awareness; Here and now; Choice; Intuitive knowing; Healing as revealing; Detached caring; Suffering Collaborative relationship; Assessment; Gender analysis; Personal is political; Empowerment; Advocacy; Healing; Social Change Agency sanctions; Function; Growth; Process; Purpose; Time; Will Awareness; Contact; Enactment of dreams; Figure & ground; Here & now; Relationship; Self-regulation; Wholeness Hynotic response; Induction; Post-hypnotic; Relationship; Suggestion; Trance; Unconscious Degree of choice; Level of fit; Life course; Life stressors; Mutual agreement; Relationship; Sensitivity to differences; Strengths Capitalism; Class consciousness; Dialectic; Socialism; Production; Economics; Labor Ego; Desensitization; Observer self; Present focus; Relaxation; Self-Awareness; Self-observation; Stress reduction Deconstruct; Externalize; Problem-saturated story; Reconstruct; Relative influence; Re-story; Subjugated knowledge; Unique outcomes Anchoring; Changing personal history; Eye-accessing cues; Metaphors; Para-message; Preferred; Representational system; Reframing Capacity; Cognitive activity; Context; Outcome; Problem; Process; Solving; Stages Aggression; Countertransference; Dreams; Fantasies; Id-Ego-Superego; Resistnace; Sexuality; Transference; Unconscious Person-situation configuration; Internal/external force & system balance; Psychosocial study; Differential assessment; Prescription procedure/communication typology; Mutuality; Self-direction transference Alter; Ego; Role ambiguity; Role conflict; Role complimentarity; Role expectations; Role induction; Role reciprocity Awareness; Boundaries; Closed systems; Dysfunction; Environment; Family; Interlocking; Open systems; Therapy Collaborative; Context; Empirically based; Integrative; Problem-solving; Short-term; Structure; Tasks I'm OK, You're OK; Life Scripts; Positive strokes; Relationship; Therapy Consciousness; Developmental; Multidimensional; Multimodal; Holistic; Post Modern; Spirituality; Transpersonal
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Essential Moderate Somewhat Moderate Somewhat Essential Unclear; lack of research Essential Essential Moderate Essential Essential Minimal Somewhat Essential Essential Somewhat Essential Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Essential Strong Somewhat Moderate Strong
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Essential Essential Somewhat Moderate Moderate Somewhat Essential Moderate Essential Strong Essential Essential Minimal Somewhat Essential Essential Somewhat Moderate Somewhat Somewhat Moderate Essential Strong Essential Strong Moderate Strong
Role of Therapeutic Relationship Helper/helpee: shares knowledge to guide the person to achieve balance Positive relationship skills focused on increasing desirable & decreasing undesirable behavior to improve day to day functioning Central: By communicating accurate empathy, positive regard & authenticity, clients' capacity for change will be unleashed To decrease client anxiety so that client can engage in treatment To join client system to gain cooperation in carrying out behavioral prescriptions (tasks & directives) between sessions To create conditions to elicit constructive alternativism to form new & novel problem meanings Provide sense of safety, information re normality of distress & resource mobilization To provide encouragement, support & reality testing in order to help client use & enhance ego strengths & repair deficits To assist client(s) as they reflect on disempowerment & oppression issues & take action toward personal and political change Generate hope, vitality, spontaneity; Modeling of awareness and choosing; Promote self understanding of client To provide women with needed knowledge, skills, & support to make individual & collective changes to end oppression Constructive relationship between worker & client creates environment in which client can explore & freely express self To facilitate development of greater self awareness & promote personal growth Therapist-client rapport is used to facilitate trance induction & therapeutic response To the therapeutic encounter worker brings knowledge & skills; client brings experiential knowledge & their life stories To assist person to understand the societally induced constraints of human growth & development To teach techniques & assist client with difficulties encountered in practice of technique Collaborative with client & worker having a dialogue exploring clients' life story & alternative views of reality To guide client change by developing alternative behaviorally linked communication patterns in support of positive intentions To present client with logical model & method for moving through problem solving process To examine client's present and past as it emerges in the transference relationship & in the form resistance takes Provide encouragment non-possessive warmth realistic hope accurate empathy, careful listenting, genuiness & mutuality To establish a complementarity of the roles of client & therapist to foster client equilibrium To assist client, dyad, family, to understand the impact each has on the other's behavior & that the whole is greater than its parts' sum To help client engage in structured processes of problem identification/specification & tasks development/implementation To assist client in taking responsibility for their own debilites (life scripts) To function as an evocateur/mid-wife as client engages in spritual emergence; To deal with spiritual malaise & emergencies
Nature of Relationship Elder with wisdom to be shared with learner Reality based method/skills to empower, teach, purposeful management approaches to one's environment Open trusting exchange between equals ready to explore creative solutions & existential questions A reality based educational relationship Collaborative with the focus on client's relationships & life outside the treatment relationship To foster a close alliance (structural coupling) with therapist client role reversal for teacher-learner roles Expert with access to resources, supportive & caring Mixture of benigh parental authority & genuine human experience that is accepting and encouraging As equal dialogue of partners, worker guides reflection & action on oppression sharing at times authentic self A reality based trusting interchange between equals which is open and safe Partnership of equals who can grow & effect individual & social change The reality based trusting relationship guided by worker focuses on present as sample of past & future Close personal Buber I-Thou relationship in which power differences or objectivity are minimized Therapist meets client within the client's own model of the world A heuristic partnership with power differences between the partners reduced to the greatest degree possible A respectful acceptance of persons as equal products of historic & economic causes Empathic & trusting A partnership collaborative relationship where both parties explore client's problem stories & strength A directive process using the workers skill to effect client change cognitively & behaviorally A relationship of equality & objectivity where client is guided to a logical & acceptable solution A working alliance is utilized to explore transference manifestations & other phenomena An open, mutual reflective interaction in which the needs & goals of client are primary The seeking of a comfortable role partnership facilitative of desired change Through trust, therapist acts as guide & facilitator showing how system & people influence; Often directive A caring relationship that stresses practioner-client collaboration & practitioner avoidance of hidden agendas A reality-based trusting relationship between therapist & client Co-creator; Horizontal; Reciporical
Importance of Transference in Relationship Minimal Minimal Moderate Somewhat Minimal Very strong Minimal Moderate Minimal to somewhat Minimal Minimal Somewhat Minimal Minimal Moderate Minimal Minimal Minimal Strong Somewhat Very strong Moderate Somewhat Moderate Minimal Moderate Moderate
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Very strong Minimal Somewhat Moderate Minimal Minimal Minimal Somewhat Somewhat Moderate Somewhat Minimal Minimal Very Strong Somewhat Somewhat Minimal Minimal Very strong Minimal Very strong Moderate Somewhat Somewhat Somewhat Moderate Moderate
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Good; Neutral; Flawed Neutral; Good; Flawed Good; Neutral; Flawed Neutral; Good; Flawed Neutral Neutral; Good; Flawed Neutral; Good; Flawed Good; Flawed; Neutral Neutral Neutral; Good; Flawed Good; Neutral; Flawed Good; Flawed; Neutral Good; Neutral; Flawed Good; Neutral; Flawed Good; Neutral; Flawed Neutral; Flawed; Good Good; N/A; N/A Neutral; Good; Flawed Good; Neutral; Flawed Good; Neutral; Flawed Neutral; Flawed; Good Good; Neutral; Flawed Good; Neutral; Flawed Neutral; Good; Flawed Good; Neutral; Flawed Good; Flawed; Neutral Good; Neutral; Flawed
Activity (in order of preference) Doing; Being; Being in Becoming Being in Becoming; Being; Doing Being in Becoming; Being; Doing Doing; Being in Becoming; Being Doing; Being in Becoming; Being Being in Becoming; Being; Doing Doing; Being in Becoming; Being Being; Being in Becoming; Doing Being in Becoming; Doing; Being Being in Becoming; Doing; Being Being in Becoming; Being=Doing Being in Becoming; Being; Doing Being in Becoming; Being; Doing Doing=Being=Being in Becoming Being in Becoming; Being; Doing Doing; Being in Becoming; Being Being in Becoming; Being; Doing Being in Becoming; Being; Doing Doing; Being; Being in Becoming Doing; Being in Becoming; Being Being; Being in Becoming; Doing Doing=Being=Being in Becoming Doing; Being=Being in Becoming Doing; Being in Becoming; Being Doing; Being in Becoming; Being Doing; Being; Being in Becoming Being in Becoming; Being; Doing
Relational (in order of preference) Family; Individual; Community Individual; Family; Group Individual; Group; family Individual; Group; family Family; Group; Individual Individual; Family; Group Individual; Group; family Individual; Group; family Group=Individual=Family=Community Family; Group; Individual Group; Individual; Family Family; Group; Individual Individual; Group; family Individual=Group=Family Individual=Group=Family Group; Family; Individual Individual; Family; Group Family; Individual; Group Individual; Family; Group Individual; Family; Group Individual; Group; family Indivdual=Group=Family Group=Family; Individual Family; Group; Individual Individual; Family; Group Individual; Group; family Individual; Family; Group
Time Preference Past; Present; Future Present; Future; Past Present; Future; Past Present; Future; Past Present; Future; Past Present; Future; Past Present; Future; Past Present; Future; Past Present; Future; Past Present; Future; Past Present; Future; Past Present; Future; Past Present; Past; Future Present; Past; Future Present; Past; Future Past; Present; Future Present; Past; Future Present; Past; Future Present; Future; Past Present; Past; Future Past; Present; Future Present; Future; Past Past; Present; Future Present; Future; Past Present; Future; Past Present; Past; Future Present; Past; Future
Relation to Nature In harmony In harmony In harmony With nature With nature With nature N/A Over nature With nature With nature In harmony In harmony In harmony In harmony In harmony Over nature In harmony In harmony In harmony Over nature With nature Over nature Over nature In harmony Over nature In harmony In harmony
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum About equal Stongly determined Totally free Strongly free About equal Strongly determined N/A About equal Strongly free Strongly free About equal Strongly free Totally free About equal About equal Strongly determined Totally determined/totally free About equal Strongly free Strongly free Strongly determined About equal About equal Strongly determined Strongly free Strongly free Strongly free
Emotion-Rationality Continuum Equally emotional and rational More rational than emotional Strong emotive influence Strongly rational Strongly rational Strongly rational Equally emotional and rational Equally emotional and rational Equally emotional and rational Equally emotional and rational Strong emotive influence Equally emotional and rational Strong emotive influence Equally emotional and rational Equally emotional and rational Equally emotional and rational Equally emotional and rational Equally emotional and rational Strongly rational Equally emotional and rational More Emotional than rational Equally emotional and rational More Rational than Emotional More Rational than Emotional Equally emotional and rational More Rational than Emotional Equally emotional and rational
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum About equal Environment strong More environment than heredity About equal Enviornment strong About Equal Enviornment strong About equal More environment than heredity More environment than heredity Enviornment strong More environment than heredity Enviornment strong About equal to More environment than heredity More environment than heredity Enviornment strong Enviornment strong About equal Enviornment strong About equal About equal About equal Enviornment strong Enviornment strong About equal Enviornment strong About equal
Human Ability to Change Highly adaptable Highly adaptable Highly adaptable Highly adaptable Highly adaptable Strongly adaptable Highly adaptable Moderately adaptable Highly adaptable Moderately adaptable Strongly adaptable Highly adaptable Highly adaptable Highly adaptable Highly adaptable Strongly adaptable Highly adaptable Moderately adaptable Highly adaptable Strongly adaptable Strongly adaptable Strongly adaptable Moderately adaptable Highly adaptable Strongly adaptable Highly adaptable Strongly adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Highly relevant Partially relevant Somewhat relevant Somewhat relevant Minimally relevant Somewhat relevant Somewhat relevant Strongly relevant Somewhat relevant Partially relevant Somewhat relevant Minimally relevant Somewhat relevant Somewhat relevant Partially relevant Highly relevant Somewhat relevant Somewhat relevant Strongly relevant Somewhat relevant Highly relevant Somewhat relevant Somewhat relevant Partially relevant Somewhat relevant Somewhat relevant Strongly relevant
Nature of Mature functioning Balance of mind, body, spirit Provides highly generalized skills for functioning Ability to realize full potential as a human being, self-actualize, value self & others Able to think in rational ways & to use behavior that follows rational ideas People function well if neither they nor anyone in the environment have identified them as having a problem Ability to self-validate uniqueness & to view life as growth opportunities by use of new & novel approaches An ability to function in the face of situations in a comfortable growth enhancing way The exercise of autonomous ego functioning in the service of coping effectively with environement Actualizes potentials; Uses & changes structures in environment to liberate self & people/community from oppression Assuming responsibility for own actions & willing to expand personal awareness Able to make informed choices, seek individual & collective goals & function in chosen roles Ability to accept reality & act on positive, growth enhancing choices based on available data Ability to function in way client sees as most fulfilling Ability to adaptively cope with whatever life brings Active efforts to improve level of fit by changing behavior, environment, or person-environment transactions To seek to understand person-society dialectic and find autonomy while striving to change conditions Being central; Ability to observe self, interactions & responses and make compassionate choices An ability to have multiple views of self & reality to tolerate ambiguity Functioning relies on linking positive intentions with efficient behavioral alternatives through verbal/non-verbal communication An ability to cope with the inevitable problems of living competently and effectively Able to love & work, feel a wide range of emotions; have a role in family and society; absence of symptoms Ability to function in various ways that staisfy personal & social needs Measured by satisfaction in role set & ability to deal with role conflicts and role ambiguity An ability to develop boundaries and to fluidly interact with various systems and environments No position To lead a full & productive life Capacity to be intentional, self-socially responsible; principled, reciprocal inter-subjective
Nature of Personality Change Use of sacred ceremonies to achieve balance Emphasis on behavior change & interaction between the person & their environment People have a natural tendency to actualize, maintain, and enhance selves. Self concepts are changed by experiencing positive regard Modification of irrational ideas based upon cognitive restructuring Behavior change resolves problems & may produce insight but insight is not necessary Modification of self-evaluation, cognitive N/A, not a goal Enhancement of ego mastery, problem-solving & self-understanding & corrective relationship Moves from victim to victor, affirms self & people/community in the process of liberation Reassessing values that govern behavior & assuming responsibility for affirming or altering such values Alleviation of stress by achieving harmony within self & understanding of societal oppression Client can solve problem & relate to others in ways that enhance personal growth & creativity Change defined as increased awareness of inner self and outer self as unified whole Use of latent and/or actual potential to creatively cope with current problems Improved adaption & coping Freeing of self from societal determinism and finding one's destiny within Making decisions and responses based upon insight of compassion and ongoing self-observation Expanding one's view of reality of self and developing more ways of being Cognitive change leads to new patterns of communication and behavior Growth in applying cognitive/emotional skills of problem solving in an intentional manner Aimed at a strong change in personality based on introspection and study of therapeutic relationship Improved ability to understand and modify internal processes, relationships and environment possible and necessary to achieve goals Seeking of equilibrium between ego & significant alters Behavioral change leading to cognitive and affective modification based on understanding of role in system and impact of systems No position Improving social communication and social and interpersonal change Progress toward operating in a mindful (conscious), "beyond ego" way
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory To achieve harmony with self & others The modification of specific individual & specific interactional observable changes Individuals will develop their potential under favorable conditions; thus therapist must be non-directive To understand irrational ideas & cognitive misconceptions to change them To resolve the presenting problem(s) as identified by client(s) by disrupting problem maintaining patterns Acquiring new meanings/understandings to experience problems in ways that lead to alternate solutions Restore previous functional level, reduces stress To improve ego functioning & ability to cope effectively with environment Address concerns; refuse inner/external oppression and change its conditions; actualize self/community potential To generate hope & help one to assume responsibility through increased self understanding To find one's voice, exercise choice in relationship to life goals, & foster women's liberation Within the limits superimposed by environment, to develop into a fully more satisfied self To promote greater self-awareness & personal growth To access & activate latent &/or currently operating abilities to creatively problem solve Improve level of fit between a person & collectivities To assist client to understand the impact of societal and historic conditions on their destiny To be centered; to observe self interacting, see others are same, decide & act with compassion & directness To increase self-knowledge through reauthoring one's narrative behond the problem-saturated story Change the meaning of experience as relayed via verbal/non-verbal communication patterns & behaviors To resolve problems of everyday life that decrease satisfaction in daily activities To understand self thoroughly & appreciated the dynamics of relations in which one is involved To shift balance of inner-person situation gestalt to enhance client system functions to fulfill needs/goals To help clients look at interaction of biopsychosocial factors in relationship to roles To understand importance of various systems on functioning by understanding rules & system boundaries To identify & formulate problems of concern to client & help client solve those problems Clients as active participants in the problem solving process & people are born OK & in a healthy state To actualize full potential in all aspects; physical, social, emotional, cognitive, moral, and spiritual
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Essential Minimally important Neutral Importance depending on case Neutral Importance depending on case Minimally important Moderately important Neutral importance, depending on case Moderately important Moderately important Moderately important Neutral importance, depending on case Neutral importance, depending on case Minimally important Somewhat Moderately important Essential Neutral Moderately important Moderately important Neutral importance, depending on case Essential Neutral importance, depending on case Essential Somewhat Somewhat Somewhat Moderately important to Essential
Concept of Diagnosis Finding where a person fits on the medicine wheel Emphasis on current functioning with interactional assessment By & large inappropriate & unhelpful especially as it leads to labeling and dehumanization The identification of cognitive misconceptions, feelings & behaviors that come from them Formal diagnostic nosology seen as unnecessary & potentially problematic Assigning categories and labels thought to represent reality not considered valid To distinguish normal from pathological response (i.e. DSM diagnosis) A process in which coping capacities of a person and environmental stresses & resources are evaluated as a basis for action Prefers team assessment including diagnosis of biochemical disorders which are to be considered as needed Each person creates own unique world design (governing value positions) Generally not applicable; viewed as pathologizing women's functioning If used at all diagnosis is a process not a label Focus on dysfunctional boundary disturbances of contact-confluence, introjection, projection & retroflection Development of a model of client's current problem state Not used To identify with client critical areas where intervention is indicated and deemed useful What interferes with meditation process is problematic of symptom of dysfunction Term is not used. Problem definition of client is basis of action plan Disorder is related to restricted and often negative behavioral choices limiting client's ability to effect positively intended outcomes Focuses on clarifying the nature of the problem, the desired outcome, & client's ability to move towards that outcome A thorough understanding of how history, the unconscious fantasy life, dreams, the whole metapsychology influences the person Process based on mutual worker-client efforts to understand factors (strengths & limitation internal/external/interactional) effecting current reality With the client to select from assessment process specific role targets & their priority for intervention Based on evaluation of overall, global picture of client system in question taking into account all members of system Same as assessment Determining negative life scripts An evaluation of multidimensional developmental structures since therapy is developmental theory applied
Concept of Assessment Finding where a person fits on the medicine wheel Focus on behavioral analysis; Antecedants & consequences of behavior & the focus of here & now behavioral analysis Must be open unencumbered & accurately empathic to fully hear & understand clients' needs as expressed by them. Assessment at most would be a mutual reflection process The identification of cognitive misconceptions Focus on clients' definition of the presenting problem(s) and goals & identification of problem maintaining patterns To understand client's problems, perceptions, schemas, or belief systems and their impact on functioning and client attempted solutions Identify and mobilize client's resources (personal and environmental); support coping strategies Overview of client's biopsycholsocial situation that focuses on current & past functioning & life circumstances in order to plan intervention A mutual process which examines past internalized & present impediments to actualize potentials in self & community & plan liberating actions Understanding persolnal value positions & reinforcing relationships that result in, & maintain the "problem" Development of shared understanding of clients' situation with particular reference to societal constraints, options, and change potential A mutual process through which worker & client identify strengths, problems, goals, and solutuions Examines client's self awareness & openness to world & new experiences Identification of client's abilities that might be used by client to successfully problem solve Making informed choices based on reasoned thought when making judgements To understand range of critical history & environments, impinging on clients functioning Self-observation reveals problems, past or present An ongoing process where client's realities, beliefs, strengths, & limitations set the base for therapeutic action Starting with client's narrative of experience, communication & behavioral patterns are evaluated as to their sensory locus An ongoing process through the life of the case focused on assessing the client's motivation & how to engage it in problem-solving process A thorough understanding of client's dynamics & how they impinge on his/her situation Mutual effort to understand influences affecting current situation; evolving evaluation to locate intervention access points To determine significant & relevant areas of stress & strength in clients' role set An overview of the system's ability to change to become more fluid & of the blockages & barriers to effective functioning To understand client's problems, their modifiable & maintaining causes, & relevant contextual factors Identify negative life scripts Ongoing evaluation of person-in-situation; developmental status (capability); range of concern, i.e. ego to global; efficacy in relationship to self, others, & social context
Importance of Work with Significant Others Essential Essential Depending Depending Moderate Depending Depending Depending Moderate to essential Essential Depending Minimal Minimal Depending Moderate Depending Minimal Moderate Depending Depending Minimal Depending to Essential Somewhat Essential Essential Depending Depending to minimal
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Essential Essential Depending Somewhat Moderate Depending Depending to Moderate Depending Essential Depending Moderate Essential Minimal Depending Essential Moderate Depending Depending Minimal Depending Minimal Depending to Essential Somewhat Essential Essential Depending Depending to minimal
Length of Treatment No limitation Whatever client wants and needs Whatever client wants and needs Generally short term Generally short term Whatever client wants and needs Essentially short term Whatever the client wants and needs Whatever the client wants and needs Whatever the client wants and needs Whatever the client wants and needs Generally short term Whatever client wants and needs Generally short term Whatever client wants and needs No limitations Whatever client wants and needs Generally short-term Essentially short-term Whatever client wants and needs Essentially long-term No limitation No limitation Generally short-term Generally short-term Generally short-term Whatever client wants and needs
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Highly Important Minimally important Neutral Neutral Minimally important Moderate Minimally important Somewhat Somewhat Neutral Highly important Highly important Minimally important Minimally important highly important Highly important Somewhat Neutral Minimally important Highly important Minimally important Moderate Highly important Somewhat Highly important Somewhat Somewhat
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Essential Essential Depends Essential Essential Depends Depends Moderate Depends Essential Depends Essential Depends Moderate Essential Depends Minimal Somewhat Essential Essential Moderate Essential Essential Essential Essential Moderate Minimal
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Highly precise Highly Precise Highly flexible Highly Precise Highly Precise Highly flexible Highly flexible Highly flexible Highly flexible Highly flexible Highly flexible Highly flexible Highly flexible Highly flexible Moderately precise Somewhat general Highly generic Moderately precise Highly precise Moderately precise Moderately precise Highly flexible Highly precise Moderately precise Highly precise Highly flexible Highly flexible
Principal Foci of Treatment Behaviors; Feelings; Patterns; Values Behaviors; Cognitions; Feelings; Patterns; Roles Experiencing; Feelings; Here and now; Relationships; Values Behaviors; Feelings; Thinking Behaviors; Patterns Beliefs; Feelings; Perceptions; Thought patterns Mobilize resources; Provide information; Symptoms Behavior; Ego functions; Feelings; Patterns of relating; Thinking Oppressive systems & resource lacks; Feeling a lack of hope, power, anger, depression, etc.; Self-defeating thoughts & relationships; Weak links to community & peoplehood Behaviors; Feelings; Interactional styles; Patterns; Values Client's perception; Feelings; Gender roles; Societal factors; Values Behaviors; Feelings; Relationships; Skills; Values Behaviors; Feelings; Patterns; Roles; Values Behaviors; Feelings; Patterns; Roles; Values Behaviors; Transitions; Thoughts & feelings History; Interinfluence of person and situations; Social, economic, & political systems Compassion; Experience; Insight; Present moment Behaviors; Beliefs; Feelings; Patterns; Thoughts Behaviors; Communications; Patterns; Roles On the inability to cope with a problem due to lack of motivation & opportunity Behaviors; Feelings; Fantasies; Patterns; Thoughts Goals; Intervention points; Limitations; Mutual understanding; strengths Behaviors; Blockages; Conflicts; History; Patterns Behaviors; Feelings; Patterns; Roles; Values Behaviors; Content; Obstacles; Problems; Tasks Behaviors; Feelings; Patterns; Roles; Values Behaviors; Patterns
Principal Change Agents Elders; Spiritual Ceremonies Client; Education; Self-management; Significant Others; Techniques Client; Core conditions; Human potential; Self-actualizing; Relationship Client; Relationship; Resources; Techniques Client; Relationship; Techniques Client; Relationship; Techniques Client; Relationship; Resources Client; Process; Relationship; Resources; Techniques Inidividuals, family, groups; Client & worker interaction; Knowledge; Resource & opportunity access Relationship with therapist & important others; Expanded understanding & awareness; Responsibility Client; Relationship; Womens' Collectivity; Resources; Techniques Client; Relationship; Resources; Setting; Worker Client; Relationship; Techniques Client; Relationship; Techniques Person: Environment Material resources; Services; Acceptance; Reflection; Enhanced awareness Client; Technique Clinet, Worker, Client-Worker collaboration; Family; Resources Client; Interpersonal trust; Relationship; Techniques; worker Client; Environment; Process; Relationship; Setting Client; Internal resources; Relationship; Techniques Client; Worker expertise; Mutual therapeutic relationship; Resources; Social/family relationships Learning; Reflection; Relationship; Role testing; Support Client; Relationship; Resources; Setting; Techniques Activities/Techniques; Client; Context; Relationship; Tasks Client; Relationship; Techniques Attitude/Perception of client; Development level of therapist; Relationship
Principal Techniques Fasting; Medicines from the earth; Pipe; Sweat lodge Analysis of behavior; Behavioral relaxation; Cognitive modification; Education; Relaxation Active listening; encounter group; positive regard; sharing of self; supportive feedback Cognitive restructuring; Homework; Rational self-analysis Direct & paradoxical behavioral prescriptions; Restraint from change Challenging; Clarifying; Experimenting; Socratic questioning; Theorizing Educational; Resource mobilization; Supportive Direct influence; Education; Relationship; Reflection; sustainment Dialogue; Confronting oppression; Consciousness raising; Guiding praxis; Ego & skills support Unbalancing attitude; Generate spirituality and vitality; Use of humor; Warmth; Empathy & genuineness Social/gender analysis; Listening & support; Self-disclosure; Mobilizing resources; Referral to appropriate groups Agency limits; Environmental constraints; Relationship; Time Dialogue; Directed awareness; Enactment of dreams; Exaggeration; Reversal Behavior prescriptions; Communication; Paradoxical intention; Suggestion; Trance Advocacy; Coordinating; Exploring; Guiding; Mediation Teaching; Supporting; Advocating; Challenging; Collaboration Relaxation; Attention Externalizing problem; Increasing client's self-knowledge; Mobilizing strengths; Reflective listening & questioning Anchoring; Change personal history; Eye-accessing cues; Six-step reframe; Preferred representational systems Decisions re actions; Engaging the client; Examination of alternatives; Partializing problems; Reflection on behavior that affects problem Clarification; Confrontation; Interpretation Sustainment; Direct influence; Mutual reflection on peron-situation dynamic; Patterns; Developmental factors; Influence of environments Provision of new alter; Role clarification; Role enactment; Role playing; Support of ego Challenge; Focused conversation; Insight; Role play Analysis of obstacles; Session tasks; Task development; Task planning; Use of incentives Challenge; Insight; Role play Cognitive reframing; Experiential exercises; Introspection; Mindfullness; Non-attachment
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Essential to treatment Strongly important Essential to treatment Moderately important Minimal Essential Moderately important Essential Essential Strongly important Strongly important Essential Essential Moderately important Essential Strongly important Essential Strongly important Minimal Strongly important Essential to Treatment Essential to treatment Essential to treatment Essential to treatment Moderately important Strongly important Essential
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Psychosocial; Spiritual Cultural; Human development; Interactional; Social learning; Systems Community dynamics; Couple & family dynamics; Cross-cultural understanding; Group dynamics; Human development Behavioral; Cognitive; Relationship Pragmatics of human communication; Social systems theory Basics of sensation, perception & cognition; Epistemology; Human Development; Neurobiology; Psychopathology Coping theory; Human stress theory; Psychopathology Culture; Family; Human development; Psychopathology; Resources Class & gender; Coping with oppression; Ego & cognitive learning; Behavior; Small groups; Marginalization; Political & systems change; Marginalized groups Variations of self-deception; Spiritual issues; Cultural issues; Systems interplay; Individual & family life stages Feminism; Women's issues: Women and men's development and behavior; Gender roles; Social, political & economic systems Functional theory; Human development; Behavioral, social, cognitive classical learning theories; Diversity; Available resources Human Development Cultural issues; Communication abilities; Hypnotic skills; Verbal abilities Biological; Cultural; Family; Group; Organizational; Psychological; Physiological Economic system; Person-in-environment interaction and influence; Political system; Social history; Social system Meditation technique; Self-awareness; Psychopathology Self-knowledge; Post-modern constructivist knowledge; Human development; Cultural issues; Resources Principles of NLP; Techniques of approach; Metaphorically induced hypnotic suggestions; Sensory communication; Behaviorism Communication; Ego psychology; Human diveristy; Role theory; Systems theory Dynamics of interaction; Psychopathology; Self-awareness; Treatment techniques Biopsychosocial processes/human development; Person-situation gestalt/eco-systems; Socialogical processes; Worker-client relationships; Environmental resources Cultrually different learning & socialization patterns; Learning patterns; Psychosocial functioning; Role repertoires Cultural theory; Family dynamics; Group dynamics; Psychopathology; Role playing techniques; Systems theory Community resources; Human behavior in social environment (including family & group dynamics); Human Bio & medical information; Intervention technology; Psychopathology Cultural issues; Human development; Personality development Communication skills (from attunement & confrontation); Human development (multi-dimensional); Major psych theories/models/interventions (4 forces); Psychosocial awareness (Diversity issues)
Required Skills for Therapist Interviewing; Multi-modality; Relationship; Self-awareness Contracting; Evaluation; Focusing; Interviewing; Relationship Group leadership; Interviewing; Mediation skills; Relationship; Self-awareness Confrontation; Interviewing; Relationship; Self-awareness; Support Assessment; Interviewing; Relationship Enacting learner role; Engagement; Expert client role; Promote mutuality & teaher/client role; Unconditional positive regard Ability to relate with skill, authority & expertise; Ability to personally cope with distress & disaster Assessment; Engagement; Interviewing; Relationship; Treatment planning Dialogue on oppression; Group & clinical skills in all methods; Authentic use of self Self-awareness; Relationship; Fostering hope, spontanaeity, and humor; Ability to provoke; Eclecticism Social/gender analysis; Listening & support; Self-disclosure; Relationship; Resource mobilization Use of self, time & agency structure to help clients examine self-environment options for growth Relationship; Empathy; Openness; Self-awareness Hypnotist; Interviewing; Multi-modality; Perceptual abilities; Relationship A broad spectrum of interventive skills Advocacy; Challenging; Communication; Empathy; Relationship Empathy; Meditation; Self-awareness Respectful listening; Reflective questionging; Discovering unique outcomes; Cocreating new possibilities; Mobilizing strengths Use of aware self; Active intentional interviewing; Sensory communication (visual, auditory & kinesthetic); Attending; Provocation Interviewing; Relationship; Self-awareness; Well-developed level of practice wisdom Interviewing; Relationship; Self-awareness; Self-discipline Communication; Diagnostic; Multi-modality; Relationship/Empathy; Treatment procedures Family Rx skills; Group skilss; Intersystemic intervention; One to one Rx; Relationship Assessment skills; Challenging; Interviewing; Flexibility; Problem-solving; Self-awareness Interviewing; Problem formulation; Relationship; Task Development & Planning; Terminating Interviewing; Relationship Authenticity; Focussing; Timing; Respect/…
Training Required Minimum of five years with a spiritual teacher Depends on internention level; e.g. parent management to behavioral family change & cognitive treatment Training level varies widely depending on where theory is utilized. Wide range of application Post-graduate degree & advanced post-graduate training Post-graduate degree in theory, practice & supervision (preferably observed & videotaped combined) Post graduate degree with specialization in constructivism treament All helping professionals use it; Some others given special training Post-graduate degree that teaches human behavior and social, environment theories & practices; psychopathology Required to professionally assist persons & systems Personal integration & self understanding is essential; Volunteers can be effective BSW minimum, debate as to whether fminist practice can be learned in academia Formal knowledge, supervision & personal therapy Post graduate training with focus on Gestalt theory, practice & supervision Post graduate & special training in hypnosis BSW or MSW Professional training with additional knowledge of Marxist perspectives A period of meditation sufficient to know benefits. Traditional clinical skills Post graduate study & supervised practice Specific training gained through workshops or internship Minimal level, a professional generalist university degree at either BSW or MSW level Post-masters training with personal therapy and supervision Post-grad degree; ongoing training; Supervision/consultation/therapy to improve skills & self-awareness Professional degree with strong knowledge of sociology especially role theory Post graduate preferred with training in systems, interviewing, diagnosis, role of theory Bachelor's level training in social work or the human services Graduate level Post-graduate degree & supervised practice
Importance & Role of Supervision Essential Essential in early phases & necessary for more complex problems Important in helping learner to expand self-awareness Essential as a learning tool Essential since this involves a paradigm shift in thinking & use of special skills Important for beginners for therapeutic control & knowledge expansion Minimal Essential to enhance worker's knowledge, skills, & use of self Important to monitor self in process of empowering & consciousness raising Important in early years of learning; may be replaced as self understanding grows Depends on setting & practice domain (e.g. important in feminist family therapy) Essential as a control & to advance practice knowledge Essential in increasing therapist self-awareness in working with clients Essential at beginning of practice Important to maintain accountability & to improve skills Useful but not necessary Important to detect problematic outcomes Essential for increasing understanding and awareness of self and client Critical in beginning learning of the approach & in acquiring new technical knowledge Essential for entry level worker Absolutely essential for learning and for therapeutic control Essential, early years; ongoing peer consultation to improve skills and self-awareness Desirable but not essential; Commitment to ongoing development Initially essential but more emphasis on the role of co-therapists for feedback Important to insure quality control and to further training of practitioners Essential Essential
The Application
Level of Applicability Highly specific Generally applicable Generally applicable Generally applicable Generally applicable Moderate breadth Depends Generally applicable Moderate breadth Generally applicable Women, Generally; Men, Depends Moderate breadth Highly specific Moderate breadth Somewhat specific Generally applicable Generally applicable Generally applicable Generally applicable Moderate breadth Generally applicable Generally applicable Generally applicable Generally applicable Generally applicable Generally applicable Moderate breadth
Micro-Macro Continuum Balanced Balanced Balanced Principally Micro Somewhat Micro Principally Micro Principally Micro Somewhat Micro Balanced Balanced Balanced Principally micro Principally micro Principally micro Balanced Principally macro Principally micro Somewhat micro Balanced Principally micro Principally micro Balanced Somewhat micro Moderately macro Balanced Principally micro Principally micro - as ego grows, society gains
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=1; Families=1; Communities=1 Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=2; Families=1; Communities=4 Individual=1; Dyads=2; Groups=1; Families=3; Communities=2 Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=1; Families=1; Communities=5 Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=2; Families=1; Communities=3 Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=3; Families=1; Communities=5 Individual=1; Dyads=2; Groups=1; Families=2; Communities=2 Individual=1; Dyads=2; Groups=2; Families=2; Communities=3 Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=1; Families=1; Communities=1 Individual=1; Dyads=2; Groups=3; Families=4; Communities=5 Individual=1; Dyads=3; Groups=1; Families=2; Communities=3 Individual=1; Dyads=2; Groups=2; Families=2; Communities=3 Individual=1; Dyads=2; Groups=1; Families=2; Communities=3 Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=3; Families=2; Communities=3 Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=1; Families=1; Communities=1 Individual=1; Dyads=2; Groups=1; Families=1; Communities=1 Individual=1; Dyads=2; Groups=2; Families=4; Communities=5 Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=2; Families=1; Communities=4 Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=1; Families=1; Communities=1 Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=1; Families=2; Communities=3 Individual=1; Dyads=2; Groups=3; Families=4; Communities=5 Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=1; Families=1; Communities=1 Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=1; Families=1; Communities=5 Individual=2; Dyads=1; Groups=1; Families=1; Communities=1 Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=1; Families=1; Communities=3 Individual=1; Dyads=2; Groups=2; Families=2; Communities=5 Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=1; Families=1; Communities=1
Problem Targets Inter-systemic; Holistic Dyads; Family; Groups; Personal Individual; Couples; Groups; Families; Communities Personal Couple & family; Interpersonal; Intersystemic; Personal Family; Group; Interpersonal; Personal Personal; Family Interpersonal; Family; Person-environment; Personal Systemic oppression; Building on potential; Building collectivity and community Personal; Interpersonal; Family; Intersystemic; Spiritual Diverse range of settings and fields of practice Family; Intrapersonal; Inter-personal; Other small groups Personal Interpersonal; Family; Personal Person-Environment Person-situation difficulties; Large system-person interaction; Resource deficits Personal; Interpersonal; Administration Personal; Interpersonal; Family Personal; Interpersonal; Dyadic; Familial/Group Family; Interpersonal; Personal; Transactional interactions Interpersonal; Family; Personal Impinging large environments; Personal; Person-in-situations/family Ego status issues; Interpersonal; Person in situation; Role-related issues Family; Intersystemic; Work-related; Interpersonal; Institutional; Community problems Problems in social relations and roles; Emotional and interpersonal stress; Resource lacks Personal; Interpersonal; Family Immaturities; Societal vioence/hate; Spiritual emergencies; Micro to Macro peace
Specific Client Targets Individuals; Families; Communities Child management; Family interaction; Parent training; Phobias; Social skills Widely applicable; Originally just high functioning articulate middle class; Later applied to children, disabled, socially disadvantaged groups, mentally, ill, cross-cultural Low functioning clients; High functioning clients; Mid-range functioning clients All types of people from the most dysfunctional iand involuntary to highly functional and voluntary Anxiety reactions; Depression; Dysfunctional families; Interpersonal problems; Persons seeking growth Persons exposed to stressful life events, particularly traumatic events Individual, families & groups with a range of problems & levels of functioning All oppressed and vulnerable persons and all of the have nots in society Well motivated, resistant and ambivalent persons; Groups with common interests; Alienated value confused psychotic and addicted persons Diverse women's populations; Individuals; Groups; Communities Persons with capacity for reflection, including involuntary clients Moderately well functioning adults Affective disorders; Behavior problems; Habit control; Pain control People experiencing life stresses Moderately well functioning persons seeking enhanced autonomy; Groups seeking to understand reality and social change; Marginalized persons Most people without serious mental disorder; Stress; Anxiety; Addictions; Mild depression without suicidal risk Moderately well functioning persons and families; Parent-Child problems; Children behavior problems; Couples with relationship problems Cognitively moderate to well functioning; Diverse populations; Acute and chronic disorders; Clients seeking brief solution-oriented treatment; Dual diagnosed Reasonably intact persons with present oriented problems Individuals at all levels of development; Those with capacity for introspection and relationship do best Works with a broad range of clients, problems, concerns & needs in various kinds of situations and settings Couples with role issues; Families with minimal pathology; Groups with common role issues; Moderately well-functioning individuals Family members; Groups; Communities wishing to change; Unlock barriers to problem solving; Role and boundary problems; Intersystemic issues Clients whose problems can be resolved by their own actions; Clients with sufficient cognitive competence to collaborate in treatment; Clients not primarily interested in self-examination Moderately well-functioning persons; Groups with common interests; Developmental problems; Role problems Well structured/functioning individuals; Developmental arrests; Spiritual malaise; Moral development
Known Risks It is risky unless there is total honest between elder & person seeking help Over simplification; Inappropriate use of techniques; Misrepresentation of techniques; Use by those untrained Personality disorders especially narcissistic disorders; Sociopaths; Character disordered children & adolescents Low risk level with most clients Therapist's inappropriate use of paradox with very dysfunctional clients Persons who are a danger to self and others Risk of mental disorder for persons folloing exposure to severe trauma Anti-social & highly destructive individuals Worker frustrations in coping with entrenched oppressive societal power systems People misusing therapy and making themselves unreachable by avoidance Significant others not directly involved in change process can feel or be left behind Dementia, antisocial, paranoid, schizoid, psychotic, borderline or needing medical/pharmaceutical Rx or risk to self or others Not recommended for severe personality disorder or psychosis Potentially negative outcome for memory retrieval No known risks in use of this model Requires client cognitive ability to reflect; Could create hopelessness Obsessive persons; Severely depressed; Suicidal or psychotic; Fragile self concepts; Depersonalized tendencies Persons with histories of violence or substance abuse may avoid taking responsibility No known risks. Care needs to be taken with persons if cognitive functioning is significantly impaired Highly disturbed suicidal persons; Some ethnic and cultural groups; Persons in developmental crisis Those who cannot tolerate relationship or self-examination No known risks if clients are in appropriate settings; Major risk when therapist attempts to treat beyond his/her competency Families in severe distress; highly damaged persons; Highly manipulative persons No particular risks; Client should be willing to change; Perhaps clients with particular addictions would need other help No known risks distinctive to model Delusional clients Clients with pre-personal development diagnoses (e.g. psychotic, narcissistic, borderline, character disorders
Limitations of Treatment Requires extremely advanced skills to work with psychopaths Does not deal with insight-oriented work sought by some clients Severely developmentally disabled; Variable outcome measures & time-frame dependent on motivation & cap Does not work well when problems are organically based Other "helpers" may negate impact of interventions by their intervention and lack of understanding the Rx Relatively non-verbal; Rigid superegos; Authoritarian or moralistic; Severely retarded; Personality disorders Resource deficit problems; Serious neurological & physiological impairment e.g. pain Problems caused by massive social problems and lack of resources and constitutional impairments Persons limited in ability to think and act are only partially able to gain empowerment on their own Serious resource lacks; Neurological impairments; Those focues narcissistically on traumatic history Focus on women as clients with little corresponding theory relating to men Unknown Least helpful for clients seeking personality change through insight Does not focus on intra-psychic issues except as effects of societal conditions Meditation enhances awareness, choice confidence and discrimination; Other skills needed for insights Unless care is taken people may feel that their problems are minimized None per se. Work with brain damaged and communication impaired clients requires further study Problems caused by a lack of clarity in defining probmes related to poor communication among persons Therapist's counter-transference problems and client's wishes to defeat a relationship Intransient impinging social environmental forces; unchangeable biopsychosocial traits or patterns Persons with limited understanding; Situations where unconscious material needs to be addressed Some clients may need individual Rx for pathology; systems may need to be combined with other theory Requires client collaboration and ability to take action to solve problems Little research indicating the limits Problems caused by serious resource deficits and those caused by serious neurological impairment

