Order 964958: Extroversion and the argument of how this particular trait develops

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2 Personality Traits

Personality Psychology: Foundations and Findings

Marianne Miserandino

Learning Objectives

What is a personality trait?

How do we study personality traits?

How accurate are we on judging personalities?

3

How do traits define personality?

Trait

A person’s typical style of thinking, feeling and behaving in different situations

Idiographic: individual

Nomothetic: Universal traits

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According to Eysenck, how are our personalities organized?

5

Who was Gordon Allport? (1897 – 1967)

First college course on personality

Raw material interacts w/environment  habits and attitudes

Central, Secondary and Cardinal traits

Theoretical vs. Lexical approach

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How would you score on these questions?

I like to go to parties

I find myself leading group conversations

I make friends easily

I think outside the box

I am relatively open to new ideas

I like to learn about different cultures

I get nervous speaking to others

I find I have lots of anxiety

I don’t like when others are looking at me; I feel I am being judged

I keep my room very organized

I don’t like to get behind on my work

People count on me for getting the job done

What is a factor analysis?

Raymond Cattell (1905 – 1998)

Measurement approach: A statistical technique used to classify data.

Determined 16 Personality Factors

Group A: Group B: Group C:

Self-Satisfied Fun-Loving Well-

Worried Sociable organized

Secure

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-

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Factor analysis of Music Genres

What steps are taken to conduct a factor analysis?

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Combine and weigh participant responses to form factors

Small number of factors able to recreate variation of data set responses

Each factor explains certain amount of variance between participants

Factor loadings estimate how strongly each question fits into given factor; interprets like correlation

Each factor defined by questions with highest factor loadings

Factors identified and named

How were universal principles determined?

Cattell Factor Analysis 16 factors 1946

Allport & Oabert Lexical Analysis 4504 trait items 1936

Fiske & Norman and Others Built on Cattell’s work Big Five factors 1949-1963

How were universal principles determined?

Block California Q-Sort 5 factors 1961

Jackson Person Research Form 5 factors 1984

Myers & McCauley Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 5 factors 1985

How were universal principles determined?

13

Buss 5 traits Rooted in biology 1996

What is Eysenck’s PEN Model (Supertraits)?

Determined personality differences were biologically based

Three broad personality types

Narrow traits associated with each factor

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What’s the difference?

Big Five

Lexical Solution

Roman numerals reflect frequency in lexicon

Emotional Stability (Neuroticism) and Culture (Openness)

Five Factor Model

Factor Analysis

Costa & McCrae NEO-PI-R

Biologically based traits

Openness

What behaviors would you expect?

Facets

Fantasy

Aesthetics

Feelings

Actions

Ideas

Values

Conscientiousness

What behaviors would you expect?

Facets

Competence

Order

Dutifulness

Achievement-seeking

Self-discipline

Deliberation

Extroversion

What behaviors would you expect?

Facets

Warmth

Gregariousness

Assertiveness

Activity

Excitement-seeking

Positive emotions

Agreeableness

What behaviors would you expect?

Facets

Trust

Straightforwardness

Altruism

Compliance

Modesty

Tender-mindedness

Neuroticism

What behaviors would you expect?

Facets

Anxiety

Angry hostility

Depression

Self-consciousness

Impulsiveness

Vulnerability to stress

How many factors best explain personality?

Cattell’s 16 factors failed to capture extreme antisocial aspects of personality; are not supertraits

Eysenck believed Agreeableness and Conscientiousness are habits

6 Factors: HEXACO

GPF (one factor): Positive aspects of personality: Emotional stability, agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, intellect

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What about other factor solutions?

23

What are pros and cons to the Trait Approach?

Strengths

Use of objective measures

Many practical applications

Generated research

Weaknesses

How do traits develop?

No consistency among theories

Disregards the situation

Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved