Political science Week 5 Discussion

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This is a graded discussion: 25 points possible due Oct 5 at 1:59am

Week 5 Discussion: Interna!onal Organiza!ons 52 52

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Required Resources Read/review the following resources for this activity:

Initial Post Instructions Pick one international organization (UN, EU, ICC, etc.). Explain its mission and function. Assess how issues of state sovereignty are dealt with for member countries. Use evidence (cite sources) to support your response from assigned readings or online lessons, and at least one outside scholarly source.

Follow-Up Post Instructions Respond to at least two peers or one peer and the instructor. Further the dialogue by providing more information and clarification. Minimum of 1 scholarly source, which can include your textbook or assigned readings or may be from your additional scholarly research.

Writing Requirements

Grading This activity will be graded using the Discussion Grading Rubric. Please review the following link:

Course Outcomes (CO): 3, 5

Due Date for Initial Post: By 11:59 p.m. MT on Wednesday Due Date for Follow-Up Posts: By 11:59 p.m. MT on Sunday

Textbook: Chapters 8, 9 Lesson Minimum of 1 scholarly source (in addition to the textbook)

Minimum of 3 posts (1 initial & 2 follow-up) Minimum of 2 sources cited (assigned readings/online lessons and an outside scholarly source) APA format for in-text citations and list of references

Link (webpage): Discussion Guidelines

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10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 1 of 45

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/72720)Samuel Angus (Instructor) Aug 19, 2020

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NATO Class,

What is NATO (https://www.nato.int/) ? Why do countries want to join NATO? What is NATO's purpose? Has it changed at all? Is NATO obsolete? (https://nationalinterest.org/feature/nato-obsolete-25167) Does it no longer provide for collective security? (Whitman, 214) Or, is NATO still relevant (https://www.bushcenter.org/catalyst/global-challenges/lloyd-nato-still-relevant-in-a-dangerous-world) ?

Sam

PS There are a lot of international organizations besides NATO out there to choose from, so have some fun identifying and exploring them! If you want to talk NATO, please do so right here!!

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/169532)

Angela Walker (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/169532) Sunday

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 2 of 45

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I believe NATO is relevant today because having so many allies reduces the burden on each country and ensures the nation's safety against terrorism, Russian aggression, and cybercrimes. Though not every county spends the 2% agreed upon, many nations depend on NATO to keep the peace and back them up when they are unable to do so (Whiton, 2018).

So what is NATO? NATO, or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, was formed during the Cold War and signed on April 4, 1949 (Amadeo, 2020). It is both a political and military alliance between North America and Europe. One of its purposes, at the time, was to prevent any future aggression from the Soviet Union (Amadeo, 2020). It also served to deter nationalist militarism in Europe and encouraging European political organization ("A short history of NATO," 2020). Western Germany joined NATO in 1955 ("A short history of NATO," 2020). In response, the Soviet Union and seven other countries signed the Warsaw Pact ("A short history of NATO," 2020). In its nearly seventy years, NATO has only enacted Article V once, and that was after the attacks on 9/11. Article V states that an attack on one country is, in theory, an attack on all members ("A short history of NATO," 2020).

NATO has changed over the years. One recent change is the amount of money each nation now contributes to NATO. Each country is supposed to given 2% of its GDP to NATO, but in 2017 only five countries met that requirement (McCarthy, 2019). Today that number has increased to nine countries (McCarthy, 2019). America still contributes the most. While more countries need to meet the 2%, NATO's presence ensures that the United States doesn't have to face terrorism, Russian aggression, and cybercrimes alone.

Reference

A short history of NATO. NATO. (2020). Retrieved September 27, 2020, from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_139339.htm (https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_139339.htm) .

Amadeo, K. (2020). We Need NATO Now More Than Ever. The Balance. Retrieved September 27, 2020, from https://www.thebalance.com/nato-purpose-history-members-and-alliances-3306116 (https://www.thebalance.com/nato-purpose-history-members-and-alliances-3306116) .

McCarthy, N. (2019). NATO Summit: The Countries Meeting The 2% Threshold [Infographic]. Forbes. Retrieved September 27, 2020, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2019/12/03/nato-summit-the- countries-meeting-the-2-threshold-infographic/#75494cd51f2c (https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2019/12/03/nato-summit-the-countries-meeting-the-2-threshold- infographic/#75494cd51f2c) .

Whiton, C. (2018). NATO Is Obsolete. The National Interest. Retrieved September 27, 2020, from https://nationalinterest.org/feature/nato-obsolete-25167 (https://nationalinterest.org/feature/nato-obsolete- 25167) .

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Lindsay Holton (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/150366) Tuesday

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 3 of 45

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Professor Angus and class,

Having little knowledge of international organization, I was immediately drawn to learning more about NATO for the sole purpose of “security.” Many world events have caused people to live in fear; even 9/11 which was discussed earlier in the weeks caused me more fear. So what is NATO, why do countries want to join, what is the purpose, and does it provide collective security?

NATO stands for North Atlantic Treaty Organization with 30 member countries that all have the basic function of guaranteeing freedom and security to all members through political and military means (NATO, n.d.). This promotes democratic values, allows for consultation between members, builds trust, and prevent conflict (NATO, n.d.). The primary goal is for peaceful resolutions yet if attempts fail, military operations are carried out under the collective security (NATO, n.d.). Collective security is a means of discouraging conflict yet if one arises in a country, other states will respond in the fight, all in hopes the fear of reprisals from others will stop attacks, but also meaning no one fights alone (Whitman, 2020, p. 214). This tactic lends me to believe we are more powerful together than separate, and knowing we stand behind each other. That being sad, it’s also scary to fight someone else’s battles, as I would hate to see our country become war zone grounds. NATO members meet daily to collaborate information, ideas, and prepare decisions while always being on top of future threats to keep members safe (NATO, n.d.). I think everyone can agree, we all was to be safe and NATO can provide some peace of mind.

I believe members join for the sole point of security and being involved in a group rather than standing alone since they all have the same ideals. These members are showing they want to make peaceful agreements without fighting yet if violence breaks out; they have the military force to protect. Without it, it’s like every man for himself. During a speech from President Bush (2001) he spoke how NATO started to prevent conflict with Europe, but as President Harry Truman explained back in his term, the members share democracy, individual liberty, and the rule of law, with security and welfare of all members depending on all members. President Bush (2001) continues with saying this still holds true, as NATO plans change as issues back then are different now, the purpose and fight remains permanent by sparing aggression and hatred.

NATO has done some amazing things with helping around the globe. Some examples are hurricane relief during Katrina, helping Pakistan during an earthquake, assisted in tsunami relief in Indonesia, helped Iraq train a security force, and was a peacekeeper for Afghanistan (Daalder & Goldgeier, 2006). This NATO organization may lend them to being the world’s police officer in some ways. Keeps the peace, following the laws, helping the weak, and protection to all. Do you think being the world’s police might be a fitting term for NATO?

