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Tuberculosis
Introduction
Tuberculosis is commonly known as TB is s diseases that can be caused s worldwide intervention.
It's a contagious disease caused by infectious bacteria.
Mycobacterium commonly affects the lungs causing difficulty in breathing alongside other complications.
It's commonly transmitted through the air (Kanabus, 2020).
Tuberculosis (TB) is known to a contagious infection that usually attacks the human lungs. The disease can also spread to other parts of the body, such as the brain, kidney, and spine.
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Tuberculosis overview
Considering the transmission through perspective, the lung is the first place of host
This weakens the body since major body organ cannot function without an adequate supply of oxygen and elimination of carbon gas
This result in weakening of the body in massive destruction of her immune system
The various organization have raised compressive framework in response to this, and this includes the world health organization (Kanabus, 2020).
Mycobacterium tuberculosis d is an airborne disease transmitted or carried by airborne droplet nuclei generated when infected victims sneeze, cough sin, or shout, then spread from one person to another through the air (Mayo Clinic, 2019).
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Tuberculosis history
It’s estimated that Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been there for the last 3 million years
Nevertheless, the study framework if the infections began in the 19th century
It has transformed from what was believed to be a myth to an effective and comprehensive response process
Today, there is a wide range of TB that calls for professional divergence and intervention
TB is a multi-system that spreads through inhalation aerosolized droplets from infected individuals.
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Mode of transmission
Tb bacteria are transferred from one person to another through air
The bacteria are released after an infected person through cough, and another person breathes it.
It's from this point that the bacteria settle in the lung and begins to grow (Yu Lee, 2017).
Active tuberculosis clinical manifestations include regular and progressive coughing that may extend from weeks to months, fatigue and feeling weak, chills, loss of appetite frequent fever conditions, drastic weight loss, constant night sweats, chest pains when breathing or coughing, and to extent coughing up blood
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Major symptoms and signs
Latent TB- this is an inactive state that has no system toms, about 2 billion people have this condition
Active TB - this, the patient is weak, and the patient can quickly spread to another person
Some of the sign include coughing, fatigue and fever
Loss of appetite, chest pain and Unintentional loss of weight
Community plays a pivotal role in providing support to the patient throughout the treatment period until they get better or recover from whichever disease they are suffering from.
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Causative agent and incubation
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is the causing agent; in this case, the environment is bound to spread
Based on the infection, the incubation period may vary.
In most cases, the incubation period may take up to two weeks; in this period, the person remains contagious. Vernon, A., Fielding, K., Savic, R., Dodd, L., & Nahid, P. (2019).
TB is contagious and can be spread to others by airborne droplets during sneezing, coughing, and contact with sputum, so you can get the disease by close contact with infected people; outbreaks occur in crowded conditions. The incubation period may vary from about two to 12 weeks.
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Risk factor
This condition is high risk and can be easily shared with other persons.
The risk extends to the patient having HIV and Aids since the body is weak.
Other risk persons include diabetes.
Kidney and advanced young age (Nahid,2019).
The condition puts one at a higher risk of attaining other condition because of the poor breathing problems. In this case, the process of attaining effetvve result is based on medication approach taken
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Exposure
The exposure is diverse ion nature
Lack of medical care and poverty in some countries is a crucial factor
Substance use and tobacco sharing exposes one to such attack
Poor residential and care facility environment; heart disorders can also come along (Yu Lee, 2017).
Use of protective gear is very critical in attaining effective result. Inn this capacity, use of substances increases the risk of contacting other diseases.
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Healthcare workers
In the treatment phase, there a series of PPEs that should be put in place. This is critical in ensuring utmost prevention.
Among them include the high – filtration mask and anti- inhalation masks.
Face mask to prevent infectious droplets
This should be subjected to the patient and visitor who comes to prevent the spread of the disease.
Healthcare workers should be tested for tuberculosis (TB) when they are hired and should be retested only after an occupational exposure, according to new guidelines issued by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Types of immunization
The control and mitigation framework mismarked by the famous BCG
The vaccine is administered to children who have a negative TB test as part of the control program
Besides having ppes, health care worker may opt to use isoniazid and rifampin for resistant factor (Yu Lee, 2017).
Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine remains the only licensed vaccine for the prevention of TB. It is traditionally given to newborns, and in that population, it has a protective effect
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Characteristic of the infection
The characters of the t entire process can be attained trough
Blood test
Image testing
Imaging testing
Sputum test (Nahid,2019).
Many strains of tuberculosis resist the drugs most used to treat the disease. People with active tuberculosis must take several types of medications for many months to eradicate the infection and prevent development of antibiotic resistance
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Risk and effects
It can cause lung cancer and typical breathing difficulties.
Other risks include pneumonia and lymph nodes.
Ultimate scar tissue and Bowen diseases
when one contact TB, it puts one ins a risk of attaining an contacting related diseases. In this capacity, one can contact other illness diseases that put one life in a great risk.
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Treatment
Ethambutol is an Indian made drug that has Abitol that boost the immune
First-line medications include isoniazid (H/Inh)
Rifampicin (R/Rif) (In the United States rifampicin is called rifampin)
Pyrazinamide (Z/Pza)
Ethambutol (E/Emb)
For the first two months, Isoniazid (H/Inh) and rifampicin (R/Rif) are commonly used (Yu Lee, 2017).
It is very important that people who have TB disease are treated, finish the medicine, and take the drugs exactly as prescribed. If they stop taking the drugs too soon, they can become sick again; if they do not take the drugs correctly, the TB bacteria that are still alive may become resistant to those drugs. TB that is resistant to drugs is harder and more expensive to treat
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Control factors
The control process is strictly based on the condition and its diversity
They include
TB precautions, cough etiquette TB prevention - the BCG vaccine
T B education and training, clean environment (Nahid,2019).
there are various factor that van be put in place to control the TB condition. Use of PPE is very critical in this case.
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Conclusion
TB condition can be controlled.
The essential factor that should be put in place is the standard rule and policy that have been structured by the WHO
The bacteria can be weekend before taking it generally and generally affect that body (Nahid,2019).
The most common treatment for active TB is isoniazid INH in combination with three other drugs—rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. You may begin to feel better only a few weeks after starting to take the drugs but treating TB takes much longer than other bacterial infections.
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References
Mayo Clinic. (2019, January 30). Tuberculosis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250#:~:text=Signs%20and%20symptoms%20of%20active,pain%20with%20breathing%20or%20coughing
NCBI. (2015, May 5). Costs to Health Services and the Patient of Treating Tuberculosis: A Systematic Literature Review. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4559093/
NCBI. (2019, December 10). The importance of adherence in tuberculosis treatment clinical trials and its relevance in explanatory and pragmatic trials. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6903706/
Vernon, A., Fielding, K., Savic, R., Dodd, L., & Nahid, P. (2019). The importance of adherence in tuberculosis treatment clinical trials and its relevance in explanatory and pragmatic trials. PLOS Medicine, 16(12), e1002884. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002884
Yu Lee, J. X. (2017, September 11). The impact of the advanced practice nursing role on quality of care, clinical outcomes, patient satisfaction, and cost in the emergency and critical care settings: a systematic review | Human Resources for Health | Full Text. Retrieved from https://human-resources-health.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12960-017-0237-9
