Order 964958: Extroversion and the argument of how this particular trait develops
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traitresearch.pptxPersonality Psychology: Foundations and Findings
Marianne Miserandino
3 Personality Traits: Practical Matters
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Chaplin et al., 2000
Correlational study
V1: Handshake (Firm Handshake Composite)
V2: Personality
Results: Gender differences
Personality predictions
How readily can we infer personality?
2
What traits are missing from the five factors?
Do the five factors describe personality in other cultures?
How does personality develop over the lifespan?
Learning Objectives
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Personality Adjectives
What traits are missing from the five factors?
Religiosity
Core (central) vs. secondary trait
Loads on
Agreeableness and conscientiousness
Openness and extraversion
Demonstrated a 6th loading
Stronger effect on life outcomes than personality
IQ vs. sophistication or interests (culture; openness)
Loading on
Conscientious-ness
Emotional Intelligence
Intelligence
A closer look at three…
Sexuality
Ratings on the Sexy Seven (80% overlap)
Sexual attractiveness, Erotophilic Disposition, Sexual restraint = Extroversion
Emotional Investment = Agreeableness
Sexual orientation = Openness
Gender orientation = Neuroticism
Relationship exclusivity = Conscientiousness
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| Spiritual Transcendence Scale – Short Form | SA | A | N | D | SD |
| In the quiet of my prayers and meditations, I find a sense of wholeness. | |||||
| I have done things in my life because I thought it would please a parent, relative, or friend that had died. | |||||
| Although dead, memories and thoughts of some of my relatives influence my current life. | |||||
| I find inner strength and/or peace from my prayers and/or meditations. | |||||
| I do not have strong emotional ties to someone who has died. | |||||
| There is no higher plane of consciousness or spirituality that binds all people. | |||||
| Although individual people may be difficult, I feel an emotional bond with all humanity. | |||||
| My prayers and/or meditations provide me with a sense of emotional support. | |||||
| I feel that on a higher level, all of us share a common bond. |
How do your scores compare on the STS-R?
Greek philatimo: honor, polite, generous
Chinese filial piety: brining honor to the family/group
Amae: Strong dependency (parent/child)
Korean cheong: human affection
Indian hiskama karma: detachment
Mexian simpatia: avoiding conflict
Filipino pakikisama: going along with others
What are some regional traits?
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Translate and back translate
Look at correlations
How do we know a survey is a valid measure?
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Chinese Personality Inventory Cheung et al., 1996
10 trait clusters
Dependability
Chinese tradition
Social potency
Individualism
5 factor model + Interpersonal Relatedness
Replication
Western culture
Openness
Are more factors needed?
More indigenous research is needed
How does the FFM translate in other cultures?
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S-data
Experience sampling method
T-data
O-data
L-data
How do we triangulate data?
Mills College
Harker & Keltner, 2001
Participants: 141 women graduates from Mills College
IV: Senior class photo from 1960s-
Coded as Duchene (genuine) or Pan-Am (forced).
50% coded as Duchene - natural.
DV: Measures of happiness, satisfaction in life, marriage, health @ age 27, 43, & 52 yrs. old
Results:
Likelihood of stable & happy marriage versus single or divorced.
Higher personal well-being, satisfaction, & happiness.
Lower negative emotionality, higher competence, greater affiliation w/others.
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Extraversion
Agreeableness
Openness
What makes a great president?
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What characterizes a high need for achievement?
the desire to excel
Projective Tests (TAT)
Implicit vs. explicit (self-attributed)
Characteristics
Do well as entrepreneurs
Moderate risk takers
Energy for what they like
Rely on feedback
Take personal responsibility
Anticipation
Environment
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How does the nACH vary?
Gender
Definitions of achievement
Relationship vs. Rule orientation
Goal attainment vs. External rewards
Culture
Individualistic vs. Collectivist
Self vs. Group
Samples from the ASQ
You tell a joke and everyone laughs. (PsG)
The joke was funny.
Your timing was perfect.
You ask someone to dance and he/she says no. (PsB)
You are not a good enough dancer.
He/she doesn’t like to dance.
You do exceptionally well in a job interview. (PmG)
You felt extremely confident during the interview.
You interview well.
You forget your spouse’s/boyfriend/ girlfriend’s birthday. (PmB)
You aren’t good at remembering birthdays. 1
You were preoccupied with other things.
You get a flower from a secret admirer. (PvG)
You are attractive to him/her.
You are a popular person.
You lose a sporting event for which you have been training for a long time. (PvB)
You are not very athletic.
You aren’t good at that sport.
How do people explain their achievements?
Attributions and Attribution Retraining
| View of Intelligence | Goal Orientation | Performance Level | Behavior Pattern |
| Entity: IQ is fixed | Performance | High | Mastery |
| Low | Helpless | ||
| Incremental: IQ can increase | Learning | High | Mastery |
| Low | Mastery |
How does your view of your traits affect performance?
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Mastery and Performance Goals by Culture
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C
TYPE C
Pleasant
Repressed
Internalizes anger/anxiety
B
TYPE B
Relaxed
Less competitive than Type A
Slow to anger
A
TYPE A
Ambitious
Time conscious
Hardworking
Often hostile
Is personality typology used today?
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How does Type A personality affect health?
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How does Type A personality affect health?
Guyll & Contrada, (1998)
IV:
IV:
DV:
Results: Interactions made high hostility individuals more hostile
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What are the physical consequences of hostility?
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What are major theories on infant temperament?
Goodness of fit:
The extent to which the child’s temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of the social world to which she must adapt
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What are characteristics of neurotics (social anxiety)?
Pessimistic
Evaluation apprehension
negative interpretations
fewer social encounters
less eye contact
less disclosure
What are characteristics of neurotics (social anxiety)?
Emotional Stability and Health
Affectivity
Intensity
Expressiveness
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What does research tell us about the trait, optimism?
Dispositional optimism
Optimism and health
Is it always detrimental to be pessimistic?
Defensive Pessimist: imagine the worst and end up preparing
Anxiety
List
Distracted
Test Scores
List
Distracted
DP
Opt.
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College dorm rooms (Gosling, Ko, Mannarelli & Morris, 2002)
Web page owners (Vazire & Gosling, 2004)
Handshakes (Chaplin, Phillips, Brown, Clanton & Stein, 2000)
Can we predict personality?
30
Development: Consistency and change (degrees)
Personality coherence: Trait is the same but expression different
Changing traits of a group (mean level change) or changing person (individual change) (time vs. others)
How consistent is personality over the lifespan?
Personality Coherence
General Consistency
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How consistent are the Big 5 across the lifespan?
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Greatest normative change: 20 – 40 yrs.
Assertive, warm, self-confident, agreeable, conscientious, and emotionally stable
Earlier: Openness, emotional stability
Later: Agreeableness, Conscientiousness
How does personality change over the lifespan?
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Maturation
Work experience
Personal experiences (including non-normative)
Personality and health
Where do individual differences in personality come from?
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Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms: involuntary healthy coping mechanisms
Broad classes:
Social support seeking
Conscious cognitive strategies
Involuntary mental mechanisms
Highly adaptive
Poorly adaptive
Adaptive Mental Mechanisms
College sample from Harvard (368; high SES; born about 1920)
Core City (456; low SES; IQ = 95; born about 1930)
Terman Woman Sample (1921; 672 gifted women; IQ 151; born around 1910)
(Vaillant, 2000)
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
Levels of Defense (DSM-IV)
Defensive dysregulation
Delusional projection
Psychotic denial
Psychotic distortion
Action Level
Passive aggression
Acting out
Disavowal or image-distortion level
Projection
Fantasy
Compromise formation level
Dissociation
Displacement
Isolation
Repression
Reaction Formation
High Adaptive
Anticipation
Altruism
Humor
Sublimation
Suppression
Examining childhood poverty, physical limitations of old age, stressful life events, and severe combat
Men considered to have the most adaptive defensive mechanisms were just as likely to come from low SES families as those with the least adaptive defensive mechanisms.
As adults, 1% with the most adaptive defense mechanisms compared with 21% with the least adaptive defense mechanisms were in the lowest social class
Those that had the most adaptive defense mechanisms were least likely to suffer depression later in life
Those in the study who fought in WWII and suffered PTSD suffered sign. fewer symptoms if they were identified as having adaptive defense mechanisms
Adaptive Mental Mechanisms
(Valliant, 2000)