Aboriginal Theory

Theory Aboriginal
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Mawhiney, A., Nabigon, H., Waterfall, B.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Antoine, R., McKenzie, B., Miller, D., Morisette, L.
Closest Other Theories Existentialism, Meditation, Transpersonal
Level of Integration into SW Practice Beginning Recognition
Interdisciplinary Utility Strongly Useful
Empirical Base Minimal
Extent of SW Literature Minimal
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process Use of natural elements to heal mind, body, and spirit
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Four colors of man; four medicines; four sacred directions; healing; Little Rascals; Sacred pipe
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Essential
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Essential
Role of Therapeutic Relationship Helper/helpee: shares knowledge to guide the person to achieve balance
Nature of Relationship Elder with wisdom to be shared with learner
Importance of Transference in Relationship Minimal
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Very strong
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Good; Neutral; Flawed
Activity (in order of preference) Doing; Being; Being in Becoming
Relational (in order of preference) Family; Individual; Community
Time Preference Past; Present; Future
Relation to Nature In harmony
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum About equal
Emotion-Rationality Continuum Equally emotional and rational
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum About equal
Human Ability to Change Highly adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Highly relevant
Nature of Mature functioning Balance of mind, body, spirit
Nature of Personality Change Use of sacred ceremonies to achieve balance
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory To achieve harmony with self & others
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Essential
Concept of Diagnosis Finding where a person fits on the medicine wheel
Concept of Assessment Finding where a person fits on the medicine wheel
Importance of Work with Significant Others Essential
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Essential
Length of Treatment No limitation
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Highly Important
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Essential
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Highly precise
Principal Foci of Treatment Behaviors; Feelings; Patterns; Values
Principal Change Agents Elders; Spiritual Ceremonies
Principal Techniques Fasting; Medicines from the earth; Pipe; Sweat lodge
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Essential to treatment
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Psychosocial; Spiritual
Required Skills for Therapist Interviewing; Multi-modality; Relationship; Self-awareness
Training Required Minimum of five years with a spiritual teacher
Importance & Role of Supervision Essential
The Application
Level of Applicability Highly specific
Micro-Macro Continuum Balanced
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=1; Families=1; Communities=1
Problem Targets Inter-systemic; Holistic
Specific Client Targets Individuals; Families; Communities
Known Risks It is risky unless there is total honest between elder & person seeking help
Limitations of Treatment Requires extremely advanced skills to work with psychopaths

Behavior Theory

Behavior Theory
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Gambrill, E., Rose, S., Stuart, R., Thomlison, R., Thyer, B.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Bandura, A., Beck, A., Meichenbaum, D., Skinner, B.F., Wolpe, J.
Closest Other Theories Cognitive, Social Learning, Task-Centered
Level of Integration into SW Practice Strongly Influential
Interdisciplinary Utility Pan-Professional
Empirical Base Extensive
Extent of SW Literature Moderate
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process Short-term time limited systemic & planned individual behavior change program built on a positive relationship
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Antecedant behaviors; Baseline measure; Behavior-target; Behavior-inventory; Consequences; Contingencies; Negative and Positive reinforcement; Reinforcers
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Moderate
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Essential
Role of Therapeutic Relationship Positive relationship skills focused on increasing desirable & decreasing undesirable behavior to improve day to day functioning
Nature of Relationship Reality based method/skills to empower, teach, purposeful management approaches to one's environment
Importance of Transference in Relationship Minimal
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Minimal
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Neutral; Good; Flawed
Activity (in order of preference) Being in Becoming; Being; Doing
Relational (in order of preference) Individual; Family; Group
Time Preference Present; Future; Past
Relation to Nature In harmony
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum Stongly determined
Emotion-Rationality Continuum More rational than emotional
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum Environment strong
Human Ability to Change Highly adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Partially relevant
Nature of Mature functioning Provides highly generalized skills for functioning
Nature of Personality Change Emphasis on behavior change & interaction between the person & their environment
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory The modification of specific individual & specific interactional observable changes
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Minimally important
Concept of Diagnosis Emphasis on current functioning with interactional assessment
Concept of Assessment Focus on behavioral analysis; Antecedants & consequences of behavior & the focus of here & now behavioral analysis
Importance of Work with Significant Others Essential
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Essential
Length of Treatment Whatever client wants and needs
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Minimally important
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Essential
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Highly Precise
Principal Foci of Treatment Behaviors; Cognitions; Feelings; Patterns; Roles
Principal Change Agents Client; Education; Self-management; Significant Others; Techniques
Principal Techniques Analysis of behavior; Behavioral relaxation; Cognitive modification; Education; Relaxation
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Strongly important
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Cultural; Human development; Interactional; Social learning; Systems
Required Skills for Therapist Contracting; Evaluation; Focusing; Interviewing; Relationship
Training Required Depends on internention level; e.g. parent management to behavioral family change & cognitive treatment
Importance & Role of Supervision Essential in early phases & necessary for more complex problems
The Application
Level of Applicability Generally applicable
Micro-Macro Continuum Balanced
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=2; Families=1; Communities=4
Problem Targets Dyads; Family; Groups; Personal
Specific Client Targets Child management; Family interaction; Parent training; Phobias; Social skills
Known Risks Over simplification; Inappropriate use of techniques; Misrepresentation of techniques; Use by those untrained
Limitations of Treatment Does not deal with insight-oriented work sought by some clients

Client-Centered Theory

Theory Client-Centered Theory
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Fischer, J., Larsen, J., Rowe, W., Shulman, L.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Berenson, B., Carkhuff, R., Rogers, C., Truax, C.B.
Closest Other Theories Existential, Functional, Psychosocial
Level of Integration into SW Practice Strongly Influential
Interdisciplinary Utility Pan-Professional
Empirical Base Strong
Extent of SW Literature Moderate
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process To facilitate the natural self-actualizing tendency of persons toward meeting their individual or collective life enhancing goals
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Accurate empathy; Client/Person; Congruency; Genuineness; Experiential; Positive Regard; Self-Actualization; Self-Disclosing; Valuing
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Somewhat
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Somewhat
Role of Therapeutic Relationship Central: By communicating accurate empathy, positive regard & authenticity, clients' capacity for change will be unleashed
Nature of Relationship Open trusting exchange between equals ready to explore creative solutions & existential questions
Importance of Transference in Relationship Moderate
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Somewhat
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Good; Neutral; Flawed
Activity (in order of preference) Being in Becoming; Being; Doing
Relational (in order of preference) Individual; Group; family
Time Preference Present; Future; Past
Relation to Nature In harmony
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum Totally free
Emotion-Rationality Continuum Strong emotive influence
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum More environment than heredity
Human Ability to Change Highly adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Somewhat relevant
Nature of Mature functioning Ability to realize full potential as a human being, self-actualize, value self & others
Nature of Personality Change People have a natural tendency to actualize, maintain, and enhance selves. Self concepts are changed by experiencing positive regard
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory Individuals will develop their potential under favorable conditions; thus therapist must be non-directive
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Neutral Importance depending on case
Concept of Diagnosis By & large inappropriate & unhelpful especially as it leads to labeling and dehumanization
Concept of Assessment Must be open unencumbered & accurately empathic to fully hear & understand clients' needs as expressed by them. Assessment at most would be a mutual reflection process
Importance of Work with Significant Others Depending
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Depending
Length of Treatment Whatever client wants and needs
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Neutral
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Depends
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Highly flexible
Principal Foci of Treatment Experiencing; Feelings; Here and now; Relationships; Values
Principal Change Agents Client; Core conditions; Human potential; Self-actualizing; Relationship
Principal Techniques Active listening; encounter group; positive regard; sharing of self; supportive feedback
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Essential to treatment
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Community dynamics; Couple & family dynamics; Cross-cultural understanding; Group dynamics; Human development
Required Skills for Therapist Group leadership; Interviewing; Mediation skills; Relationship; Self-awareness
Training Required Training level varies widely depending on where theory is utilized. Wide range of application
Importance & Role of Supervision Important in helping learner to expand self-awareness
The Application
Level of Applicability Generally applicable
Micro-Macro Continuum Balanced
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=2; Groups=1; Families=3; Communities=2
Problem Targets Individual; Couples; Groups; Families; Communities
Specific Client Targets Widely applicable; Originally just high functioning articulate middle class; Later applied to children, disabled, socially disadvantaged groups, mentally, ill, cross-cultural
Known Risks Personality disorders especially narcissistic disorders; Sociopaths; Character disordered children & adolescents
Limitations of Treatment Severely developmentally disabled; Variable outcome measures & time-frame dependent on motivation & cap

Cognitive Theory

Theory Cognitive Theory
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Goldstein, H., Lantz, J., Werner, H.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Beck, A., Ellis, A., Lazarus, A.
Closest Other Theories Communication, Constructivism, Existential
Level of Integration into SW Practice Major Theory
Interdisciplinary Utility Pan-Professional
Empirical Base Extensive
Extent of SW Literature Strong
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process To change patterns of irrational thinking
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Cognitive misconception; Cognitive restructuring; Homework; Irrational thinking; Rational self-analysis; Relationship
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Moderate
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Moderate
Role of Therapeutic Relationship To decrease client anxiety so that client can engage in treatment
Nature of Relationship A reality based educational relationship
Importance of Transference in Relationship Somewhat
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Moderate
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Neutral; Good; Flawed
Activity (in order of preference) Doing; Being in Becoming; Being
Relational (in order of preference) Individual; Group; family
Time Preference Present; Future; Past
Relation to Nature With nature
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum Strongly free
Emotion-Rationality Continuum Strongly rational
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum About equal
Human Ability to Change Highly adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Somewhat relevant
Nature of Mature functioning Able to think in rational ways & to use behavior that follows rational ideas
Nature of Personality Change Modification of irrational ideas based upon cognitive restructuring
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory To understand irrational ideas & cognitive misconceptions to change them
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Neutral Importance depending on case
Concept of Diagnosis The identification of cognitive misconceptions, feelings & behaviors that come from them
Concept of Assessment The identification of cognitive misconceptions
Importance of Work with Significant Others Depending
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Somewhat
Length of Treatment Generally short term
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Neutral
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Essential
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Highly Precise
Principal Foci of Treatment Behaviors; Feelings; Thinking
Principal Change Agents Client; Relationship; Resources; Techniques
Principal Techniques Cognitive restructuring; Homework; Rational self-analysis
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Moderately important
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Behavioral; Cognitive; Relationship
Required Skills for Therapist Confrontation; Interviewing; Relationship; Self-awareness; Support
Training Required Post-graduate degree & advanced post-graduate training
Importance & Role of Supervision Essential as a learning tool
The Application
Level of Applicability Generally applicable
Micro-Macro Continuum Principally Micro
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=1; Families=1; Communities=5
Problem Targets Personal
Specific Client Targets Low functioning clients; High functioning clients; Mid-range functioning clients
Known Risks Low risk level with most clients
Limitations of Treatment Does not work well when problems are organically based

Communication Theory

Theory Communication Theory
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Greene, G., Grove, D., Nelsen, J., Segal, L., Solovery, A.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Coyne, J., Fisch, R., Haley, J., Madanes, C., Watzlawick, P.
Closest Other Theories Constructivisim, Systems, Task-Centered
Level of Integration into SW Practice Beginning Recognition
Interdisciplinary Utility Pan-Professional
Empirical Base Moderate
Extent of SW Literature Emerging
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process Brief prescriptions focusing on defining problems & goals; Identifying problem maintaining patterns, Implementing prescription to disrupt them
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Behavioral prescriptions; Double bind; 1st & 2nd order change; Metacommunication; Pragmatics of human communication; Reframing; Restraint from change; Pragmatics of communication
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Somewhat
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Moderate
Role of Therapeutic Relationship To join client system to gain cooperation in carrying out behavioral prescriptions (tasks & directives) between sessions
Nature of Relationship Collaborative with the focus on client's relationships & life outside the treatment relationship
Importance of Transference in Relationship Minimal
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Minimal
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Neutral
Activity (in order of preference) Doing; Being in Becoming; Being
Relational (in order of preference) Family; Group; Individual
Time Preference Present; Future; Past
Relation to Nature With nature
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum About equal
Emotion-Rationality Continuum Strongly rational
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum Enviornment strong
Human Ability to Change Highly adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Minimally relevant
Nature of Mature functioning People function well if neither they nor anyone in the environment have identified them as having a problem
Nature of Personality Change Behavior change resolves problems & may produce insight but insight is not necessary
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory To resolve the presenting problem(s) as identified by client(s) by disrupting problem maintaining patterns
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Minimally important
Concept of Diagnosis Formal diagnostic nosology seen as unnecessary & potentially problematic
Concept of Assessment Focus on clients' definition of the presenting problem(s) and goals & identification of problem maintaining patterns
Importance of Work with Significant Others Moderate
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Moderate
Length of Treatment Generally short term
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Minimally important
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Essential
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Highly Precise
Principal Foci of Treatment Behaviors; Patterns
Principal Change Agents Client; Relationship; Techniques
Principal Techniques Direct & paradoxical behavioral prescriptions; Restraint from change
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Minimal
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Pragmatics of human communication; Social systems theory
Required Skills for Therapist Assessment; Interviewing; Relationship
Training Required Post-graduate degree in theory, practice & supervision (preferably observed & videotaped combined)
Importance & Role of Supervision Essential since this involves a paradigm shift in thinking & use of special skills
The Application
Level of Applicability Generally applicable
Micro-Macro Continuum Somewhat Micro
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=2; Families=1; Communities=3
Problem Targets Couple & family; Interpersonal; Intersystemic; Personal
Specific Client Targets All types of people from the most dysfunctional iand involuntary to highly functional and voluntary
Known Risks Therapist's inappropriate use of paradox with very dysfunctional clients
Limitations of Treatment Other "helpers" may negate impact of interventions by their intervention and lack of understanding the Rx

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Constructivism Theory

Theory Constructivism
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Carpenter, D., Fisher, D.D.V., Hoffman, L., Laird, J.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Kant, I., Kelly, G., Maturana, H., Watzlawick, P.
Closest Other Theories Cognitive, Client-Centered, Existential, Psychosocial
Level of Integration into SW Practice Beginning Recognition
Interdisciplinary Utility Pan-Professional
Empirical Base Minimal
Extent of SW Literature Emerging
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process A conceptual framework from which treatment derives emphasizing cognitive, psycho, & neurophysicalogic mechanisms
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Autopoiesis; Cognition; Epistemological relativism; Ideosyncratic reality; Perception; Schemas (beliefs); Structure determinism; Structural coupling
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Essential
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Somewhat
Role of Therapeutic Relationship To create conditions to elicit constructive alternativism to form new & novel problem meanings
Nature of Relationship To foster a close alliance (structural coupling) with therapist client role reversal for teacher-learner roles
Importance of Transference in Relationship Very strong
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Minimal
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Neutral; Good; Flawed
Activity (in order of preference) Being in Becoming; Being; Doing
Relational (in order of preference) Individual; Family; Group
Time Preference Present; Future; Past
Relation to Nature With nature
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum Strongly determined
Emotion-Rationality Continuum Strongly rational
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum About Equal
Human Ability to Change Strongly adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Somewhat relevant
Nature of Mature functioning Ability to self-validate uniqueness & to view life as growth opportunities by use of new & novel approaches
Nature of Personality Change Modification of self-evaluation, cognitive
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory Acquiring new meanings/understandings to experience problems in ways that lead to alternate solutions
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Moderately important
Concept of Diagnosis Assigning categories and labels thought to represent reality not considered valid
Concept of Assessment To understand client's problems, perceptions, schemas, or belief systems and their impact on functioning and client attempted solutions
Importance of Work with Significant Others Depending
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Depending
Length of Treatment Whatever client wants and needs
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Moderate
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Depends
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Highly flexible
Principal Foci of Treatment Beliefs; Feelings; Perceptions; Thought patterns
Principal Change Agents Client; Relationship; Techniques
Principal Techniques Challenging; Clarifying; Experimenting; Socratic questioning; Theorizing
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Essential
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Basics of sensation, perception & cognition; Epistemology; Human Development; Neurobiology; Psychopathology
Required Skills for Therapist Enacting learner role; Engagement; Expert client role; Promote mutuality & teaher/client role; Unconditional positive regard
Training Required Post graduate degree with specialization in constructivism treament
Importance & Role of Supervision Important for beginners for therapeutic control & knowledge expansion
The Application
Level of Applicability Moderate breadth
Micro-Macro Continuum Principally Micro
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=3; Families=1; Communities=5
Problem Targets Family; Group; Interpersonal; Personal
Specific Client Targets Anxiety reactions; Depression; Dysfunctional families; Interpersonal problems; Persons seeking growth
Known Risks Persons who are a danger to self and others
Limitations of Treatment Relatively non-verbal; Rigid superegos; Authoritarian or moralistic; Severely retarded; Personality disorders

