Touchstone 4:Revise an Argumentative Research Essay

AI SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT AND THE FUTURE 1

AI SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT AND THE FUTURE 5

Abel Simorangkir Comment by Barbara Lewis: Abel, I look forward to reading your essay.

English Compostion 2

February 8, 2021

AI Systems Development and the Future

Introduction

Artificial intelligence and robotics are continuously being developed. The development of AI systems does not look like it is about to slow down anytime soon. Powerful individuals and institutions with the resources are increasingly and heavenly investing in the development of these systems because they stand to gain the most from the same. Artificial intelligence and robotics not only make daily activities easier through automation but also allow individuals and groups in power positions to manipulate situations to fit their desires and agenda.  Comment by Barbara Lewis: You need to define AI before using it. Comment by Barbara Lewis: What is your source? Comment by Barbara Lewis: Is this your thesis statement?

It is such occurrences in the present world that cause critics to question the impact the development of artificial systems will have on the future of humans and the planet. Progress in AI and robotics spells doom for the future of humanity because it is bound to put people out of jobs, rendering them jobless and purposeless. Additionally, the unchecked development of artificial systems puts humanity at risk because intelligent technology will be in the hands of people who can decide to make malicious use of it. Comment by Barbara Lewis: This seems to be a counter argument against AI? How does this support the thesis? Comment by Barbara Lewis: What is your source?

 Powerful individuals or countries may use AI and robotics in the future to suppress other people and/or countries. These people or nations may take advantage of weapons made using artificial systems to annihilate the human race. While it is true that artificial systems are beneficial in the way they promote environmental sustainability and improve functions in the workplace, the true impact of the development of these systems without considerations for ethics is damning for the future. This paper provides an analysis of the negative impacts of improvements and advancements made in the field of AI and robotics on the outlook of the future. (274) Comment by Barbara Lewis: Is your thesis against AI? Comment by Barbara Lewis: What is your citation? There was no mention of a citation before this. Comment by Barbara Lewis: Eliminate extra line.

 

AI and robotics have already attained a considerable level of intelligence. However, the developers of these artificial systems are aiming for a higher level of intelligence- possibly one that surpasses that of humans (Zheng, 2019). While this goal may be beneficial for further automation and ease of work, the risk it poses for the human race cannot be overlooked. Zheng (2019) indicates that the research and development of AI and robotics lack human visual and audio cognition mechanisms. What this statement means is that when super-intelligence is reached for artificial systems, the well-being of people will be at stake because the systems may fail to recognize humans as their ‘creators’ and may act aggressively against them.  Comment by Barbara Lewis: This is a good supportive paragraph against AI.

  Barrat (2013) states that the development of artificial systems receives support and funding from corporations and government agencies around the globe. This support may stem from the fact that these systems make work easier for people. Indeed, artificial intelligence has reached a point where it helps people with choosing what to purchase and even who to get acquainted with. It only makes sense to want to invest more into these systems to gain more out of them.  Comment by Barbara Lewis: This paragraph supports AI.

However, these investments are a risk to the future of humanity in the way they overlook the ethical challenges that the development of AI and robotics pose. The current development of these systems lacks the relevant ethical considerations that would ensure the lives of humans are protected in case it reaches a point of the creation of a thinking machine Bostrom and Yudkowsky, 2014). The scenes in movies where robotics take over the world by getting rid of humans might become a reality in the future if the goal for super-intelligence for machines stands unchecked. Comment by Barbara Lewis: What investments?

       One of the areas that artificial systems have had a positive impact on is military technology. Through artificial intelligence, the weapons in place today are more advanced than during any time in history. Artificial systems have enhanced ballistics by facilitating the creation of lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS), which have been ranked as the third revolution in warfare ((Russell, 2015). These weapon systems are unique in the way they can operate without human intervention, choosing and engaging targets on their own. Comment by Barbara Lewis: This is a good supportive paragraph for AI.

Russell (2015) indicates that an example of LAWS is armed quadcopters, which can carry out urban-search-and-destroy missions. According to Buktus (2020), developers of AI and robotics can develop an artificial moral agency that has consideration for ethical methodologies. However, since there is no assurance of the same, what is the fate of human beings in a future where weapons are made using artificial systems? Furthermore, what will safeguard humanity from extinction in a world where no guidelines or ethics are governing the military applications of Artificial intelligence? Comment by Barbara Lewis: What is the purpose of this paragraph? it is not clear. Is this for or against AI?

