World Civilization Assignment 3
Transatlantic Slavery System
Slave Plantation and Sugar • Sugar: “Granulated Gold.” • Even as late as 1670 Barbados (Caribbean) was Britain’s largest colony in Americas. Also by far its most profitable.
• All the colonial powers sought to replicate Portuguese success with sugar plantations in Brazil.
• This meant the importation of ever more African slaves.
Old Institution New Form
• Humanity has known slavery in one form or another for the vast majority of its existence.
• Transatlantic slave trade is unique though. • How: Racial Exclusiveness. • West African slaves seen as better able to resist tropical diseases, more suitable for hot humid conditions, and less troublesome: Trend of dehumanizing.
• Throughout 18th century slave importation outstripped white migration.
Conditions: Facts • 20‐40% died in the collection raids (most of these raids at hands of other Africans.)
• 15% or so died in route (2X average for travelers.)
• Branded with owner’s seal upon purchase. • 16 hour workdays. • Limiting food – for profit – to keep pliant • Early on most slaves imported to work on Caribbean sugar plantations died within 3 years.
Attitudes • “As near to beasts may be setting their souls aside”
• Late 18th century slave codes in place: Classification as “Chattel” or tangible movable property (furniture or domestic animals or a car etc)
• Better treatment only when slaves become more valuable.
Options Open to Slaves • Passive Resistance: Play stupid, break tools…basically slow down the workday.
• Escape: Establishment of Maroon communities. The Maroon wars in Jamaica between 1729 and 1739 ended only by treaty.
• Slave Revolts: These were actually quite frequent.
Maroon Communities • These communities were stablished in the most isolated
and hard to reach places to escape recapture. • In the 18th century Jamaica, which was taken form the
Spanish in 1655, becomes England’s largest sugar colonies.
• Maroon communities in Jamaica, some dating back to the Spanish period, could be quite large with some having populations upwards of a 1000.
• They fiercely resisted all attempts at recapture. In fact the “Maroon Wars” in Jamaica between 1729 and 1739 so affected the country’s economy that these communities were granted their freedom
Maroon Communities cont. • In Brazil, a group of maroon villages, or Quilombos, situated
deep in the interior were known as the Quilombos of Palmares. This settlement possibly harbored as many as 20,000 escaped slaves and their descendants by the late seventeenth century. It fell to the Portuguese in 1694.
• These communities became refuge for other groups fleeing the authorities.
• The term Quilombo is supposed to have its origins in Angola (possibly from the Bantu language,) and referred to communities formed out of people of diverse tribes that came together for protection.
• Most Quilombos were destroyed by the powers that be, however some di survive. To this day these communities have retained a distinct identity and speak Creole Portuguese.*
Haitian Revolution
• Haiti, 1791: Thousands of slaves, and even some mixed race freedman, would rebel during the French Revolution. Inspired in part by the principles of the French Revolution but will then act independently.
• War Lasts until 1804 and at its conclusion Haiti emerges as the second republic in America and the only ever successful slave revolt in recorded history.
• The Haitian Revolution was long and bloody and marked by massacres and atrocities on all sides.
• The United States fearing the precedent of successful slave revolt refused to recognize Haiti.
Other Revolts • 18th century the British become largest importers of slaves as they sought to rival Portuguese and French sugar production.
• Salve revolts then became quite common. • British Possessions: Barbados 1675 Antigua 1736, Grenada1795, Trinidad in 1805 and Jamaica in 1760, 1761, and 1831. Jamaica’s 1831 slave revolt was the largest faced by the British.
• After the 1831 “Christmas Rebellion Britain was forced to accelerate the process of freeing the salves. 1834 Britain abolished slavery. (The slave trade had been abolished in 1807 but the institution persisted until 1834)
Opposition to Slavery In Europe
• Opposition begins to emerge in 18th century. • Many enlightenment ideologues became harsh critics of institution.
• Support for abolishment grows. • However, wealth and power of sugar planters (sugar barons) made them formidable foes.