Crisis Theory

Theory Crisis Theory
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Ell, K., Golan, N., Parad, H.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Caplan, G., Lindeman, E.
Closest Other Theories Ego Psychology, Psychosocial
Level of Integration into SW Practice Major Theory
Interdisciplinary Utility Pan-Professional
Empirical Base Emerging
Extent of SW Literature Extensive
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process Brief, immediate emotional, cognitive tangible aid with some pharmacological aid under specific conditions
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Ameliorative; Brief; Preventive; Psychotherapeutic
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Unclear; lack of research
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Essential
Role of Therapeutic Relationship Provide sense of safety, information re normality of distress & resource mobilization
Nature of Relationship Expert with access to resources, supportive & caring
Importance of Transference in Relationship Minimal
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Minimal
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Neutral; Good; Flawed
Activity (in order of preference) Doing; Being in Becoming; Being
Relational (in order of preference) Individual; Group; family
Time Preference Present; Future; Past
Relation to Nature N/A
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum N/A
Emotion-Rationality Continuum Equally emotional and rational
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum Enviornment strong
Human Ability to Change Highly adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Somewhat relevant
Nature of Mature functioning An ability to function in the face of situations in a comfortable growth enhancing way
Nature of Personality Change N/A, not a goal
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory Restore previous functional level, reduces stress
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Neutral importance, depending on case
Concept of Diagnosis To distinguish normal from pathological response (i.e. DSM diagnosis)
Concept of Assessment Identify and mobilize client's resources (personal and environmental); support coping strategies
Importance of Work with Significant Others Depending
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Depending to Moderate
Length of Treatment Essentially short term
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Minimally important
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Depends
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Highly flexible
Principal Foci of Treatment Mobilize resources; Provide information; Symptoms
Principal Change Agents Client; Relationship; Resources
Principal Techniques Educational; Resource mobilization; Supportive
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Moderately important
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Coping theory; Human stress theory; Psychopathology
Required Skills for Therapist Ability to relate with skill, authority & expertise; Ability to personally cope with distress & disaster
Training Required All helping professionals use it; Some others given special training
Importance & Role of Supervision Minimal
The Application
Level of Applicability Depends
Micro-Macro Continuum Principally Micro
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=2; Groups=1; Families=2; Communities=2
Problem Targets Personal; Family
Specific Client Targets Persons exposed to stressful life events, particularly traumatic events
Known Risks Risk of mental disorder for persons folloing exposure to severe trauma
Limitations of Treatment Resource deficit problems; Serious neurological & physiological impairment e.g. pain

Ego Psychology Theory

Theory Ego Psychology
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Austin, L., Garrett, A., Goldstein, E.G., Hamilton, G.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Erikson, E., Hartman, H., Mahler, M., White, K.
Closest Other Theories Crisis, Problem Solving, Psychosocial
Level of Integration into SW Practice Major Theory
Interdisciplinary Utility Pan-Professional
Empirical Base Strong
Extent of SW Literature Extensive
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process To restore, maintain, & enhance ego functioning & person's ability to cope with environment
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Corrective relationship; Defenses; Ego assessment; Ego deficits; Ego mastery; Ego modification; Ego strengths; Ego support
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Essential
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Moderate
Role of Therapeutic Relationship To provide encouragement, support & reality testing in order to help client use & enhance ego strengths & repair deficits
Nature of Relationship Mixture of benigh parental authority & genuine human experience that is accepting and encouraging
Importance of Transference in Relationship Moderate
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Somewhat
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Good; Flawed; Neutral
Activity (in order of preference) Being; Being in Becoming; Doing
Relational (in order of preference) Individual; Group; family
Time Preference Present; Future; Past
Relation to Nature Over nature
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum About equal
Emotion-Rationality Continuum Equally emotional and rational
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum About equal
Human Ability to Change Moderately adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Strongly relevant
Nature of Mature functioning The exercise of autonomous ego functioning in the service of coping effectively with environement
Nature of Personality Change Enhancement of ego mastery, problem-solving & self-understanding & corrective relationship
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory To improve ego functioning & ability to cope effectively with environment
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Moderately important
Concept of Diagnosis A process in which coping capacities of a person and environmental stresses & resources are evaluated as a basis for action
Concept of Assessment Overview of client's biopsycholsocial situation that focuses on current & past functioning & life circumstances in order to plan intervention
Importance of Work with Significant Others Depending
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Depending
Length of Treatment Whatever the client wants and needs
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Somewhat
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Moderate
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Highly flexible
Principal Foci of Treatment Behavior; Ego functions; Feelings; Patterns of relating; Thinking
Principal Change Agents Client; Process; Relationship; Resources; Techniques
Principal Techniques Direct influence; Education; Relationship; Reflection; sustainment
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Essential
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Culture; Family; Human development; Psychopathology; Resources
Required Skills for Therapist Assessment; Engagement; Interviewing; Relationship; Treatment planning
Training Required Post-graduate degree that teaches human behavior and social, environment theories & practices; psychopathology
Importance & Role of Supervision Essential to enhance worker's knowledge, skills, & use of self
The Application
Level of Applicability Generally applicable
Micro-Macro Continuum Somewhat Micro
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=2; Groups=2; Families=2; Communities=3
Problem Targets Interpersonal; Family; Person-environment; Personal
Specific Client Targets Individual, families & groups with a range of problems & levels of functioning
Known Risks Anti-social & highly destructive individuals
Limitations of Treatment Problems caused by massive social problems and lack of resources and constitutional impairments

Empowerment Theory

Theory Empowerment Theory
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Gutierrez, L. M., Lee, J.A.B., Pinderhughes, E., Solomon, B.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Friere, P., Gillingan, C., Miller, J., Pouissant, A., Tamaz, G.
Closest Other Theories Constructivist, Feminist, Life Model, Narrative, Psycho-social
Level of Integration into SW Practice Moderately/Strongly Important
Interdisciplinary Utility Strongly Useful for other professions
Empirical Base Emerging
Extent of SW Literature Emerging/Moderate
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process Clients examine internal & external power blocks which disempower & work towards action to change both & empower & liberate
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Personal political & interpersonal change; Empowering mutual processes; Challenging false beliefs & oppression; Praxis; Consciousness raising; Telling the story; Group & Individual action
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Essential
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Essential
Role of Therapeutic Relationship To assist client(s) as they reflect on disempowerment & oppression issues & take action toward personal and political change
Nature of Relationship As equal dialogue of partners, worker guides reflection & action on oppression sharing at times authentic self
Importance of Transference in Relationship Minimal to somewhat
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Somewhat
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Neutral
Activity (in order of preference) Being in Becoming; Doing; Being
Relational (in order of preference) Group=Individual=Family=Community
Time Preference Present; Future; Past
Relation to Nature With nature
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum Strongly free
Emotion-Rationality Continuum Equally emotional and rational
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum More environment than heredity
Human Ability to Change Highly adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Somewhat relevant
Nature of Mature functioning Actualizes potentials; Uses & changes structures in environment to liberate self & people/community from oppression
Nature of Personality Change Moves from victim to victor, affirms self & people/community in the process of liberation
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory Address concerns; refuse inner/external oppression and change its conditions; actualize self/community potential
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Moderately important
Concept of Diagnosis Prefers team assessment including diagnosis of biochemical disorders which are to be considered as needed
Concept of Assessment A mutual process which examines past internalized & present impediments to actualize potentials in self & community & plan liberating actions
Importance of Work with Significant Others Moderate to essential
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Essential
Length of Treatment Whatever the client wants and needs
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Somewhat
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Depends
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Highly flexible
Principal Foci of Treatment Oppressive systems & resource lacks; Feeling a lack of hope, power, anger, depression, etc.; Self-defeating thoughts & relationships; Weak links to community & peoplehood
Principal Change Agents Inidividuals, family, groups; Client & worker interaction; Knowledge; Resource & opportunity access
Principal Techniques Dialogue; Confronting oppression; Consciousness raising; Guiding praxis; Ego & skills support
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Essential
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Class & gender; Coping with oppression; Ego & cognitive learning; Behavior; Small groups; Marginalization; Political & systems change; Marginalized groups
Required Skills for Therapist Dialogue on oppression; Group & clinical skills in all methods; Authentic use of self
Training Required Required to professionally assist persons & systems
Importance & Role of Supervision Important to monitor self in process of empowering & consciousness raising
The Application
Level of Applicability Moderate breadth
Micro-Macro Continuum Balanced
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=1; Families=1; Communities=1
Problem Targets Systemic oppression; Building on potential; Building collectivity and community
Specific Client Targets All oppressed and vulnerable persons and all of the have nots in society
Known Risks Worker frustrations in coping with entrenched oppressive societal power systems
Limitations of Treatment Persons limited in ability to think and act are only partially able to gain empowerment on their own

Existential Theory

Theory Existential Theory
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Bradford, K., Curry, A., Krill, D., Weiss, D.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Frankl, V., Hora, T., May, R., Offman, W.
Closest Other Theories Client-Centered, Cognitive, Gestalt
Level of Integration into SW Practice Moderately Important
Interdisciplinary Utility Strongly Useful for other professions
Empirical Base Emerging
Extent of SW Literature Minimal
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process Promote understanding to enhance choice & responsibility. Emphasis on heightened awareness
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory World design (being in the world); Value positions; Awareness; Here and now; Choice; Intuitive knowing; Healing as revealing; Detached caring; Suffering
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Moderate
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Strong
Role of Therapeutic Relationship Generate hope, vitality, spontaneity; Modeling of awareness and choosing; Promote self understanding of client
Nature of Relationship A reality based trusting interchange between equals which is open and safe
Importance of Transference in Relationship Minimal
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Moderate
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Neutral; Good; Flawed
Activity (in order of preference) Being in Becoming; Doing; Being
Relational (in order of preference) Family; Group; Individual
Time Preference Present; Future; Past
Relation to Nature With nature
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum Strongly free
Emotion-Rationality Continuum Equally emotional and rational
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum More environment than heredity
Human Ability to Change Moderately adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Partially relevant
Nature of Mature functioning Assuming responsibility for own actions & willing to expand personal awareness
Nature of Personality Change Reassessing values that govern behavior & assuming responsibility for affirming or altering such values
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory To generate hope & help one to assume responsibility through increased self understanding
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Moderately important
Concept of Diagnosis Each person creates own unique world design (governing value positions)
Concept of Assessment Understanding persolnal value positions & reinforcing relationships that result in, & maintain the "problem"
Importance of Work with Significant Others Essential
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Depending
Length of Treatment Whatever the client wants and needs
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Neutral
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Essential
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Highly flexible
Principal Foci of Treatment Behaviors; Feelings; Interactional styles; Patterns; Values
Principal Change Agents Relationship with therapist & important others; Expanded understanding & awareness; Responsibility
Principal Techniques Unbalancing attitude; Generate spirituality and vitality; Use of humor; Warmth; Empathy & genuineness
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Strongly important
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Variations of self-deception; Spiritual issues; Cultural issues; Systems interplay; Individual & family life stages
Required Skills for Therapist Self-awareness; Relationship; Fostering hope, spontanaeity, and humor; Ability to provoke; Eclecticism
Training Required Personal integration & self understanding is essential; Volunteers can be effective
Importance & Role of Supervision Important in early years of learning; may be replaced as self understanding grows
The Application
Level of Applicability Generally applicable
Micro-Macro Continuum Balanced
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=2; Groups=3; Families=4; Communities=5
Problem Targets Personal; Interpersonal; Family; Intersystemic; Spiritual
Specific Client Targets Well motivated, resistant and ambivalent persons; Groups with common interests; Alienated value confused psychotic and addicted persons
Known Risks People misusing therapy and making themselves unreachable by avoidance
Limitations of Treatment Serious resource lacks; Neurological impairments; Those focues narcissistically on traumatic history

Feminist Theory

Theory Feminist Theory
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Hooyman, N.R., Jenkins, M.B., Russel, M.N., Valentich, M., Van Den Berg, N.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Collier, H., Hare-Mustin, R.T., Sturdivant, S., Worell, J.
Closest Other Theories Empowerment, Problem Solving, Psycho-social
Level of Integration into SW Practice Moderately Important
Interdisciplinary Utility Strongly Useful for other professions
Empirical Base Emerging
Extent of SW Literature Moderate
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process Enabling women to take charge of their lives to relieve stress & achieve social justice
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Collaborative relationship; Assessment; Gender analysis; Personal is political; Empowerment; Advocacy; Healing; Social Change
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Essential
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Essential
Role of Therapeutic Relationship To provide women with needed knowledge, skills, & support to make individual & collective changes to end oppression
Nature of Relationship Partnership of equals who can grow & effect individual & social change
Importance of Transference in Relationship Minimal
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Somewhat
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Good; Neutral; Flawed
Activity (in order of preference) Being in Becoming; Being=Doing
Relational (in order of preference) Group; Individual; Family
Time Preference Present; Future; Past
Relation to Nature In harmony
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum About equal
Emotion-Rationality Continuum Strong emotive influence
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum Enviornment strong
Human Ability to Change Strongly adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Somewhat relevant
Nature of Mature functioning Able to make informed choices, seek individual & collective goals & function in chosen roles
Nature of Personality Change Alleviation of stress by achieving harmony within self & understanding of societal oppression
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory To find one's voice, exercise choice in relationship to life goals, & foster women's liberation
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Neutral importance, depending on case
Concept of Diagnosis Generally not applicable; viewed as pathologizing women's functioning
Concept of Assessment Development of shared understanding of clients' situation with particular reference to societal constraints, options, and change potential
Importance of Work with Significant Others Depending
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Moderate
Length of Treatment Whatever the client wants and needs
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Highly important
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Depends
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Highly flexible
Principal Foci of Treatment Client's perception; Feelings; Gender roles; Societal factors; Values
Principal Change Agents Client; Relationship; Womens' Collectivity; Resources; Techniques
Principal Techniques Social/gender analysis; Listening & support; Self-disclosure; Mobilizing resources; Referral to appropriate groups
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Strongly important
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Feminism; Women's issues: Women and men's development and behavior; Gender roles; Social, political & economic systems
Required Skills for Therapist Social/gender analysis; Listening & support; Self-disclosure; Relationship; Resource mobilization
Training Required BSW minimum, debate as to whether fminist practice can be learned in academia
Importance & Role of Supervision Depends on setting & practice domain (e.g. important in feminist family therapy)
The Application
Level of Applicability Women, Generally; Men, Depends
Micro-Macro Continuum Balanced
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=3; Groups=1; Families=2; Communities=3
Problem Targets Diverse range of settings and fields of practice
Specific Client Targets Diverse women's populations; Individuals; Groups; Communities
Known Risks Significant others not directly involved in change process can feel or be left behind
Limitations of Treatment Focus on women as clients with little corresponding theory relating to men

Functional Theory

Theory Functional Theory
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Dunlap, K., Faatz, J., Pray, K., Smalley, R.E., Robinson, V., Taft, J.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Rank, O.
Closest Other Theories Problem Solving, Psychoanalytic, Task-Centered
Level of Integration into SW Practice Major Theory
Interdisciplinary Utility Strongly Useful for other professions
Empirical Base Minimal
Extent of SW Literature Moderate
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process To engage client in a time-limited process of personal growth leading to self-actualization within the limits of the setting
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Agency sanctions; Function; Growth; Process; Purpose; Time; Will
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Essential
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Essential
Role of Therapeutic Relationship Constructive relationship between worker & client creates environment in which client can explore & freely express self
Nature of Relationship The reality based trusting relationship guided by worker focuses on present as sample of past & future
Importance of Transference in Relationship Somewhat
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Minimal
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Good; Flawed; Neutral
Activity (in order of preference) Being in Becoming; Being; Doing
Relational (in order of preference) Family; Group; Individual
Time Preference Present; Future; Past
Relation to Nature In harmony
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum Strongly free
Emotion-Rationality Continuum Equally emotional and rational
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum More environment than heredity
Human Ability to Change Highly adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Minimally relevant
Nature of Mature functioning Ability to accept reality & act on positive, growth enhancing choices based on available data
Nature of Personality Change Client can solve problem & relate to others in ways that enhance personal growth & creativity
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory Within the limits superimposed by environment, to develop into a fully more satisfied self
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Neutral importance, depending on case
Concept of Diagnosis If used at all diagnosis is a process not a label
Concept of Assessment A mutual process through which worker & client identify strengths, problems, goals, and solutuions
Importance of Work with Significant Others Minimal
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Essential
Length of Treatment Generally short term
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Highly important
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Essential
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Highly flexible
Principal Foci of Treatment Behaviors; Feelings; Relationships; Skills; Values
Principal Change Agents Client; Relationship; Resources; Setting; Worker
Principal Techniques Agency limits; Environmental constraints; Relationship; Time
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Essential
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Functional theory; Human development; Behavioral, social, cognitive classical learning theories; Diversity; Available resources
Required Skills for Therapist Use of self, time & agency structure to help clients examine self-environment options for growth
Training Required Formal knowledge, supervision & personal therapy
Importance & Role of Supervision Essential as a control & to advance practice knowledge
The Application
Level of Applicability Moderate breadth
Micro-Macro Continuum Principally micro
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=2; Groups=2; Families=2; Communities=3
Problem Targets Family; Intrapersonal; Inter-personal; Other small groups
Specific Client Targets Persons with capacity for reflection, including involuntary clients
Known Risks Dementia, antisocial, paranoid, schizoid, psychotic, borderline or needing medical/pharmaceutical Rx or risk to self or others
Limitations of Treatment 0

Gestalt Theory

Theory Gestalt Theory
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Congrress, E., Lammert, M., Levenson, J., Napoli, D.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Nevis, E., Perls, F., Polster, E., Yontef, G.
Closest Other Theories Existentialism, Life-Model, Client-centered
Level of Integration into SW Practice Beginning Recognition
Interdisciplinary Utility Strongly Useful for other professions
Empirical Base Minimal
Extent of SW Literature Minimal
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process To engage client in intense emotional relationship focusing on greater self-awareness & personal growth
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Awareness; Contact; Enactment of dreams; Figure & ground; Here & now; Relationship; Self-regulation; Wholeness
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Minimal
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Minimal
Role of Therapeutic Relationship To facilitate development of greater self awareness & promote personal growth
Nature of Relationship Close personal Buber I-Thou relationship in which power differences or objectivity are minimized
Importance of Transference in Relationship Minimal
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Minimal
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Good; Neutral; Flawed
Activity (in order of preference) Being in Becoming; Being; Doing
Relational (in order of preference) Individual; Group; family
Time Preference Present; Past; Future
Relation to Nature In harmony
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum Totally free
Emotion-Rationality Continuum Strong emotive influence
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum Enviornment strong
Human Ability to Change Highly adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Somewhat relevant
Nature of Mature functioning Ability to function in way client sees as most fulfilling
Nature of Personality Change Change defined as increased awareness of inner self and outer self as unified whole
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory To promote greater self-awareness & personal growth
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Minimally important
Concept of Diagnosis Focus on dysfunctional boundary disturbances of contact-confluence, introjection, projection & retroflection
Concept of Assessment Examines client's self awareness & openness to world & new experiences
Importance of Work with Significant Others Minimal
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Minimal
Length of Treatment Whatever client wants and needs
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Minimally important
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Depends
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Highly flexible
Principal Foci of Treatment Behaviors; Feelings; Patterns; Roles; Values
Principal Change Agents Client; Relationship; Techniques
Principal Techniques Dialogue; Directed awareness; Enactment of dreams; Exaggeration; Reversal
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Essential
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Human Development
Required Skills for Therapist Relationship; Empathy; Openness; Self-awareness
Training Required Post graduate training with focus on Gestalt theory, practice & supervision
Importance & Role of Supervision Essential in increasing therapist self-awareness in working with clients
The Application
Level of Applicability Highly specific
Micro-Macro Continuum Principally micro
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=2; Groups=1; Families=2; Communities=3
Problem Targets Personal
Specific Client Targets Moderately well functioning adults
Known Risks Not recommended for severe personality disorder or psychosis
Limitations of Treatment 0

Hypnosis

Theory Hypnosis
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Nugent, W., Thyer, B.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Erickson, M., Rossi, E.
Closest Other Theories Cognitive, Psychodynamic
Level of Integration into SW Practice Beginning recognition
Interdisciplinary Utility Strongly useful for other professions
Empirical Base Emerging/Moderate
Extent of SW Literature Minimal
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process To assist clients to access latent potentials
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Hynotic response; Induction; Post-hypnotic; Relationship; Suggestion; Trance; Unconscious
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Somewhat
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Somewhat
Role of Therapeutic Relationship Therapist-client rapport is used to facilitate trance induction & therapeutic response
Nature of Relationship Therapist meets client within the client's own model of the world
Importance of Transference in Relationship Minimal
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Very Strong
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Good; Neutral; Flawed
Activity (in order of preference) Doing=Being=Being in Becoming
Relational (in order of preference) Individual=Group=Family
Time Preference Present; Past; Future
Relation to Nature In harmony
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum About equal
Emotion-Rationality Continuum Equally emotional and rational
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum About equal to More environment than heredity
Human Ability to Change Highly adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Somewhat relevant
Nature of Mature functioning Ability to adaptively cope with whatever life brings
Nature of Personality Change Use of latent and/or actual potential to creatively cope with current problems
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory To access & activate latent &/or currently operating abilities to creatively problem solve
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Somewhat
Concept of Diagnosis Development of a model of client's current problem state
Concept of Assessment Identification of client's abilities that might be used by client to successfully problem solve
Importance of Work with Significant Others Depending
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Depending
Length of Treatment Generally short term
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Minimally important
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Moderate
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Highly flexible
Principal Foci of Treatment Behaviors; Feelings; Patterns; Roles; Values
Principal Change Agents Client; Relationship; Techniques
Principal Techniques Behavior prescriptions; Communication; Paradoxical intention; Suggestion; Trance
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Moderately important
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Cultural issues; Communication abilities; Hypnotic skills; Verbal abilities
Required Skills for Therapist Hypnotist; Interviewing; Multi-modality; Perceptual abilities; Relationship
Training Required Post graduate & special training in hypnosis
Importance & Role of Supervision Essential at beginning of practice
The Application
Level of Applicability Moderate breadth
Micro-Macro Continuum Principally micro
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=3; Families=2; Communities=3
Problem Targets Interpersonal; Family; Personal
Specific Client Targets Affective disorders; Behavior problems; Habit control; Pain control
Known Risks Potentially negative outcome for memory retrieval
Limitations of Treatment Unknown

Life Model Theory

Theory Life Model
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Germain, C., Gitterman, A.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Bandler, B.
Closest Other Theories Problem Solving, Reciprocal
Level of Integration into SW Practice Strongly influential
Interdisciplinary Utility Moderate utility for other professions
Empirical Base Emerging
Extent of SW Literature Extensive
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process To elevate the level of fit between people & their environment, & bear witness against social injustice
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Degree of choice; Level of fit; Life course; Life stressors; Mutual agreement; Relationship; Sensitivity to differences; Strengths
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Essential
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Essential
Role of Therapeutic Relationship To the therapeutic encounter worker brings knowledge & skills; client brings experiential knowledge & their life stories
Nature of Relationship A heuristic partnership with power differences between the partners reduced to the greatest degree possible
Importance of Transference in Relationship Moderate
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Somewhat
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Good; Neutral; Flawed
Activity (in order of preference) Being in Becoming; Being; Doing
Relational (in order of preference) Individual=Group=Family
Time Preference Present; Past; Future
Relation to Nature In harmony
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum About equal
Emotion-Rationality Continuum Equally emotional and rational
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum More environment than heredity
Human Ability to Change Highly adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Partially relevant
Nature of Mature functioning Active efforts to improve level of fit by changing behavior, environment, or person-environment transactions
Nature of Personality Change Improved adaption & coping
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory Improve level of fit between a person & collectivities
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Moderately important
Concept of Diagnosis Not used
Concept of Assessment Making informed choices based on reasoned thought when making judgements
Importance of Work with Significant Others Moderate
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Essential
Length of Treatment Whatever client wants and needs
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment highly important
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Essential
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Moderately precise
Principal Foci of Treatment Behaviors; Transitions; Thoughts & feelings
Principal Change Agents Person: Environment
Principal Techniques Advocacy; Coordinating; Exploring; Guiding; Mediation
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Essential
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Biological; Cultural; Family; Group; Organizational; Psychological; Physiological
Required Skills for Therapist A broad spectrum of interventive skills
Training Required BSW or MSW
Importance & Role of Supervision Important to maintain accountability & to improve skills
The Application
Level of Applicability Somewhat specific
Micro-Macro Continuum Balanced
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=1; Families=1; Communities=1
Problem Targets Person-Environment
Specific Client Targets People experiencing life stresses
Known Risks No known risks in use of this model
Limitations of Treatment Least helpful for clients seeking personality change through insight

Materialist Theory

Theory Materialist Theory
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Bailey, R., Brake, M., Burghardt, S., Fabricant, M.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Draper, H, Engels, F., Heildbroner, R., Marx, K.
Closest Other Theories Feminist, Role, Systems
Level of Integration into SW Practice Beginning recognition
Interdisciplinary Utility Pan-professional
Empirical Base Strong
Extent of SW Literature Emerging
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process To engage client as equal in a safe relationship where the person-in-situation can be explored
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Capitalism; Class consciousness; Dialectic; Socialism; Production; Economics; Labor
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Essential
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Essential
Role of Therapeutic Relationship To assist person to understand the societally induced constraints of human growth & development
Nature of Relationship A respectful acceptance of persons as equal products of historic & economic causes
Importance of Transference in Relationship Minimal
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Somewhat
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Neutral; Flawed; Good
Activity (in order of preference) Doing; Being in Becoming; Being
Relational (in order of preference) Group; Family; Individual
Time Preference Past; Present; Future
Relation to Nature Over nature
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum Strongly determined
Emotion-Rationality Continuum Equally emotional and rational
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum Enviornment strong
Human Ability to Change Strongly adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Highly relevant
Nature of Mature functioning To seek to understand person-society dialectic and find autonomy while striving to change conditions
Nature of Personality Change Freeing of self from societal determinism and finding one's destiny within
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory To assist client to understand the impact of societal and historic conditions on their destiny
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Essential
Concept of Diagnosis To identify with client critical areas where intervention is indicated and deemed useful
Concept of Assessment To understand range of critical history & environments, impinging on clients functioning
Importance of Work with Significant Others Depending
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Moderate
Length of Treatment No limitations
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Highly important
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Depends
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Somewhat general
Principal Foci of Treatment History; Interinfluence of person and situations; Social, economic, & political systems
Principal Change Agents Material resources; Services; Acceptance; Reflection; Enhanced awareness
Principal Techniques Teaching; Supporting; Advocating; Challenging; Collaboration
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Strongly important
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Economic system; Person-in-environment interaction and influence; Political system; Social history; Social system
Required Skills for Therapist Advocacy; Challenging; Communication; Empathy; Relationship
Training Required Professional training with additional knowledge of Marxist perspectives
Importance & Role of Supervision Useful but not necessary
The Application
Level of Applicability Generally applicable
Micro-Macro Continuum Principally macro
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=2; Groups=1; Families=1; Communities=1
Problem Targets Person-situation difficulties; Large system-person interaction; Resource deficits
Specific Client Targets Moderately well functioning persons seeking enhanced autonomy; Groups seeking to understand reality and social change; Marginalized persons
Known Risks Requires client cognitive ability to reflect; Could create hopelessness
Limitations of Treatment Does not focus on intra-psychic issues except as effects of societal conditions