A look back at history reveals that powerful countries like America, China, and Russia have been willing and reticent in the development of weapons using AI for the battlefield (Morgan et al, 2020). These countries have not shown consideration for the ethical implications of employing such weapons in war and peace. The continuing application of AI in military technology points to a changing character of war and increased risk to the existence of mankind in the future. Comment by Barbara Lewis: What is the purpose of this paragraph? it is not clear. Is this for or against AI?

        Even without the risk of annihilation of the human race development of artificial systems still pose a risk to the future social and financial systems. The rate of socio-economic inequality is bound to be at its highest in the future because of the development of AI and robotics. As stated earlier, there are no ethics in place to guide the development and use of artificial systems. For instance, it is only the rich and powerful countries that can afford to use AI in the development of advanced weapons (Morgan et al., 2020). The poor nations in the world cannot afford the same and therefore have to cope with the weapons they can afford.  Comment by Barbara Lewis: This paragraph should be supporting the risks to social and financial systems. Comment by Barbara Lewis: What is the purpose of this sentence? How does it support the risk to social and financial systems?

This difference in the kind of weapons they own makes the poor countries vulnerable and open to serious attacks from the rich nations. In the future, the powerful nations may launch uncalled-for attacks on the poor countries using the advanced weaponry at their disposal to promote their agendas that can only be achieved by further suppressing the poor nations. The development of AI and robotics may give powerful nations the ability to get rid of a part of the population if they wish. 

The development of artificial systems will promote socio-economic inequality by increasing job and other earning opportunities for a select few while massively decreasing the same for a huge part of the population. Many people will be out of work in the future because of the impact of AI and robotics on work processes (Wisskirchen et al., 2017). These systems will eliminate the need for human labor leaving many without a source of income and a few with more money because of the elimination of wages. Developers and programmers will benefit from the development of artificial systems since their skills and knowledge will always be in demand (Thomas, 2019). The losers will be the average person and this way, socio-economic inequality will characterize the future.  Comment by Barbara Lewis: What is your source?

       The development of AI and robotics will cause people to lead meaningless and purposeless lives in the future. Although people may support the development of artificial systems now because of automation and ease of work, they will regret supporting and will oppose the same in the future. The state of automation will be more intense in the future because the artificial systems will be more intelligent and capable (Kaplan, 2015).  Comment by Barbara Lewis: What supports do you have for this statement?

           Thomas (2019) indicates that over 70% of people will lose their jobs because of the state of automation in the future resulting from the development of AI and robotics. The average person will be out of work unless he/she learns the skills relating to AI and robotics. These people will be at home and still lack something to do because of the state of automation in their homes.  Comment by Barbara Lewis: This paragraph should go with the one above that talks about jobs.

           According to Rainie and Luchsinger (2018), the essence of life will be lost to many. Many people will become depressed and lose their psych for life. Moreover, many people will become obese and the rate of occurrence of cardiovascular diseases will be high. Comment by Barbara Lewis: This seems out of place.

               Supporters of the development of AI and robotics argue that not only do artificial systems enhance automation and ease of work but they also promote environmental sustainability. These systems offer an advanced technique of countering environmental destruction. According to Russell (2015), AI has the potential to speed scientific discovery by offering scientists new ways to make sense of different types of data. Through artificial systems, health care can be transformed through the definition of new syndromes to separate diseases that were thought to be the same and to unify others that had been wrongly separated. While is it true that like many other areas, AI is bound to improve the health care sector in the future; however, doing this, it will serve to promote socio-economic inequality.

The condition in the future will be such that the people who benefit from the advanced decision-making systems in health care are only the special groups that can afford it and not the poor. Furthermore, the systems may be so advanced to the point where health care professionals are unable to comprehend their outputs. Others may argue that the development of AI and robotics will enhance the workplace in the future. Already, artificial systems are promoting ease of work by enhancing communications (Wisskirchen et al., 2017). However, it is important to note that the main impact of AI and robotics in the workplace in the future will be automation and as stated earlier, this will translate to high rates of unemployment. Comment by Barbara Lewis: Afford what?

               The development of AI and robotics may have positive impacts through the ease of work, promoting environmental protection, and enhancing health care. However, the risks that the development of artificial systems poses to the future are cause for worry. The future of humanity is at risk since their no ethics governing the application of the systems. Furthermore, there are no measures in place to ensure that highly-intelligence do not turn on humans in the future. Human beings risk losing their sources of income and leading meaningless lives because of the development of artificial systems. There is a need to ensure that there are ethical considerations during such developments. Comment by Barbara Lewis: Conclusion needs to recap thesis and main points.