References

Bush, G.W. (2001, March 1). NATO: A new defense agenda. Vital Speeches of the Day, 67(10). https://www- proquest-com.chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/docview/221540680?accountid=147674 (https://www- proquest-com.chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/docview/221540680?accountid=147674)

Daalder, I. & Goldgeier, J. (2006). Global NATO. Foreign Affairs, 85(5), 105-113. https://search-proquest- com.chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/docview/214291159?accountid=147674 (https://search- proquest-com.chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/docview/214291159?accountid=147674)

NATO. (n.d.). What is NATO? https://www.nato.int/nato-welcome/index.html (https://www.nato.int/nato- welcome/index.html)

Whitman, W.N.C. (2020). Political Science Today (1 ed). Washington, DC: Sage. CQ Press.st

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Breanna Majzel (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/126719) Tuesday

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In 1949 the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was created to secure protection across 30 different countries ranging from North America to Europe after World War II (10 things you need to know about NATO 2018). The purpose was to protect politics, military, crisis', terrorism, and human rights. The alliance and trust built within these international countries across the Northern Atlantic Ocean are very crucial for strong protection. NATO is opened to any country in the Northern Atlantic Ocean to join as long as they are committed and can provide what is needed to the organization (10 things you need to know about NATO 2018).

NATO has developed what is known as the NATO forces, or Command Structure, which is a unity of troops that keep security and forces across the NATO territories. NATO also has partnerships around the globe to help look out for each other against any kind of threat involving terrorism, cyber warfare, and piracy (10 things you need to know about NATO 2018).

NATO has an agreement within all the countries involved that if any of the countries are attack, they will all do their part in helping and supporting that country. Having allies through international organizations is something every country should strive for. I am glad that the U.S. can be involved in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, I think it is important to be apart of these sorts of international organizations.

Nato. (2018, July 11). NATO's purpose. Retrieved September 29, 2020, from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_68144.htm (https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_68144.htm)

Nato. (2018, February 27). 10 things you need to know about NATO. Retrieved September 29, 2020, from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/126169.htm (https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/126169.htm)

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/72720)Samuel Angus (Instructor) Yesterday

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 5 of 45

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NATO Angela, Lindsay, Bre, and Class,

NATO's goals include achieving collective security; fighting terrorism; combating cyber crime; deterring Russian aggression; promoting peace; promoting democracy; deterring/preventing conflict; assisting with natural disaster response, protecting human rights; and what else? Is NATO up to addressing these goals?

Is NATO membership still in America's best interest? Does it strengthen important connections to allies? Is it important that we are the only ones who have invoked the collective defense guarantees of Article 5 (after 9/11)?

Finally, the assertion has been made by some that we are paying more than our fair share to support NATO. Is that the case? Who pays for what and how is it all determined? Are members required to give 2% of their GDP to NATO? What is the truth here?

Sam

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/147653)

Amelia Macchie!o (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/147653) Yesterday

Professor Angus and Class,

NATO is a term I have heard a lot, both in school and in related political statements, but I have never truly understood what it is. At its basis, NATO stands for North Atlantic Treaty Organization and is an international organization that has lasted 71 years and counting (Lloyd, 2019). NATO was originally founded in 1949 for the purpose of "safeguard[ing] the freedom, common heritage and civilisation [sic] of their peoples, founded on the principles of democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law," (Chun, 2013). Essentially, NATO functions as a form of protection for the countries involved. The origins of NATO come from the Cold War, but this is not where their efforts have stopped. NATO is now known for its ability to grow and evolve in order to remain relevant. Through its tenure, NATO has been known as one of the strongest alliances in modern history and has been very intentional in its effort to remain that way. Even though there have been criticisms of NATO through the years, it has been very beneficial to the United States. NATO was essential in protecting the participating countries through the Cold War and has since been a source of protection and support in the War on Terror (Chun, 2013). NATO is unique from many other international organizations because it derives its goals and capabilities from its military presence. While organizations such as the UN and EU rely heavily on diplomatic reasonings and resources, NATO can react with "rapid deployment" of the combined military resources from each participating country (Chun, 2013). One major criticism in the U.S. against NATO is that we pay more than our fair share for the resources. In fact, this issue goes all the way back to President Eisenhower who stated, "I get weary of the European habit of taking our money, resenting

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any slight hint as to what they should do, and then assuming, in addition, full right to criticize us as bitterly as they may desire," (Eisenhower qtd. in Chun, 2013). However, since NATO's creation, the U.S. is the only member country to have actually utilized the full collective resources in military defense. I think it is more important to stay connected to this strong of an alliance that has supported us in the past than it is to nickel and dime our allies.

When it comes to state sovereignty, this is not infringed upon for any participating members of NATO. First, NATO is not authorized to stop any of the members from taking action of any kind (U.S. Department of State, 2003). Secondly, NATO decisions are made via consensus, and so no decisions can be made against the wishes of a NATO member. Interestingly, the word consenses is not actually in any of the founding articles of NATO. The only place a similar policy is found is in article 10 where it states that new members must be approved by unanimous agreement (Chun, 2013). However, a consensus is still how decisions are made in NATO, even though that is not specifically found in any of the articles. I just found this really interesting, especially following the discussion we had on the vagueness of constitutions!

Thanks for reading!

Mia

References

Chun, K. H. (2013). NATO: Adoption and relevance for the 21st century [PDF]. Journal of International and Area Studies, 20(2), 67-82. http://s-space.snu.ac.kr/bitstream/10371/96558/1/ 5.NATOAdaptation-and-Relevance-for-the-21st-Century_Kwang-Ho-Chun.pdf

Lloyd, L. (2019). NATO: Still relevant in a dangerous world. George W. Bush Institute. Retrieved September 30, 2020, from https://www.bushcenter.org/ catalyst/global-challenges/lloyd-nato-still-relevant-in-a-dangerous-world

U.S. Department of State. (2003). The U.S. and NATO: Frequently asked questions. U.S. Department of State Archives. Retrieved September 30, 2020, from https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eur/rls/fs/ 17623.htm#:~:text=Decisions%20in%20NATO%20are%20made,expression%20of%20their%20co llective%20will.&text=Since%20every%20member%20preserves%20its,of%20one%20of%20it s%20members.

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/72720)Samuel Angus (Instructor) 7:37am

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 7 of 45

Edited by Samuel Angus (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/72720) on Oct 1 at 7:56am

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NATO Mia, Jessica, and Class,

NATO's goals may include achieving collective security; fighting terrorism; combating cyber crime; deterring Russian aggression; promoting peace; promoting democracy; deterring/preventing conflict; assisting with natural disaster response, protecting human rights; preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction; and what else? Mia asserts that NATO has been able to adjust to address a wider range of goals in the wake of the fall of the Soviet Union, do others agree?

