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Topic2.Culture.pdf
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION TOPIC 2. CULTURE, WORLDVIEW, AND COMMUNICATION. IDENTITY AND
PERCEPTION Dr. Oksana Shkurska
DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY
Agenda
O What is culture? O Culture and World View O Cultural Identity O Sources of cultural knowledge O Discussion
CULTURE
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
way of life
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
religion history
social organiza2ons
values
language
According to Samovar, Porter & McDaniel (2013)
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
customs and
tradi2ons beliefs
social norms
values
way of life
art and literature
language
CULTURE
http://www.teendiversophy.com/_img/iceberg.jpg
“The messages and lessons of culture are so subtle that you seldom see them “coming in” or getting acted out”. (Hall, 1966, p. 44).
CULTURE
CULTURE
CULTURE
CULTURE
CULTURE
CULTURE
Retrieved from http://hqwallbase.com/144307-‐butterfly-‐earthly-‐puzzle/
?
Nowadays it is the key concept in Anthropology, Culture Studies, and Communication Studies
The terms “culture shock”, “cultural stereotype” and “cultural identity” appeared (20-‐th century)
The meaning “collective customs and achievements of a people” (late 19-‐th century)
The meaning "the intellectual side of civilization" (early 19-‐th century)
The meaning “cultivation through education” (late 15-‐th century)
From Latin word “cultura” which means “cultivating, agriculture” (middle 15-‐th century)
makes us as a group of people unique
influences our behaviour in various ways
helps us feel comfortable in a certain community
can be shared and taught
is transmitted through generations
is dynamic, i.e. changes and develops every day
?
worldview
World view
-‐ The term was introduced by American anthropologist Robert Redfield in 1952
-‐ Redfield defined world view as “the way a man in a particular society sees himself in a relation to all else… it is a man’s idea of the universe”. (Redfield, 1952, pp. 30-‐36).
World view
Retrieved from: https://caitlinroseparker.Ailes.wordpress.com
Culture vs. World view
• World View is a part of culture
and
at the same time
• Culture is shaped by world view
Worldviews are “beliefs and assumptions by which an individual makes sense of experiences that are hidden deep within the language and traditions of the surrounding society” (Clark, 2002).
“Worldview is a culture’s orientation toward God, humanity, nature, questions of existence, the universe and cosmos, life, moral and ethical reasoning, suffering, death, and other philosophical issues that influence how its members perceive their world” (Ishii, Cook, and Klopf, 1999, 301-‐317).
Worldview • The purpose of life
• Creation of the world / life
• Death
• The source of knowledge
• How is the world ruled? (God, chance, law?)
• What is good/bad and right/wrong?
• What is the right way to live?
• What is people’s place in the world?
Worldviews
• Religion
• Secularism
• Spirituality (Samovar, Porter & McDaniel, 2013)
IDENTITY & SELF-‐CONCEPT
Cultural Identity
“One’s sense of belonging to a particular cultural or ethnic group.” (Lustig & Koester, 2010)
“Identity is a bridge between culture and communication: we communicate our identity to others, and we learn who we are through communication.” (Martin & Nakayama, 2013)
Identity
Characteristics
• Dynamic
• Multiple
• Socially constructed
Cultural Identity
Clothes and appearance
Beliefs (religion)
ethnicity
values
Time and 2me consciousness
name
family
Interpersonal rela2ons
Ea2ng habits
Language spoken
Self-‐Concept
• Your feelings and thoughts about your strengths and weaknesses;
• Your abilities and limitations
• The comparisons you make between yourself and others
• The way you interpret and evaluate your own thoughts and behaviours (Black, 1999).
Self-‐concept vs. Identity Self-‐concept (Your image of who you are)
Identity (A feeling of belonging to a group)
Sources of Self-‐Concept
Others’ images of you Social comparisons
Your interpretations and evaluations of your own thoughts and behaviours
Cultural teachings
Self-‐Concept
(Devito, 2016)
Discussion/Reflection 1. Where did you learn the rules about, for example, gender and family roles? How do they collide—or not—with the Canadian mainstream/other participants’ ideas about that topic?
2. Which of the parts of your cultural identity shift with more ease?
3. Which ones remain more constant?
4. Which of the identity markers do you consider the most important? Why do you think that is?
5. Which ones do you perceive to have an impact in your social/ educational/work environment in your country of origin? In Canada?
(Apedaile & Schill, 2008)
WAYS OF LEARNING CULTURE
Ways of learning culture
• Informal (interaction, observation, and imitation)
• Formal (through social institutions) (Samovar, Porter & McDaniel, 2013, p. 43).
Ways of learning culture
1. Family 2. School 3. Church 4. Small communities 5. Peers 6. Various organizations 7. Mass media
Sources of Cultural Knowledge
• Folktales, legends, and religious stories
• Music (especially, folk songs)
• Art and literature
• Proverbs and sayings
• Linguistic Metaphors
Cinderella?
Bibliography • Apedaile, S. and Schill, L. (2008). Critical incidents for intercultural communication. NorQuest College.
• Clark, M. (2002). In search of human nature. London: Routledge.
• Giddens A. (2003). Runaway world, 2-‐nd ed. New York: Routledge.
• Hall E. T. (1966). The hidden dimension. New York, NY: Doubleday.
• Ishii S., Cooke P., and Klopf D. (1999). Our Locus in the Universe: Worldview and Intercultural Misunderstandings/Conflicts. Dokkyo International Review, 12, 301-‐317.
• Lustig M. W. & Koester J. (2010). Intercultural Competence: Interpersonal Communication Across Cultures (6-‐th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
• Redfield R. (February, 1952). The primitive world view. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 96 (1), 30-‐36.
• Samovar L. A., Porter R.E., McDaniel E.R. & Roy C.S. (2013). Communication between cultures. Wadsworth: Cengage Learning.
