Reflective essay

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Management and Leadership

WEEK 2

Dr Edward Kachab

Aug 8th

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Traits and Behaviours

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Traits and Behaviours

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Great Man Approach

e distinguishing personal characteristics of a leader, such as intelligence, honesty, self-confidence, and appearance

Traits and Behaviours

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Traits

e distinguishing personal characteristics of a leader, such as intelligence, honesty, self-confidence, and appearance

Traits and Behaviours

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Traits and Behaviours

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Leadership traits

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Some Leader Characteristics

Traits and Behaviours

Sources: Bass and

Stogdill’s Handbook of

Leadership: Theory,

Research, and

Management Applications,

3rd ed. (New York: The Free

Press, 1990), pp. 80–81; S.

A. Kirkpatrick and E. A.

Locke, ‘‘Leadership: Do

Traits Matter?’’ Academy of

Management Executive 5,

no. 2 (1991), pp. 48–60;

and James M. Kouzes and

Barry Z. Posner, The

Leadership Challenge: How

to Get Extraordinary Things

Done in Organizations (San

Francisco: Jossey-Bass,

1990).

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Characteristics of a Leader

Traits and Behaviours

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Characteristics of a Leader

Traits and Behaviours

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e distinguishing personal characteristics of a leader, such as intelligence, honesty, self-confidence, and appearance

Traits and Behaviours

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Knowing your strengths

A leader does not need all of the skills to handle every problem

• Interdependence is the key to success. Leaders should:

• Hone their skills

• Collaborate with others

Traits and Behaviours

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What is a strength

A natural talent or ability that has been supported and reinforced with learned, knowledge, skill and practical application

Traits and Behaviours

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Matching Strengths With Role

Three types of leadership roles:

Traits and Behaviours

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Matching Strengths With Role

Operational role:

• Vertically oriented leadership role • Executive has direct control over people and resources • Uses position power to accomplish results

• Leaders • Traditional line and general management positions • Focus on results • Self-confident and assertive • Analytical and knowledgeable • Translate knowledge into vision

Traits and Behaviours

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Matching Strengths With Role

Collaborative role:

• Horizontal leadership role

• Works behind the scenes and uses personal power to influence others and get things done

• Leaders

• Project managers, matrix managers, team leaders

• People skills for networking and building relationships

• Proactive and flexible

Traits and Behaviours

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Matching Strengths With Role

Advisory role:

• Provides guidance and support

• Responsible for developing broad organizational capabilities rather than accomplishing specific business results

• Leaders

• Legal, finance, and human resource departments

• People skills

• Ability to influence others

• Honesty and integrity

Traits and Behaviours

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Behavioral Approaches

Traits and Behaviours

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Leadership Continuum

Traits and Behaviours

Source: Harvard

Business Review.

An exhibit from

Robert

Tannenbaum and

Warren Schmidt,

‘‘How to Choose a

Leadership

Pattern’’ (May–

June 1973).

Copyright 1973 by

the president and

Fellows of

Harvard College.

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Ohio State Studies

Developed and administered the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ) to employees

• Resulted in two categories of leadership:

• Consideration

• Initiating structure

Traits and Behaviours

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Consideration

Traits and Behaviours

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Initiation structure

Traits and Behaviours

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University of Michigan Studies

Traits and Behaviours

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Leadership Grid

Traits and Behaviours

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The Leadership Grid

Traits and Behaviours

Source: The Leadership Grid figure

from Leadership Dilemma—Grid

Solutions by Robert R. Blake and Anne

Adams McCanse (formerly the

Managerial Grid by Robert R. Blake

and Jane S. Mouton). Houston: Gulf

Publishing Company, p. 29. Copyright

1991 by Scientific Methods, Inc.

Reproduced by permission of the

owners.

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Themes of Leadership Behaviour

Traits and Behaviours

Sources: Based on Marilyn

R. Zuckerman and Lewis

J. Hatala, Incredibly

American: Releasing the

Heart of Quality

(Milwaukee, WI: American

Society for Quality, 1992),

pp. 141–142; and Mark

O’Connell, Gary Yukl, and

Thomas Taber, ‘‘Leader

Behavior and LMX: A

Constructive Replication,’’

Journal of Managerial

Psychology 27, no. 2

(2012), pp. 143–154.

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Individualised Leadership Grid

Traits and Behaviours

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Stages of Development of Individualised Leadership

Traits and Behaviours

Sources: Based on Fred

Danereau, ‘‘A Dyadic Approach

to Leadership: Creating and

Nurturing This Approach Under

Fire,’’ Leadership Quarterly 6,

no. 4 (1995), pp. 479–490, and

George B. Graen and Mary Uhl-

Bien, ‘‘Relationship-Based

Approach to Leadership:

Development of Leader–

Member Exchange (LMX)

Theory of Leadership over 25

Years: Applying a Multi-Level,

Multi-Domain Approach,’’

Leadership Quarterly 6, no. 2

(1995), pp. 219–247.

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Vertical Dyad Linkage (VDL Model)

Traits and Behaviours

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Vertical Dyad Linkage (VDL Model)

• In-group relationship—Seen among members with whom leaders spend a disproportionate amount of time

• Out-group relationship—Seen among members of the group who did not experience a sense of trust and extra consideration

Traits and Behaviours

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Leaders behaviour towards in-group vs out-group members

Traits and Behaviours

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Leader Member Exchange (LMX)

Traits and Behaviours

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Leader Member Exchange (LMX)

• Leaders form high-quality relationships with all followers

• Higher-quality relationship leads to better performance

• Followers provide assistance for high performance and participate in and influence decisions

Traits and Behaviours

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e distinguishing personal characteristics of a leader, such as intelligence, honesty, self-confidence, and appearance

Traits and Behaviours

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Entrepreneurial Traits and Behaviours

Entrepreneurship:

• Initiating a business venture, organizing the necessary resources, and assuming the associated risks and rewards

Four important characteristics:

• Vision and dissatisfaction with the present

• Ability to get people on board

• Flexibility, openness to feedback, and ability to learn and adapt

• Persistence and execution

Traits and Behaviours