Is NATO membership still in America's best interest? Is the answer yes because: it strengthens important connections to allies; we are the only ones who have invoked the collective defense guarantees of Article 5 (after 9/11); it is not a threat to sovereignty and if anything reinforces it; the Soviet Union may be gone but Russia remains a huge threat; and ...? Is the answer no, and if so how come?

Finally, the assertion has indeed been made by some that we are paying more than our fair share to support NATO. Is that the case? Who pays for what and how is it all determined? Are members required to give 2% of their GDP to NATO? What is the truth here?

Sam

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/152086)

Jessica Medwick (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/152086) 12:23am

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 8 of 45

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Professor Angus and Class,

“NATO is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, it is a treaty where many countries came together to ensure mutual security” (Chamberlain, 2020, para 8). This multi-country military alliance was founded after World War II and established in 1949. NATO was formed as a defense against the Soviet Union that dismantled democracy in Europe, which then spread communism to the United States. On April 14 , 1949, President Harry Truman signed the North Atlantic Treaty, Canada and the United Kingdom were two of the twelve countries that joined into NATO in 1949. The Soviet Union made request to join since 1954 but have been rejected. Now NATO currently has thirty countries that are a part of this treaty organization. The membership is still open to any European state that wants to further the principles of the treaty to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area but to prepare for a membership, they must follow advice from the Membership Action Plan. (Wright, 2020).

Countries want to join NATO since their mission is to protect the freedom of its members, stop weapons of mass destruction, cyber-attacks, and terrorism. This). organization sticks together so well for other members that are apart of the organization. An attack on one member state is an attack on all of them. When members join, they pledge to aid any member state that is under attack. (Wright, 2020.)

Even though the Soviet Union and Germany do not really expose a threat anymore, I still feel like NATO is relevant. Russia is still a threat to our country. “Among the 29 members, only the United States is really serious about its Article 3 obligations to defend itself-spending approximately $700 billion or 3.5 percent of its GDP defense” Whinton, 2018, para 5). I feel like anything we can do to try to protect our country and keep everyone safe should be done. Additionally, this has been in place for seventy years, so why change it now?

Jessica Medwick

References:

Chamberlain. 2020. The Use of International Organizations & Treaties. Week 5 Lesson: Political Challenges to Democracy. Para 8 Retrieved: https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/pages/week-5-lesson- political-challenges-to-democracy?module_item_id=9295672 (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/pages/week-5-lesson-political-challenges-to-democracy? module_item_id=9295672)

Whinton. 2018. NATO is Obsolete. The National Interest. Para 5. Retrieved: https://nationalinterest.org/feature/nato-obsolete-25167 (https://nationalinterest.org/feature/nato-obsolete- 25167)

Wright. 2020. What is NATO? World Atlas. Retrieved: https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-nato.html (https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-nato.html)

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Kylie King (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/169214) Sep 24, 2020

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Week 5 Discussion: Interna"onal Organiza"ons WHO (WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION)

Professor and Class,

Now seems to be a good time to discuss WHO since we are living through a pandemic. WHO, also known as the World Health Organization, is dedicated to helping in a state of emergency like COVID-19. The mission for WHO is "to promote health, keep the world safe, and serve the vulnerable worldwide" ( WHO, 2020) and functions to " ensure that a billion more people have universal health coverage, to protect a billion more people from health emergencies, and provide a further billion people with better health and well-being" (WHO, 2020). More information on more specific functions can be found here: https://www.who.int/about/what-we-do (https://www.who.int/about/what-we-do) . WHO has been facing many differences in opinion when it comes to policies, especially policies put in place due to COVID, so how do they implement health guidelines in countries where state sovereignty is in question? According to the symposium, the WHO organization hopes that the “intention of these countries is to manage these issues through collaborative approaches such as harmonization of legislation, funding arrangements and memoranda of understanding” (Wilson et al., 2011). Not only does WHO recognize each government's authority to help put guidelines in place, but also notifies the fact that “the success of the IHR may be impeded because of problems federal countries may experience in meeting their requirements” (Wilson et al., 2011). The IHR is also known as the International Health Regulations. If this is looked at logically, I would say that governments put these guidelines in place, or watch population decrease as a result of death.

References

World Health Organization. (2020). What We Do. https://www.who.int/about/what-we-do (https://www.who.int/about/what-we-do) .

Wilson, K., Lazar, H., Fidler, D. P., & McDougall, C. (2011, March 4). Strategies for implementing the new International Health Regulations in federal countries. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/3/07-042838/en/ (https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/3/07-042838/en/) .

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Alexander Bravo (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/163574) Sunday

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 10 of 45

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Hello Kylie

Some would The WHO, from the very beginning, downplayed the seriousness of this virus. They claimed It wasn't possible to spread from human-to-human, it was contained, it would die out ..etc. even with people who have no symptoms they got it all wrong. We now know that this virus is dangerous to elderly people (fatality rate is really high) and that there's a lot of people walking around who have it but never develop any symptoms. Yet; these people can infect others without them knowing. I just wished we got the true origin of this virus and when it first started.

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/72720)Samuel Angus (Instructor) Monday

Edited by Samuel Angus (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/72720) on Sep 29 at 7:38am

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WHO Kylie, Alexander, and Class,

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the UN ... what does that mean? Does the organization has a history before the UN, and if so what is it and is it at all important?

What are the goals of the World Health Organization(WHO)? To facilitate effective responses to health emergencies? To provide healthcare to all? To do something else?

What precisely does the WHO do to meet these goals?

How effective is the WHO at meeting these goals ... and particularly how effective has it been in dealing with the current global pandemic?

Who is WHO? Who makes the decisions for WHO?

Do members surrender some sovereignty to become a part of the WHO? Is work of the WHO made harder by the reality of sovereignty?

Sam

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/72720)Samuel Angus (Instructor) Tuesday

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 11 of 45

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WHO Miranda, Stacey, and Class,

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the UN ... what does that mean? Does the organization has a history before the UN, and if so what is it and is it at all important?

Who is WHO? Who makes the decisions for WHO?

What are the goals of the World Health Organization(WHO)? To facilitate effective responses to health emergencies? To provide healthcare to all? To keep the world safe and healthy? To fight disease and slow disease transmission? To do something else?

What precisely does the WHO do to meet these goals?

How effective is the WHO at meeting these goals?

How effective has it been in dealing with the current global pandemic? Has it set goals for states to achieve? Has it coordinated state led efforts? Did it react to slowly? Did it cater too much to Chinese concerns/interests?

Do members surrender some sovereignty to become a part of the WHO? Is work of the WHO, including its response to the current pandemic, made harder by the reality of sovereignty? Can we see this not only in China's response, but in America's?