References

Anderson, J., Rainie, L., & Luchsinger, A. (2018). Artificial intelligence and the future of humans. Pew Research Center, 10.

Barrat, J. (2013). Our final invention: Artificial intelligence and the end of the human era. Macmillan.

Bostrom, N., & Yudkowsky, E. (2014). The ethics of artificial intelligence. The Cambridge handbook of artificial intelligence, 1, 316-334.

Butkus, M. A. (2020). The human side of artificial intelligence. Science and Engineering Ethics, 26(5), 2427-2437.

Kaplan, J. (2015). Humans need not apply: A guide to wealth and work in the age of artificial intelligence. Yale University Press.

Morgan, F. E., Boudreaux, B., Lohn, A. J., Ashby, M., Curriden, C., Klima, K., & Grossman, D. (2020). Military applications of artificial intelligence: ethical concerns in an uncertain world. RAND PROJECT AIR FORCE SANTA MONICA CA SANTA MONICA United States.

Russell, S. (2015). Ethics of artificial intelligence. Nature, 521(7553), 415-416.

Thomas, M. (2019, January 14). Six dangerous risks of artificial intelligence. Built In. https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence/risks-of-artificial-intelligence

Wisskirchen, G., Biacabe, B. T., Bormann, U., Muntz, A., Niehaus, G., Soler, G. J., & von Brauchitsch, B. (2017). Artificial intelligence and robotics and their impact on the workplace. IBA Global Employment Institute, 11(5), 49-67.

Zheng, N. (2019). The new era of artificial intelligence. Chinese journal of intelligent science and technologies, 1(1), 1.

Reflection Questions

1. Provide one example of a place where you have used rhetorical appeals or source material to support your argument. How does this enhance your essay?

I used rhetorical appeal in the paper by offering statistics on the possible rate of job loss in the future because of the development of AI and robotics. The use of this rhetorical appeal makes my arguments credible thus enhancing my essay.

2. Touchstone 4 is a revision of this draft. What kind of feedback would be helpful for you as you revise? Are there parts of your draft that you’re uncertain of?

I would like feedback on the layout of my arguments, that is, is there a way I could have organized them to make them more relevant? Feedback on the entire paper will be appreciated to ensure that I revise properly when the time comes.

Touchstone 3.2 Rubric and Feedback
Rubric Category	Feedback	Score (acceptable, needs improvement etc.)
Argument Development and Support	You need to identify a thesis statement. It is not clear how all of your supporting information connects back to a thesis statement. At one point, you are against AI, then for AI, and then against AI. The development of your argument can be significantly strengthened by adjusting the organization of your document, as noted below.	20/40 Needs improvement
Research	You have some helpful source information in your text. Make sure to review APA-style in-text citations. The sources in this document are not cited properly. See my notes directly on your text.	23/30 Acceptable
Organization	The most important way to revise this document will be to adjust your approach to organizing the essay. At times, paragraphs become very long and other paragraphs repeat similar themes to previous paragraphs. Break down your supporting information by topic and explore one topic at a time.	8/15 Needs improvement
Style	The style of writing in this document is generally clear with some room for improvement in word usage.	4/5 Proficient
Conventions	There are a few errors in grammar, punctuation and usage. You need to use commas then dashes.	4/5 Proficient
Reflection	You answer all of the questions thoroughly, providing insights, observations, and examples in your responses. You consistently exceed the length guidelines for your responses.	4/5 Proficient
Overall Score and Feedback: 63/100 Abel, This is a good start. When building an argumentative essay, you will begin with a strong thesis statement. The thesis statement will be the base of the essay. The rest of the essay will be the main points that support the thesis statement. At the end of the essay, a good counter argument will strengthen the essay. The conclusion paragraph will recap the thesis statement and main points. I would suggest reworking the essay. The essay seems to be heavily dependent on quotes. I would rephrase the quotes into your own words so that the information flows within the paragraph. Take the material you've written in this essay and begin to organize it. Brainstorm the reasons for why AI should not be used and identify them clearly. Then, group related evidence with each reason. See the example structure of an argument essay here: https://depts.washington.edu/owrc/Handouts/Argumentative%20Paper%20Format.pdf Dr. Lewis