Meditation Theory

Theory Meditation Theory
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Keefe, T.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Eastern traditions, Goleman, D., Shapiro, D. H., Suzuki, D.I.
Closest Other Theories Cognitive, Existentialism, Gestalt
Level of Integration into SW Practice Just emerging
Interdisciplinary Utility Pan-professional
Empirical Base Moderate
Extent of SW Literature Minimal
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process Development of non-reactive experiential self. Global desensitization, relaxation, & self-regulation
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Ego; Desensitization; Observer self; Present focus; Relaxation; Self-Awareness; Self-observation; Stress reduction
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Somewhat
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Somewhat
Role of Therapeutic Relationship To teach techniques & assist client with difficulties encountered in practice of technique
Nature of Relationship Empathic & trusting
Importance of Transference in Relationship Minimal
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Minimal
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Good; N/A; N/A
Activity (in order of preference) Being in Becoming; Being; Doing
Relational (in order of preference) Individual; Family; Group
Time Preference Present; Past; Future
Relation to Nature In harmony
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum Totally determined/totally free
Emotion-Rationality Continuum Equally emotional and rational
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum Enviornment strong
Human Ability to Change Highly adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Somewhat relevant
Nature of Mature functioning Being central; Ability to observe self, interactions & responses and make compassionate choices
Nature of Personality Change Making decisions and responses based upon insight of compassion and ongoing self-observation
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory To be centered; to observe self interacting, see others are same, decide & act with compassion & directness
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Neutral
Concept of Diagnosis What interferes with meditation process is problematic of symptom of dysfunction
Concept of Assessment Self-observation reveals problems, past or present
Importance of Work with Significant Others Minimal
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Depending
Length of Treatment Whatever client wants and needs
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Somewhat
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Minimal
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Highly generic
Principal Foci of Treatment Compassion; Experience; Insight; Present moment
Principal Change Agents Client; Technique
Principal Techniques Relaxation; Attention
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Essential
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Meditation technique; Self-awareness; Psychopathology
Required Skills for Therapist Empathy; Meditation; Self-awareness
Training Required A period of meditation sufficient to know benefits. Traditional clinical skills
Importance & Role of Supervision Important to detect problematic outcomes
The Application
Level of Applicability Generally applicable
Micro-Macro Continuum Principally micro
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=2; Groups=2; Families=4; Communities=5
Problem Targets Personal; Interpersonal; Administration
Specific Client Targets Most people without serious mental disorder; Stress; Anxiety; Addictions; Mild depression without suicidal risk
Known Risks Obsessive persons; Severely depressed; Suicidal or psychotic; Fragile self concepts; Depersonalized tendencies
Limitations of Treatment Meditation enhances awareness, choice confidence and discrimination; Other skills needed for insights

Narrative Theory

Theory Narrative Theory
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Dean, R., Kelley, P., Hoffman, L., Laird, J., White, M.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Bruner, J., Epston, D., Jenkins, A., Tomm, K.
Closest Other Theories Constructivism, Personal Construct, Problem Solving, Solution-focused
Level of Integration into SW Practice Beginning recognition
Interdisciplinary Utility Srongly Useful for othe professions
Empirical Base Emerging
Extent of SW Literature Moderate
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process To help client reauthor their lives, incorporating wider views of self, offering more choice
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Deconstruct; Externalize; Problem-saturated story; Reconstruct; Relative influence; Re-story; Subjugated knowledge; Unique outcomes
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Essential
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Moderate
Role of Therapeutic Relationship Collaborative with client & worker having a dialogue exploring clients' life story & alternative views of reality
Nature of Relationship A partnership collaborative relationship where both parties explore client's problem stories & strength
Importance of Transference in Relationship Minimal
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Minimal
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Neutral; Good; Flawed
Activity (in order of preference) Being in Becoming; Being; Doing
Relational (in order of preference) Family; Individual; Group
Time Preference Present; Past; Future
Relation to Nature In harmony
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum About equal
Emotion-Rationality Continuum Equally emotional and rational
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum About equal
Human Ability to Change Moderately adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Somewhat relevant
Nature of Mature functioning An ability to have multiple views of self & reality to tolerate ambiguity
Nature of Personality Change Expanding one's view of reality of self and developing more ways of being
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory To increase self-knowledge through reauthoring one's narrative behond the problem-saturated story
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Moderately important
Concept of Diagnosis Term is not used. Problem definition of client is basis of action plan
Concept of Assessment An ongoing process where client's realities, beliefs, strengths, & limitations set the base for therapeutic action
Importance of Work with Significant Others Moderate
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Depending
Length of Treatment Generally short-term
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Neutral
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Somewhat
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Moderately precise
Principal Foci of Treatment Behaviors; Beliefs; Feelings; Patterns; Thoughts
Principal Change Agents Clinet, Worker, Client-Worker collaboration; Family; Resources
Principal Techniques Externalizing problem; Increasing client's self-knowledge; Mobilizing strengths; Reflective listening & questioning
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Strongly important
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Self-knowledge; Post-modern constructivist knowledge; Human development; Cultural issues; Resources
Required Skills for Therapist Respectful listening; Reflective questionging; Discovering unique outcomes; Cocreating new possibilities; Mobilizing strengths
Training Required Post graduate study & supervised practice
Importance & Role of Supervision Essential for increasing understanding and awareness of self and client
The Application
Level of Applicability Generally applicable
Micro-Macro Continuum Somewhat micro
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=2; Families=1; Communities=4
Problem Targets Personal; Interpersonal; Family
Specific Client Targets Moderately well functioning persons and families; Parent-Child problems; Children behavior problems; Couples with relationship problems
Known Risks Persons with histories of violence or substance abuse may avoid taking responsibility
Limitations of Treatment Unless care is taken people may feel that their problems are minimized

Neurolinguistic Theory

Theory Neurolinguistic Theory
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Angell, G. B., McLean, M., Zastrow, C.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Andreas, S., Bandler, R., Grinder, J., Dilts, R.
Closest Other Theories Gestalt, Hypnosis, Narrative
Level of Integration into SW Practice Strongly influential
Interdisciplinary Utility Pan-professional
Empirical Base Moderate
Extent of SW Literature Moderate
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process Short term experiential relationship focused on intention & behavior represented in verbal/non-verbal communication
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Anchoring; Changing personal history; Eye-accessing cues; Metaphors; Para-message; Preferred; Representational system; Reframing
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Moderate
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Somewhat
Role of Therapeutic Relationship To guide client change by developing alternative behaviorally linked communication patterns in support of positive intentions
Nature of Relationship A directive process using the workers skill to effect client change cognitively & behaviorally
Importance of Transference in Relationship Strong
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Very strong
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Good; Neutral; Flawed
Activity (in order of preference) Doing; Being; Being in Becoming
Relational (in order of preference) Individual; Family; Group
Time Preference Present; Future; Past
Relation to Nature In harmony
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum Strongly free
Emotion-Rationality Continuum Strongly rational
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum Enviornment strong
Human Ability to Change Highly adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Strongly relevant
Nature of Mature functioning Functioning relies on linking positive intentions with efficient behavioral alternatives through verbal/non-verbal communication
Nature of Personality Change Cognitive change leads to new patterns of communication and behavior
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory Change the meaning of experience as relayed via verbal/non-verbal communication patterns & behaviors
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Moderately important
Concept of Diagnosis Disorder is related to restricted and often negative behavioral choices limiting client's ability to effect positively intended outcomes
Concept of Assessment Starting with client's narrative of experience, communication & behavioral patterns are evaluated as to their sensory locus
Importance of Work with Significant Others Depending
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Minimal
Length of Treatment Essentially short-term
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Minimally important
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Essential
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Highly precise
Principal Foci of Treatment Behaviors; Communications; Patterns; Roles
Principal Change Agents Client; Interpersonal trust; Relationship; Techniques; worker
Principal Techniques Anchoring; Change personal history; Eye-accessing cues; Six-step reframe; Preferred representational systems
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Minimal
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Principles of NLP; Techniques of approach; Metaphorically induced hypnotic suggestions; Sensory communication; Behaviorism
Required Skills for Therapist Use of aware self; Active intentional interviewing; Sensory communication (visual, auditory & kinesthetic); Attending; Provocation
Training Required Specific training gained through workshops or internship
Importance & Role of Supervision Critical in beginning learning of the approach & in acquiring new technical knowledge
The Application
Level of Applicability Generally applicable
Micro-Macro Continuum Balanced
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=1; Families=1; Communities=1
Problem Targets Personal; Interpersonal; Dyadic; Familial/Group
Specific Client Targets Cognitively moderate to well functioning; Diverse populations; Acute and chronic disorders; Clients seeking brief solution-oriented treatment; Dual diagnosed
Known Risks No known risks. Care needs to be taken with persons if cognitive functioning is significantly impaired
Limitations of Treatment None per se. Work with brain damaged and communication impaired clients requires further study

Problem-Solving Theory

Theory Problem-Solving Theory
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Brill, N., Jaco, R.M., McMahon, M., Siporin, M., Turner, J.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Dewey, J.
Closest Other Theories Brief Therapy, Cognitive, Task-Centered
Level of Integration into SW Practice Major theory
Interdisciplinary Utility Pan-professional
Empirical Base Emerging
Extent of SW Literature Moderate
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process To involve clients in the cognitive emotional process in which processing factors in their situation is the key factor
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Capacity; Cognitive activity; Context; Outcome; Problem; Process; Solving; Stages
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Moderate
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Somewhat
Role of Therapeutic Relationship To present client with logical model & method for moving through problem solving process
Nature of Relationship A relationship of equality & objectivity where client is guided to a logical & acceptable solution
Importance of Transference in Relationship Somewhat
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Minimal
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Good; Neutral; Flawed
Activity (in order of preference) Doing; Being in Becoming; Being
Relational (in order of preference) Individual; Family; Group
Time Preference Present; Past; Future
Relation to Nature Over nature
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum Strongly free
Emotion-Rationality Continuum Equally emotional and rational
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum About equal
Human Ability to Change Strongly adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Somewhat relevant
Nature of Mature functioning An ability to cope with the inevitable problems of living competently and effectively
Nature of Personality Change Growth in applying cognitive/emotional skills of problem solving in an intentional manner
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory To resolve problems of everyday life that decrease satisfaction in daily activities
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Neutral importance, depending on case
Concept of Diagnosis Focuses on clarifying the nature of the problem, the desired outcome, & client's ability to move towards that outcome
Concept of Assessment An ongoing process through the life of the case focused on assessing the client's motivation & how to engage it in problem-solving process
Importance of Work with Significant Others Depending
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Depending
Length of Treatment Whatever client wants and needs
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Highly important
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Essential
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Moderately precise
Principal Foci of Treatment On the inability to cope with a problem due to lack of motivation & opportunity
Principal Change Agents Client; Environment; Process; Relationship; Setting
Principal Techniques Decisions re actions; Engaging the client; Examination of alternatives; Partializing problems; Reflection on behavior that affects problem
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Strongly important
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Communication; Ego psychology; Human diveristy; Role theory; Systems theory
Required Skills for Therapist Interviewing; Relationship; Self-awareness; Well-developed level of practice wisdom
Training Required Minimal level, a professional generalist university degree at either BSW or MSW level
Importance & Role of Supervision Essential for entry level worker
The Application
Level of Applicability Moderate breadth
Micro-Macro Continuum Principally micro
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=1; Families=2; Communities=3
Problem Targets Family; Interpersonal; Personal; Transactional interactions
Specific Client Targets Reasonably intact persons with present oriented problems
Known Risks Highly disturbed suicidal persons; Some ethnic and cultural groups; Persons in developmental crisis
Limitations of Treatment Problems caused by a lack of clarity in defining probmes related to poor communication among persons

Psychoanalytic Theory

Theory Psychoanalytic Theory
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Freiberg, S., Hamilton, G., Hellenbrand, S., Strean, H.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Fine, R., Freud, A., Freud, S., Hartman, H.
Closest Other Theories Ego Psychology, Psychosocial
Level of Integration into SW Practice Major Theory
Interdisciplinary Utility Strongly useful
Empirical Base Extensive
Extent of SW Literature Extensive
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process Although designed for a long-term relationship, applicable to many modalities
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Aggression; Countertransference; Dreams; Fantasies; Id-Ego-Superego; Resistnace; Sexuality; Transference; Unconscious
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Moderate
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Moderate
Role of Therapeutic Relationship To examine client's present and past as it emerges in the transference relationship & in the form resistance takes
Nature of Relationship A working alliance is utilized to explore transference manifestations & other phenomena
Importance of Transference in Relationship Very strong
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Very strong
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Neutral; Flawed; Good
Activity (in order of preference) Being; Being in Becoming; Doing
Relational (in order of preference) Individual; Group; family
Time Preference Past; Present; Future
Relation to Nature With nature
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum Strongly determined
Emotion-Rationality Continuum More Emotional than rational
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum About equal
Human Ability to Change Strongly adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Highly relevant
Nature of Mature functioning Able to love & work, feel a wide range of emotions; have a role in family and society; absence of symptoms
Nature of Personality Change Aimed at a strong change in personality based on introspection and study of therapeutic relationship
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory To understand self thoroughly & appreciated the dynamics of relations in which one is involved
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Essential
Concept of Diagnosis A thorough understanding of how history, the unconscious fantasy life, dreams, the whole metapsychology influences the person
Concept of Assessment A thorough understanding of client's dynamics & how they impinge on his/her situation
Importance of Work with Significant Others Minimal
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Minimal
Length of Treatment Essentially long-term
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Minimally important
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Moderate
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Moderately precise
Principal Foci of Treatment Behaviors; Feelings; Fantasies; Patterns; Thoughts
Principal Change Agents Client; Internal resources; Relationship; Techniques
Principal Techniques Clarification; Confrontation; Interpretation
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Essential to Treatment
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Dynamics of interaction; Psychopathology; Self-awareness; Treatment techniques
Required Skills for Therapist Interviewing; Relationship; Self-awareness; Self-discipline
Training Required Post-masters training with personal therapy and supervision
Importance & Role of Supervision Absolutely essential for learning and for therapeutic control
The Application
Level of Applicability Generally applicable
Micro-Macro Continuum Principally micro
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=2; Groups=3; Families=4; Communities=5
Problem Targets Interpersonal; Family; Personal
Specific Client Targets Individuals at all levels of development; Those with capacity for introspection and relationship do best
Known Risks Those who cannot tolerate relationship or self-examination
Limitations of Treatment Therapist's counter-transference problems and client's wishes to defeat a relationship

Psychosocial Theory

Theory Psychosocial Theory
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Hamilton, G., Hollis, F., Richmond, M., Turner, F., Woods, M.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Ackerman, N., Hartman, H., Satir, V., Freud, S.
Closest Other Theories Ego Psychology, Life Model, Object Relations
Level of Integration into SW Practice Major Theory
Interdisciplinary Utility Strongly Useful
Empirical Base Extensive
Extent of SW Literature Extensive
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process To facilitate intrapsychic, interpersonal, intersystemic change through mutual contact & client worker relationship
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Person-situation configuration; Internal/external force & system balance; Psychosocial study; Differential assessment; Prescription procedure/communication typology; Mutuality; Self-direction transference
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Moderate
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Essential
Role of Therapeutic Relationship Provide encouragment non-possessive warmth realistic hope accurate empathy, careful listenting, genuiness & mutuality
Nature of Relationship An open, mutual reflective interaction in which the needs & goals of client are primary
Importance of Transference in Relationship Moderate
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Moderate
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Good; Neutral; Flawed
Activity (in order of preference) Doing=Being=Being in Becoming
Relational (in order of preference) Indivdual=Group=Family
Time Preference Present; Future; Past
Relation to Nature Over nature
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum About equal
Emotion-Rationality Continuum Equally emotional and rational
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum About equal
Human Ability to Change Strongly adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Somewhat relevant
Nature of Mature functioning Ability to function in various ways that staisfy personal & social needs
Nature of Personality Change Improved ability to understand and modify internal processes, relationships and environment possible and necessary to achieve goals
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory To shift balance of inner-person situation gestalt to enhance client system functions to fulfill needs/goals
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Neutral importance, depending on case
Concept of Diagnosis Process based on mutual worker-client efforts to understand factors (strengths & limitation internal/external/interactional) effecting current reality
Concept of Assessment Mutual effort to understand influences affecting current situation; evolving evaluation to locate intervention access points
Importance of Work with Significant Others Depending to Essential
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Depending to Essential
Length of Treatment No limitation
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Moderate
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Essential
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Highly flexible
Principal Foci of Treatment Goals; Intervention points; Limitations; Mutual understanding; strengths
Principal Change Agents Client; Worker expertise; Mutual therapeutic relationship; Resources; Social/family relationships
Principal Techniques Sustainment; Direct influence; Mutual reflection on peron-situation dynamic; Patterns; Developmental factors; Influence of environments
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Essential to treatment
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Biopsychosocial processes/human development; Person-situation gestalt/eco-systems; Socialogical processes; Worker-client relationships; Environmental resources
Required Skills for Therapist Communication; Diagnostic; Multi-modality; Relationship/Empathy; Treatment procedures
Training Required Post-grad degree; ongoing training; Supervision/consultation/therapy to improve skills & self-awareness
Importance & Role of Supervision Essential, early years; ongoing peer consultation to improve skills and self-awareness
The Application
Level of Applicability Generally applicable
Micro-Macro Continuum Balanced
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=1; Families=1; Communities=1
Problem Targets Impinging large environments; Personal; Person-in-situations/family
Specific Client Targets Works with a broad range of clients, problems, concerns & needs in various kinds of situations and settings
Known Risks No known risks if clients are in appropriate settings; Major risk when therapist attempts to treat beyond his/her competency
Limitations of Treatment Intransient impinging social environmental forces; unchangeable biopsychosocial traits or patterns

Role Theory

Theory Role Theory
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Davis, L.V., Perlman, H.H., Strean, H., Thomas, E.J.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Biddle, B.J., Goode, W.J., Linton, R.L., Sarbin, T.
Closest Other Theories Cognitive, Systems, Transactional-Analysis
Level of Integration into SW Practice Beginning recognition
Interdisciplinary Utility Pan-professional
Empirical Base Moderate
Extent of SW Literature Moderate
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process To assist client to understand how significant life roles critically influence past & present socialization
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Alter; Ego; Role ambiguity; Role conflict; Role complimentarity; Role expectations; Role induction; Role reciprocity
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Essential
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Strong
Role of Therapeutic Relationship To establish a complementarity of the roles of client & therapist to foster client equilibrium
Nature of Relationship The seeking of a comfortable role partnership facilitative of desired change
Importance of Transference in Relationship Somewhat
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Somewhat
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Good; Neutral; Flawed
Activity (in order of preference) Doing; Being=Being in Becoming
Relational (in order of preference) Group=Family; Individual
Time Preference Past; Present; Future
Relation to Nature Over nature
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum About equal
Emotion-Rationality Continuum More Rational than Emotional
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum Enviornment strong
Human Ability to Change Moderately adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Somewhat relevant
Nature of Mature functioning Measured by satisfaction in role set & ability to deal with role conflicts and role ambiguity
Nature of Personality Change Seeking of equilibrium between ego & significant alters
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory To help clients look at interaction of biopsychosocial factors in relationship to roles
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Essential
Concept of Diagnosis With the client to select from assessment process specific role targets & their priority for intervention
Concept of Assessment To determine significant & relevant areas of stress & strength in clients' role set
Importance of Work with Significant Others Somewhat
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Somewhat
Length of Treatment No limitation
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Highly important
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Essential
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Highly precise
Principal Foci of Treatment Behaviors; Blockages; Conflicts; History; Patterns
Principal Change Agents Learning; Reflection; Relationship; Role testing; Support
Principal Techniques Provision of new alter; Role clarification; Role enactment; Role playing; Support of ego
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Essential to treatment
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Cultrually different learning & socialization patterns; Learning patterns; Psychosocial functioning; Role repertoires
Required Skills for Therapist Family Rx skills; Group skilss; Intersystemic intervention; One to one Rx; Relationship
Training Required Professional degree with strong knowledge of sociology especially role theory
Importance & Role of Supervision Desirable but not essential; Commitment to ongoing development
The Application
Level of Applicability Generally applicable
Micro-Macro Continuum Somewhat micro
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=1; Families=1; Communities=5
Problem Targets Ego status issues; Interpersonal; Person in situation; Role-related issues
Specific Client Targets Couples with role issues; Families with minimal pathology; Groups with common role issues; Moderately well-functioning individuals
Known Risks Families in severe distress; highly damaged persons; Highly manipulative persons
Limitations of Treatment Persons with limited understanding; Situations where unconscious material needs to be addressed

Systems Theory

Theory Systems Theory
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Andofe, M., Andreae, D., Compton, B.R., Galaway, B., Pincus, A., Minihan, A.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Bateson, G., Minuchin, S., Von Bertalanffy, L, Weiner, N.
Closest Other Theories Gestalt
Level of Integration into SW Practice Strongly infuential
Interdisciplinary Utility Strongly useful for other professions
Empirical Base Moderate/Emerging
Extent of SW Literature Moderate
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process To make client aware of the impact of environment on behavior & behavior on the system(s)
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Awareness; Boundaries; Closed systems; Dysfunction; Environment; Family; Interlocking; Open systems; Therapy
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Strong
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Essential
Role of Therapeutic Relationship To assist client, dyad, family, to understand the impact each has on the other's behavior & that the whole is greater than its parts' sum
Nature of Relationship Through trust, therapist acts as guide & facilitator showing how system & people influence; Often directive
Importance of Transference in Relationship Moderate
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Somewhat
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Neutral; Good; Flawed
Activity (in order of preference) Doing; Being in Becoming; Being
Relational (in order of preference) Family; Group; Individual
Time Preference Present; Future; Past
Relation to Nature In harmony
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum Strongly determined
Emotion-Rationality Continuum More Rational than Emotional
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum Enviornment strong
Human Ability to Change Highly adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Partially relevant
Nature of Mature functioning An ability to develop boundaries and to fluidly interact with various systems and environments
Nature of Personality Change Behavioral change leading to cognitive and affective modification based on understanding of role in system and impact of systems
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory To understand importance of various systems on functioning by understanding rules & system boundaries
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Somewhat
Concept of Diagnosis Based on evaluation of overall, global picture of client system in question taking into account all members of system
Concept of Assessment An overview of the system's ability to change to become more fluid & of the blockages & barriers to effective functioning
Importance of Work with Significant Others Essential
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Essential
Length of Treatment Generally short-term
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Somewhat
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Essential
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Moderately precise
Principal Foci of Treatment Behaviors; Feelings; Patterns; Roles; Values
Principal Change Agents Client; Relationship; Resources; Setting; Techniques
Principal Techniques Challenge; Focused conversation; Insight; Role play
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Essential to treatment
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Cultural theory; Family dynamics; Group dynamics; Psychopathology; Role playing techniques; Systems theory
Required Skills for Therapist Assessment skills; Challenging; Interviewing; Flexibility; Problem-solving; Self-awareness
Training Required Post graduate preferred with training in systems, interviewing, diagnosis, role of theory
Importance & Role of Supervision Initially essential but more emphasis on the role of co-therapists for feedback
The Application
Level of Applicability Generally applicable
Micro-Macro Continuum Moderately macro
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=2; Dyads=1; Groups=1; Families=1; Communities=1
Problem Targets Family; Intersystemic; Work-related; Interpersonal; Institutional; Community problems
Specific Client Targets Family members; Groups; Communities wishing to change; Unlock barriers to problem solving; Role and boundary problems; Intersystemic issues
Known Risks No particular risks; Client should be willing to change; Perhaps clients with particular addictions would need other help
Limitations of Treatment Some clients may need individual Rx for pathology; systems may need to be combined with other theory

Task-Centered Theory

Theory Task-Centered Theory
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Epstein, L., Reid, W., Rooney, R., Telson, E.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Beck, A., Bundina, A., Goldman, A., Minuchin, S.
Closest Other Theories Problem Solving
Level of Integration into SW Practice Major Theory
Interdisciplinary Utility Moderate Utility for other professions
Empirical Base Extensive
Extent of SW Literature Extensive
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process To help clients specify self-perceived problems & to develop implement tasks to resolve them
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory Collaborative; Context; Empirically based; Integrative; Problem-solving; Short-term; Structure; Tasks
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Somewhat
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Strong
Role of Therapeutic Relationship To help client engage in structured processes of problem identification/specification & tasks development/implementation
Nature of Relationship A caring relationship that stresses practioner-client collaboration & practitioner avoidance of hidden agendas
Importance of Transference in Relationship Minimal
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Somewhat
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Good; Neutral; Flawed
Activity (in order of preference) Doing; Being in Becoming; Being
Relational (in order of preference) Individual; Family; Group
Time Preference Present; Future; Past
Relation to Nature Over nature
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum Strongly free
Emotion-Rationality Continuum Equally emotional and rational
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum About equal
Human Ability to Change Strongly adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Somewhat relevant
Nature of Mature functioning No position
Nature of Personality Change No position
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory To identify & formulate problems of concern to client & help client solve those problems
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Somewhat
Concept of Diagnosis Same as assessment
Concept of Assessment To understand client's problems, their modifiable & maintaining causes, & relevant contextual factors
Importance of Work with Significant Others Essential
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Essential
Length of Treatment Generally short-term
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Highly important
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Essential
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Highly precise
Principal Foci of Treatment Behaviors; Content; Obstacles; Problems; Tasks
Principal Change Agents Activities/Techniques; Client; Context; Relationship; Tasks
Principal Techniques Analysis of obstacles; Session tasks; Task development; Task planning; Use of incentives
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Moderately important
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Community resources; Human behavior in social environment (including family & group dynamics); Human Bio & medical information; Intervention technology; Psychopathology
Required Skills for Therapist Interviewing; Problem formulation; Relationship; Task Development & Planning; Terminating
Training Required Bachelor's level training in social work or the human services
Importance & Role of Supervision Important to insure quality control and to further training of practitioners
The Application
Level of Applicability Generally applicable
Micro-Macro Continuum Balanced
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=1; Groups=1; Families=1; Communities=3
Problem Targets Problems in social relations and roles; Emotional and interpersonal stress; Resource lacks
Specific Client Targets Clients whose problems can be resolved by their own actions; Clients with sufficient cognitive competence to collaborate in treatment; Clients not primarily interested in self-examination
Known Risks No known risks distinctive to model
Limitations of Treatment Requires client collaboration and ability to take action to solve problems

Transactional Analysis Theory

Theory Transactional Analysis Theory
Overview
Principal Social Work Authors Coburn, D.C., Cooper, M., Turner, S.
Principal Authors Outside of Social Work Berne, E.
Closest Other Theories Cognitive, Encounter, Gestalt, Re-decision
Level of Integration into SW Practice Beginning recognition
Interdisciplinary Utility Pan-Professional
Empirical Base Moderate
Extent of SW Literature Minimal
Attributes of Theory
Nature of therapeutic Process To engage client in taking responsibility for their destinies, life scripts; people are capable of leading healthy and productive lives
Therapeutic Vocabulary Proper to Theory I'm OK, You're OK; Life Scripts; Positive strokes; Relationship; Therapy
Importance of Gender, Culture, Race, & Ethnicity as Variables Moderate
Importance of Significant Environments in Change Moderate
Role of Therapeutic Relationship To assist client in taking responsibility for their own debilites (life scripts)
Nature of Relationship A reality-based trusting relationship between therapist & client
Importance of Transference in Relationship Moderate
Significance of Unconscious in Functioning and Change Moderate
Value Base
Basic Human Nature (in order of preference) Good; Flawed; Neutral
Activity (in order of preference) Doing; Being; Being in Becoming
Relational (in order of preference) Individual; Group; family
Time Preference Present; Past; Future
Relation to Nature In harmony
Perception of Person
Freewill-Determination Continuum Strongly free
Emotion-Rationality Continuum More Rational than Emotional
Heredity-Environment as factor in Development Continuum Enviornment strong
Human Ability to Change Highly adaptable
Influence of Early History on Current Functioning Somewhat relevant
Nature of Mature functioning To lead a full & productive life
Nature of Personality Change Improving social communication and social and interpersonal change
The Therapy
Principal Therapeutic Goal in Vocabulary of Theory Clients as active participants in the problem solving process & people are born OK & in a healthy state
Significance & Role of History in Treatment Somewhat
Concept of Diagnosis Determining negative life scripts
Concept of Assessment Identify negative life scripts
Importance of Work with Significant Others Depending
Importance of Work with Significant Environments Depending
Length of Treatment Generally short-term
Role or importance of Setting in Treatment Somewhat
Function of Goal Setting (Importance) Moderate
Function of Goal Setting (Nature of) Highly flexible
Principal Foci of Treatment Behaviors; Feelings; Patterns; Roles; Values
Principal Change Agents Client; Relationship; Techniques
Principal Techniques Challenge; Insight; Role play
The Therapist
Importance of Self Awareness Strongly important
Required Knowledge Bases for Therapist Cultural issues; Human development; Personality development
Required Skills for Therapist Interviewing; Relationship
Training Required Graduate level
Importance & Role of Supervision Essential
The Application
Level of Applicability Generally applicable
Micro-Macro Continuum Principally micro
Methods Application (Highly applicable=1; Minimal=4) Individual=1; Dyads=2; Groups=2; Families=2; Communities=5
Problem Targets Personal; Interpersonal; Family
Specific Client Targets Moderately well-functioning persons; Groups with common interests; Developmental problems; Role problems
Known Risks Delusional clients
Limitations of Treatment Little research indicating the limits