Sam

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/72720)Samuel Angus (Instructor) Yesterday

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 12 of 45

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WHO Bre, Lindsay, and Class,

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the UN ... what does that mean? Does the organization have a history before the UN, and if so what is it and is it at all important?

Who is WHO? Who makes the decisions for WHO?

What precisely does the WHO do to meet these goals?

How effective is the WHO at meeting these goals?

How effective has it been in dealing with the current global pandemic? Has it set goals for states to achieve? Has it coordinated state led efforts? Did it react too slowly? Did it cater too much to Chinese concerns/interests? Has it rebounded from initial miscalculations, like many other organizations have in the face of this unprecedented pandemic?

Should America leave the WHO? Is it a waste of our money, or will we lose more than we gain?

Sam

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/180986)

Miranda Duellman (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/180986) Monday

Hello Alexander,

Although it is true that the WHO was initially wrong in the spread of COVID, it has been helpful in many other ways. COVID was a brand new illness that we had no idea how to handle or treat, and we still dont have a great understanding. Through time and research, we have learned a lot about the illness and how to prevent the spread. Here is a plan the the WHO has created for moving forward with COVID.

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 13 of 45

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World Health Organization, 2020. Strategies and plans. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/strategies-and-plans (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/strategies-and-plans)

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 14 of 45

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Lindsay Holton (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/150366) Tuesday

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Kylie and Alexander,

Great conversation! The WHO was hit in the media since COVID. As a frontline emergency department nurse, I see this and experience all the horrible things this virus has caused. Who do we believe really? You are correct Alexander, the WHO downplayed the seriousness but we were only supposed to flatten the curve, and now look we flattened the curve way back in April yet still can’t live a normal life. Like I said, I understand the seriousness of the virus since I experience the bedside care, I don’t want to personally get the virus but we can’t stop living our lives. The WHO is trying to educate the population on the misinformation spread and help reel people back into believing in science but the truth of the matter is media has scared people out of their minds (WHO, 2020). Everyone has come up with their own opinion so who really is to believe. I think places like the WHO and CDC are trying to do their best, and like you said Alexander, I wish too we got the true origin of the virus but unfortunately that takes time. I’m sure in months or years to come we will know a ton more information than now. My work standards have changed from day to day, started with simple makes, then n95 masks, gowns and no gowns, no need for goggles, and now all care provided we wear goggles. It truly is back and forth with no end in sight.

References

WHO. (2020, September 23). COVID-19 pandemic: countries urge to take stronger action to stop spread of harmful information. https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/23-09-2020-covid-19-pandemic-countries- urged-to-take-stronger-action-to-stop-spread-of-harmful-information (https://www.who.int/news- room/detail/23-09-2020-covid-19-pandemic-countries-urged-to-take-stronger-action-to-stop-spread-of-harmful- information)

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Miranda Duellman (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/180986) Monday

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 15 of 45

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As our lesson plan from this week states, "Sovereignty is the authority and right of an independent nation to make its own decisions, but this authority is challenged and undermined by international agreements." (Angus, 2020) The WHO is an excellent example, especially given our current circumstances. In general, the World Health Organization (WHO) was created to help keep to world safe and healthy, but the way that the WHO handled the initial outbreak of COVID is questionable according to US government officials (Lynch, 2020)

It has received a lot of negative press lately given the global pandemic. President Trumps decision to cut ties with the WHO was a topic of conversation recently. Yanzhong Huang, a senior fellow for global health at the Council on Foreign Relations says that the United States will not be able to survive without this organization, and he is right. The WHO doesn't just deal with COVID. It has hands in universal health coverage, emergency plans, and even climate change (WHO, 2020 What We Do). "Trump announced in May that the United States would withdraw from the WHO, after accusing the organization of mishandling the coronavirus pandemic and catering too much to China. The U.S. withdrawal would legally take effect next July, though Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden said he would reverse Trump’s decision if elected in November." (Lynch, 2020) Although other countries are looking to the WHO for guidance and advice during this pandemic, the US is punishing it and cutting ties. This seems like a pretty bad idea, and hopefully the decision is revoked before it goes into affect.

Angus. Chamberlain. 2020. Week 5 Lesson: Political Challenges to Democracy

Lynch, C. (2020, September 09). Trump Administration Orders U.S. Diplomats to Curtail Contact With WHO . Retrieved September 28, 2020, from https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/09/coronavirus-trump-withdraw- world-health-organization-who-state-department-diplomacy-consequences-experts-fear-disease-virus- spread/ (https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/09/coronavirus-trump-withdraw-world-health-organization-who-state- department-diplomacy-consequences-experts-fear-disease-virus-spread/)

World Health Organization. (2020). What We Do. https://www.who.int/about/what-we-do (https://www.who.int/about/what-we-do)

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Breanna Majzel (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/126719) Tuesday

" Reply &

Miranda,

I respect your opinion in stating that the U.S. withdrawing from the WHO is a bad idea, but why? I look at it as we put money into this international organization and the U.S. is not benefitting from it due to the attention it is giving China. I think we could be giving our money to a different international organization that will benefit us more equally.

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/157701)

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 16 of 45

Anne St Jean (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/157701) Tuesday

" Reply &

Hello Kylie,

I also researched on WHO as well mostly because because i am from another country and i always known WHO organization to be very productive in terms of helping with diseases and sending out aid to third world countries such as sending out medical staff. During my research i found a couple things out that was very interesting. I found out that their primary role is to ".... get on the ground to provide direction, advice, help trace disease outbreaks and provide additional support when needed (Huang, Sixth Paragraph)". Their role is to basically figure out different diseases and find out what can be done to prevent it or try to reduce transmission of people. Another information that i found during my research is that "US Government pledge to contribute 893 million on to WHO's budget (Huang, Eight Paragraph) and that " On April 14, President Trump put a temporary halt on U.S. funding for the agency... (Huang, Fourth Paragraph). I had no idea the US Government was paying the organization so much money and this shows that the WHO had an important task when it came to the coronavirus outbreak. The virus is a new pandemic and even the WHO was not prepared to answer the questions that we all had pertaining to the virus. The funding was placed on hold because many people felt that the organization did not do enough and i personally believe that because they have never experience this outbreak before there was no way to prepare for it. On the other hand, the money that was being contributed to them should have been a factor in speeding up the tracing of the virus.

References

Pien Huang. 2020, April 28. Explainer: What Does The World Health Organization Do. WAMU 88.5 American University Radio. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/04/28/847453237/what-is-who-and- what-does-it-do (https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/04/28/847453237/what-is-who-and-what-does-it- do)

Wendy N. Whitman COBB. (2020).Political Science Today. Sage CQPress.

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Siddony Blue (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/141474) Yesterday

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 17 of 45

" Reply &

Kylie,

The world Health Organization is such an important part of the global healthcare community, especially in times of covid. After doing more research about the organization, I think being a nurse and working remotely with the WHO organization would be a life changing experience for anyone in learning more about infectious diseases firsthand. Whether that was through U.S. covid response teams or research in the field.

The World Health Organization is a valuable resource to nurses and the health community. They assist us in providing knowledge, including terminology with medical interventions, sicknesses and disease that impact human life. I appreciate that the WHO looks at all concepts of human health, ranging from the state of the physical, emotional, holistic sense of well-being, especially as they focus on universal healthcare and the billions of lives they help protect in their emergencies.

Siddony

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Stacey Ryle (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/117098) Sunday

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 18 of 45

" Reply &

Professor and Class,

The European Union is a system that was formed in 1957 by by six founding member states, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxenbourg and Netherlands. It was founded during World War II to prevent war among neighboring countries. It currently has twenty eight member states. The E.U. has seven decision making bodies, the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council of the European Union, the European Commission, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Bank and the European Court of Auditors.

The E.U.'s mission is "to promote peace, well-being of the citizens, promote human dignity and equality, establish a economic/monetary cohesiveness in which currency used in these member states is the Euro, promote scientific and technological proress, and offer freedeom and security without international borders" (Europa, 2020) The E.U. also will negotiate with other non member states on behalf of that country.

Belarus is a small country in the E.U. There was recently a re-election of its leader Alexander Lukashenko. His opponent Sviatlan Tsikhanoskaya claimed that the election was falsifed by Lukashenko after he won. She stated she won by 60-70% of the vote. The Belgium council agreed and brought the matter to the E.U. The E.U. found that the election was falsified and has been trying to remove Lukashenko as leader. They have been unsuccessful due to one member country Cyprus not voting to remove him. "E.U. foreign policy moves require unanimous support from the member nations-a rule that continually undercuts the bloc's bold ambitions for global influence (Erianger, 2020). The small country of Cyprus is protesting because if they vote to remove, they want the E.U. to assist in a foreign policy disagreement they are having with Turkey over energy exploration in its waters. E.U. feels the failure to be able to get all member states to agree, makes the organization look as if they have no power to other countries and international organizations. So while these types of organization definitely have their benefits such as helping to promote peace and security as well as technological progress, they definitely cause issues with idividual states sovereignty. These member states alone cannot enforce most policies or sanctions unless there is complete agreement among countries. Other countries may not see the benefits are be dealing with the same issues. It is not any easy task to get this unanimouos vote with the diversities of these member states. Being a part of the European Union often means member states, " have had to give up some of their sovereignty to the European Union itself, primarily in economical areas, thereby losing individual control of certain policies" (Whittman, 2020).

Thank you

Stacey Ryle

References

Erianger, S. (2020, 9/24). E.U.'s failure to improve sanctions in Belarus lays bare its weakness. New York Times.

N.a. (2020). European Union. Retrieved from https://www.europa.edu (https://www.europa.edu)

WhittmanCobb, W.N. (2020). Political science today. (1st ed.) Washington D.C.: Sage CQ Press

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/72720)Samuel Angus (Instructor) Monday

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 19 of 45

" Reply &

EU Stacey and Class,

What are the precise origins of the EU? Was it founded during or after WWII? Why was it started?

What is sovereignty? Exactly how much of it do EU members surrender in order to be members?

Why would European countries be willing to surrender some of their sovereignty?

What is the future for the EU ... is it cloudy or bright? What are its biggest challenges? Overcoming the need for unanimous support for responses to crises like the one in Belarus? Something else?

Sam

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/126719)

Breanna Majzel (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/126719) Monday

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 20 of 45

" Reply &

In 1992, the modern European Union (EU) was formed in Europe to bring together the European countries and try to prevent conflicts between countries and economically grow together (McBride, 2020). In 2007, the EU's powers were reformed with the Reform Treaty (McBride, 2020). The 27 countries apart of the EU decided to give their sovereignty, also known as power, to the EU. Their power is then put into seven institutions: the European Council, European Commission, European Parliament, Council of the European Union, Court of Justice of the European Union, European Court of Auditors, and European Central Bank. From there it can further be put into groups: executive, legislative, judicial, and financial (McBride, 2020). The EU has a council that is made up of each country's leader, and from there one of them is appointed the president. The European Commission is the main part of the executive branch and they deal with international issues, laws, and make decisions. The European Parliament overlooks the commission department by having to approve of laws. The Council of the European Union also has to approve of the laws before they can be passed. The Court of Justice of the European Union deals with authority issues, as being part of the judicial branch. The European Central Bank deals with banking systems and takes care of that financial aspect. Finally, the European Court of Auditors keeps an eye on how money is spent and why it was spent (McBride, 2020). The 27 countries that make up the EU are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republican, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom (McBride, 2020).

I know this seems like a lot of different systems looking over each other, but they are in control and in charge of a lot of ground and people. It is important for the EU to be complex. International organizations are crucial for peace amongst countries, continents, and the world. Especially after World War II, Europe needed some unity. Now, if one EU country does something, it affects everyone apart of the EU (Cobb, 2020)

Cobb, W.N.W. (2020). Political Science Today. Sage: CQ Press

McBride, J. (2020, April 17). How Does the European Union Work? Retrieved September 29, 2020, from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/how-does-european-union-work

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Traci East (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/153410) Tuesday

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 21 of 45

" Reply &

European Union

Professor and Class,

The international organization I chose to write about is the European Union. It founded in 1992 and consists of European states that gave up their state sovereignty for one political and economic framework (Whitman Cobb, p.187, 2020). The Maastricht Treaty was the foundation of the European Union it brought the euro and expanded cooperation within the European countries and allowed the European citizens to live and move within the member states. Then in 2007 The European Union was given its powers with the Lisbon Treaty. This treaty formed a more centralized leadership, process for countries to leave the Union, foreign policy, and process for new policies. The European Unions mission to promote peace, human dignity and rights, freedom of the citizens, democracy, equal rights for all citizens, rule of law, and unity with economics, social and territorial members of the Union. The European Union is made up of seven institution that are the Executive is the European Council with 28 leaders and sets policy agenda. Also, in the Executive is the European Commission that have 28 commissioners, nominated by the Council, and approved by Parliament and it purposes and implements legislation. The Legislative is the European Parliament it has 751 members elected by EU citizens and the approve or reject legislation and also consists of the Council of the European Union and it consists of 28 national ministers that is grouped by the policy area and are responsible approves and rejects legislation. Then there is the Judicial and it is composed of Court of Justice of the European Union and is two courts that have judges appointed by national governments the interprets EU law and settles disputes. Also, in the Judicial is the European Court of Auditors that is composed of 28 members appointed by the council of Ministers and Audits budget. Then finally there is the financial and it is the European Central Bank that is the President and executive board that is appointed by the European Council and they maintain the euro and looks over the European financial system. Finally, for countries to belong to the EU the country must have achieved democracy, protection of minorities, and able to keep up with the competitive forces within the union.

McBride, J. (2020, April 17). How Does the European Union Work? https://www.cfr.org/.

Whitman Cobb, W. N. (2020). Political science today. Sage, CQ Press.

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/72720)Samuel Angus (Instructor) Yesterday

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 22 of 45

" Reply &

EU Bre, Traci E., and Class,

The EU's origins go back before the 1990's. What are the precise origins of the EU? Was it founded during or after WWII? Why was it started?

What is sovereignty? Exactly how much of it do EU members surrender in order to be members?

What is the future for the EU ... is it cloudy or bright? What are its biggest challenges? Overcoming the need for unanimous support for responses to crises like the one in Belarus? Something else?

Sam

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/72720)Samuel Angus (Instructor) 10:21am

EU Dorcas, Nikki, Veronica, and Class,

The EU started as an economic union and was an effort to unify Europe after World War II ... specifically as the EEC and the ECSC (link (https://europa.eu/european-union/about- eu/history_en) , link (https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128389419) ). The EU started out as an economic agreement because it was believed that the world wars started as the result of competing alliances, and that an economically interconnected and interdependent Europe would be a more peaceful one. Was this the right idea? Has it worked?

What is sovereignty? Exactly how much of it do EU members surrender in order to be members? Control over currency? Control over borders? Something else?

Why would European countries be willing to surrender some of their sovereignty? To achieve unity? To achieve peace? To protect human rights? To protect minorities? To ensure the rule of law? To allow for free movement of peoples? To protect the environment? To encourage innovation? For other reasons?

What is the future for the EU ... is it cloudy or bright? What are its biggest challenges? Overcoming the need for unanimous support for responses to crises like the one in Belarus? Something else?

Sam

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 23 of 45

" Reply &

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/140818)

Veronica Smith McCormick (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/140818) Yesterday

" Reply &

Hello Traci. I am impressed with your discussion post. You have written so much information about the EU or European Union. The EU is a very important group of nations that have a lot of influence on the world today. This group of nations have influences on the world economy because of their coming together which actually started after WWII.

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/163574)

Alexander Bravo (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/163574) Sunday

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 24 of 45

" Reply &

Tne international organization I am greatly interested in knowing about is the International Criminal Court (ICC). This has been an interest to me because I come from a region of the world that has seen some of the most heinous crimes ever committed. Although I am not from Rwanda, during the Rwandan Genocide, I was greatly concerned about how the issues this country was facing would impact Nigeria. Also, I have watched countless movies that have shown the atrocities humans have inflicted on other humans. Whether the motive is religion, resources, politics, or pure evil, there is no shortage of carnage around the world. There are no exempt countries either. We often think of America as the beacon of hope for all, but we have our own history of brutality towards others that not only involved African Americans, but also Native Americans, and others.

When regions of the world get into conflict, there should be others that can step in and negotiate between warring factions or at the very least punish individuals that violate human rights. Based on information from legalun.org, in resolution 260 of 9 December 1948, the General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Article I of that convention characterizes genocide as "a crime under international law", and Article VI provides that persons charged with genocide "shall be tried by a competent tribunal of the State in the territory of which the act was committed or by such international penal tribunal as may have jurisdiction. This was the early beginning of the ICC. In the same resolution mentioned above, the General Assembly invited the International Law Commission "to study the desirability and possibility of establishing an international judicial organ for the trial of persons charged with genocide." Following the Commission's conclusion that the establishment of an international court to try persons charged with genocide or other crimes of similar gravity was both desirable and possible, the General Assembly established a committee to prepare proposals relating to the establishment of such a court. In December 1989, in response to a request by Trinidad and Tobago, the General Assembly asked the International Law Commission to work on an international criminal court with jurisdiction to include drug trafficking. Then, in 1993, the conflict in the former Yugoslavia erupted, and war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide -- in the guise of "ethnic cleansing" commanded international attention. In an effort to bring an end to this widespread human suffering, the UN Security Council established the ad hoc International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, to hold individuals accountable for those atrocities and, by so doing, deter similar crimes in the future.

Based on this tribunal, the ICC was desired to be a body that would achieve justice for all, end impunity, help end conflicts, remedy the deficiencies of ad hoc tribunals, take over where international criminal courts were unwilling or unable to act, and deter future war crimes. On 17 July 1998, 120 States adopted a statute in Rome - known as the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (“the Rome Statute”) - establishing the International Criminal Court. For the first time in the history of humankind, States decided to accept the jurisdiction of a permanent international criminal court for the prosecution of the perpetrators of the most serious crimes committed in their territories or by their nationals after the entry into force of the Rome Statute on 1 July 2002.

The International Criminal Court (“the ICC” or “the Court”) is a permanent international court established to investigate, prosecute and try individuals accused of committing the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole, namely the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression. The primary mission of the International Criminal Court is to help put an end to impunity for the perpetrators of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole, and thus to contribute to the prevention of such crimes.

https://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/PIDS/publications/UICCEng.pdf (https://www.icc- cpi.int/iccdocs/PIDS/publications/UICCEng.pdf)

Whitman Cobb, W. N. (2020). Political science today (1st ed.). Washington, DC: Sage, CQ Press.

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 25 of 45

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/72720)Samuel Angus (Instructor) Monday

Edited by Samuel Angus (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/72720) on Sep 28 at 11:24am

" Reply &

ICC (INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT) Alexander and Class,

The ICC is an international court.

The purpose of the ICC is to prosecute and thus prevent the worst of crimes (genocide, war crimes, etc.).

When exactly does the ICC have jurisdiction? Is acceptance of ICC jurisdiction a surrender of sovereignty?

America is not a member of the ICC. Why not? What is America's relationship with the ICC, how has it changed over the years, and what should it be?

Sam

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/126719)

Breanna Majzel (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/126719) Monday

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 26 of 45

" Reply &

According to Claire Felter, the International Criminal Court (ICC) has jurisdiction over these four international crimes: genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and aggression (Felter, 2020). In order for the ICC to get involved, you have to be a member of the ICC, be invited by a non-member country, or with Security Council's permission (Felter, 2020).

Although the United States supports the International Criminal Court (ICC), we are not officially part of the 128 members (The US-ICC Relationship 2020). We are technically signed to it but it is not official (Felter, 2020). Our relationship wit the ICC improved tremendously during Obama's years in office, but now with Trump, things got a little more complicated (The US-ICC Relationship 2020). Trump had some issues with people involved in the ICC and therefore Trump completed an executive order over the situation (Felter, 2020).

I don't think this was a bad idea, because although the ICC is supposed to have members from all over, a country does not primarily have control over situations. I think it is in the United States best interest to stay out of the ICC, but maybe it could end up benefiting us more than we think. What are some benefits we could get from officially joining the ICC?

Felter, C. (2020, June 25). The Role of the International Criminal Court. Retrieved September 29, 2020, from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/role-international-criminal-court

The US-ICC Relationship. (2020, September 28). Retrieved September 29, 2020, from https://www.aba- icc.org/about-the-icc/the-us-icc-relationship/

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Angela Walker (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/169532) Tuesday

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 27 of 45

" Reply &

The basic principles of the ICC are fair, but I feel it also gives them too much-unchecked control undermining the country's sovereignty. The ICC has been referred to "the court of last resort," which means they seak justice in cases where states or countries refuse to prosecute genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and aggression (Felter, 2020).

However, this can lead to a misuse of power. The ICC began investigating war crimes American soldiers and intelligence personnel were accused of committing in Afghanistan (Pompeo, 2020). Our government invested these accusations, and laws were passed as a result (Pompeo, 2020). Yet, ICC did not agree with these changes.

America is often called on by other countries to help restore peace and contribute the most money to NATO. Since we are more active in restoring order and stability in other countries, this could make our soldiers a larger target for ICC investigations. The purpose of the ICC is to investigate and prosecute persons who commit crimes of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and aggression only if their state or country refuses to prosecute them.

The relationship with ICC improved during the Obama years but has diminished greatly during the Trump years. The ICC accused President Trump and others of being accomplices of war crimes. Despite all efforts of diplomacy to resolve concerns the United States imposed sanctions on Bensouda and one of her chief aides (Pompeo, 2020) .

Reference

Felter, C. (2020, June 25). The Role of the International Criminal Court. Retrieved September 29, 2020, from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/role-international-criminal-court (https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/role-international-criminal-court)

Pompeo, M. (2020). Secretary of State Pompeo: US will protect citizens and defend sovereignty against international court. Fox News. Retrieved 29 September 2020, from https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/international-criminal-court-secretary-of-state-pompeo (https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/international-criminal-court-secretary-of-state-pompeo) .

The International Criminal Court. Facing History and Ourselves. (2020). Retrieved 29 September 2020, from https://www.facinghistory.org/holocaust-and-human-behavior/chapter-11/international- criminal-court (https://www.facinghistory.org/holocaust-and-human-behavior/chapter-11/international- criminal-court) .

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/72720)Samuel Angus (Instructor) Yesterday

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 28 of 45

" Reply &

ICC (INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT) Bre, Angela, and Class,

The ICC is an international court tasked with prosecuting the worst of crimes (genocide, war crimes, etc.).

The ICC's jurisdiction is limited to events taking place after its formation and crimes perpetrated by the national of a member state or within the territory of a member state. A matter is admissible only if the crimes have not been dealt with by national courts. The ICC's jurisdiction is clearly limited.

Given the above, is acceptance of ICC jurisdiction a surrender of sovereignty?

America is not a member of the ICC. Why not? Is it because the ICC asks for too much control? Is it because of a fear that US soldiers might be prosecuted?

What is America's relationship with the ICC? Has America facilitated the operation of the ICC with intelligence and logistical support? It appears as if the relationship has changed depending on the party in control of the Presidency, how come? What should the relationship be?

Sam

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/169676)

Michalle Wolfe (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/169676) Yesterday

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 29 of 45

SHOW MORE 1 1

" Reply &

Since its establishment in 2002, 123 countries have joined the institution which was created to investigate and prosecute war crimes and crimes against humanity internationally under the treaty known as the Rome Statute (2020). This institution has opened more than two dozen cases based on investigations in 11 countries (2020), most of which are still going on today. Although the United States was involved in negotiations leading up to its creation, in the end they were one of seven countries that voted against the treaty. China, Iraq, Israel, Libya, Qatar, and Yemen were the other countries who chose not to par-take (2020).

During President Clintons presidency he had signed the treaty but did not end up submitting it to the Senate for approval, but things had been kept civil. Today, President Trump has expressed his dislike for the ICC and has even went as far as threatening retaliatory steps against the institution should it try and investigate the US or Allied country citizens. On one address to the UN General Assembly Trump said,” United States will provide no support or recognition to the International Criminal Court. As far as America is concerned the ICC has no jurisdiction, no legitimacy, and not Authority” (2020).

The ICC can provide accountability and prosecution for war crimes that a country may not want to or be able to handle themselves. Having an international agency would benefit everyone, if everyone could get along and agree which will most likely never happen. As of June 11, 2020, there was a sweeping executive order by Trump that froze assets and placed a family entry ban on certain ICC officials, showing his complete unwillingness to support ICC (2020). Since the ICC does not have an armed force or backing it relies heavily on its members commitment to help and provide necessary support so without the US support and other countries choosing to withdrawal ICC has an uphill battle to fight.

The International Criminal Court and the United States. (2020, September 2). https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/09/02/qa-international-criminal-court-and-united-states.

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Tenzin Tsephel (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/112704) 12:14am

Hello Professor and Class,

The international organization I have selected is the International Criminal Court (ICC). This organization’s main function is to investigate, obtain warrants for, and try individuals charged with crimes of concern to the international community. These crimes can include genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the crime of aggression. The ICC works as a global justice force to prevent criminals from gaining exemption from punishment in their respective nations. In this way, the function of the ICC is to provide and deliver international criminal justice. The ICC holds criminals responsible and accountable for their crimes so that

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 30 of 45

" Reply &

the world can be a safer place. At present, there are 123 countries, who are members of the ICC. (International Criminal Court, 2020). Currently, the ICC can only prosecute criminals of Member States. Member States naturally have to sacrifice their sovereignty in order to allow the ICC to work. This is because the ICC provides the same judicial functions as the judicial functions of the member states.

The U.S. has a complex relationship with the ICC. For one thing, “The United States is not an ICC member but it plays an essential role in establishing of the Rome Statute that forms the ICC.” ( Icc-cpi.int. 2020 ) One of the main reasons why the United Nations didn’t participate in the ICC is that it would reduce the national authority of the U.S.. The U.S. Constitution provides a mechanism for prosecuting crimes that have occurred on U.S. soil, so an international organization that could take over this responsibility would not only be unconstitutional, it would be unnecessary. Another reason why the U.S. did not join is because of the lack of protections against corruption and abuse of power within the organization. Currently, the U.S. is not recognized as a State Party within in the ICC. This means that the U.S. refuses to accept the ICC and its jurisdiction as an international justice organization, but it cannot stop the ICC from functioning. ( Cobb, 2019 p.91)

Thanks,

Tenzin

References:

The US-ICC Relationship. (2020, September 28). Retrieved September 29, 2020, from https://www.aba- icc.org/about-the-icc/the-us-icc-relationship/ (https://www.aba-icc.org/about-the-icc/the-us-icc- relationship/)

Icc-cpi.int. 2020. International Criminal Court. [online] Available at: <https://www.icc-cpi.int/ (https://www.icc-cpi.int/) >

Cobb, W.N. W. (2019). Political Science Today. [VitalSource Bookshelf]. Retrieved from https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781544358314/ (https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781544358314/)

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/126719)

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 31 of 45

Breanna Majzel (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/126719) Monday

" Reply &

Can anyone think of other reasons why international organizations are so crucial?

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Veronica Smith McCormick (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/140818) Yesterday

" Reply &

Hello Alexander. I really was educated by your discussion post. The Criminal Court (CC) plays a very important role in making sure that people who commit genocide of innocent women and children as well as men are brought to justice. The African continent has seen its share of mass murders. The CC has helped to bring many of these criminals to justice and has helped them pay for their crimes.

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/157798)

Kimberly Stuck Thornton (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/157798) Yesterday

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 32 of 45

" Reply &

Week 5 Discussion: International Organizations

Professor and Class,

I have decided to discuss the United Nations (UN). The United Nations (UN) came to be in the year 1945. They came to be as a result of the second World Wars devastation. Their Mission and function was to maintain international peace and security. The UN also protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, promotes sustainable development and upholds international law. (United Nations, 2020)

State sovereignty means that the states have complete control over all of the people and the property in their territory. This means that no other states can demand that the states do any particular action internally. For example, if one states wants to tear down the rainforest, the other states can try to convince them to do otherwise but they cannot make them do it. State sovereignty grants a state power in their own territory but limits their power in other territories. Due to globalization, the states have started to change their idea of how state sovereignty is dealt with. For example, the states are now required to give their citizens a certain amount of rights that were agreed upon at a global level. This is so that when one nations people travel to another nations territory then they can be treated somewhat fairly. (Globalization 101, 2017)

References

Globalization 101. (2017). The Issue of Sovereignty. Globalization101. https://www.globalization101.org/the- issue-of-sovereignty/ (https://www.globalization101.org/the-issue-of-sovereignty/) .

United Nations. (2020). What We Do. United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/ (https://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/) .

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/72720)Samuel Angus (Instructor) Yesterday

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 33 of 45

" Reply &

UN Kimberly and Class,

The UN is its member states, the General Assembly, the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, the Secretariat, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and ... anything else?

The UN's mission (https://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/) is to ...

Does the UN actually do these things? Does it actually do these things effectively?

Has the UN helped to address the wide range of problems facing humanity, including: ... ?

The UN was created in the wake of two global conflicts and the failure of its predecessor, the League of Nations. How was the UN designed to avoid a third one? Was it a good design?

Has the UN effectively meshed with a system of sovereign states or has it been handicapped by the realities of sovereignty?

Sam

maintain international peace and security; protect human rights; deliver humanitarian aid; promote sustainable development; and uphold international law.

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/50995)

Heather VanDewark (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/50995) Yesterday

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 34 of 45

" Reply &

The United Nations (UN) came into affect in 1945, WWII had ended and many in the world were seeking peace and unity. The UN was the organization created to achieve this vision of peace. The primary mission of the UN is to maintain international peace and security, help those in need, provide aid, focus on future sustainability and enforce international law. As time progresses, the focus of the UN has adapted to address the current issues, and has been successful 75 years later in upholding their ideals and preparing the world for the future.

Although the UN has been successful in maintaining their goals, there are problems that arise. According to Hirschmann, international organizations (IOs) usually cooperate with national actors in order to implement global decisions and policies but cooperation has become problematic due to partners being accused of serious violations (2020). Partners from the UN are held accountable, helping to address the issues and corruption within their state. But, in the end state sovereignty has prevented the UN from intervening in a particular state's people or property. Eventually the state will require assistance if the state strength, described by Whitman as the ability of states to control political outcomes (2020), weakens and fails. Whitman states, failed states exist where there is no entity that can exert sovereignty over their territory; this can lead to dangerous situations where no rule of law exists (2020), then requiring UN involvement. Unfortunately, with the UN prohibiting the use of force it may come to this point for weaker states within the organization.

References

Whitman Cobb, W. N. (2020). Political science today (1st ed.). Washington, DC: Sage, CQ Press.

Hirschmann, G. (2020). Cooperating with evil? Accountability in peace operations and the evolution of the United Nations. Retrieved from https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login? url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=edswao&AN=edswao.1692914944&site=eds-live&scope=site (https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=edswao&AN=edswao.1692914944&site=eds-live&scope=site)

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/72720)Samuel Angus (Instructor) 10:26am

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 35 of 45

" Reply &

UN Heather, Veronica, Emily, Geoffrey, and Class,

The UN's mission is to: maintain international peace and security; protect human rights; deliver humanitarian aid; promote sustainable development; and uphold international law. How exactly does the UN do these things? Does the UN do these things effectively?

Has the UN helped to address the wide range of problems facing humanity, including: ... ?

The UN was created in the wake of two global conflicts and the failure of its predecessor, the League of Nations. How was the UN designed to avoid a third one? Is the express recognition of sovereignty the key piece? Is it something else?

Has the UN effectively meshed with a system of sovereign states or has sovereignty stopped the UN from fulfilling its mission?

Sam

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/140818)

Veronica Smith McCormick (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/140818) Yesterday

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 36 of 45

" Reply &

Hello professor Angus and class. I chose for this discussion posting to research the United Nations (UN) and its mission. According to (un.org, 2020). the UN got its start as the name United Nations. This was coined by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It was first used in the Declaration by United Nations (https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nations-charter/1942-declaration-united-nations/index.html) of 1 January 1942, during the Second World War, when representatives of 26 nations (http://www.unmultimedia.org/photo/detail/313/0031319.html) pledged their Governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers.

According to (un.org, 2020), in 1945, the representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on International Organization (https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nations-charter/1945-san- francisco-conference/index.html) to draw up the United Nations Charter (https://www.un.org/en/charter-united- nations/index.html) . Those delegates deliberated on the basis of proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks (https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nations-charter/1944-1945-dumbarton-oaks-and-yalta/index.html) , United States in August-October 1944.The Charter for the UN was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries. Poland, which was not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became one of the original 51 Member States.

According to (Worden, 2017), the mission of the UN is to keep peace around the world for its members and other nations as well. Other missions of the UN is solving conflicts before they escalate. Also the UN is pledged to help fight poverty, diseases, and hunger around the world in under developed nations.

According to (Worden, 2017), the United Nations has, since its establishment at the close of WWII, has reinforced the principle of sovereignty among its members as it has introduced new concepts, policies and structures to remain relevant and address the realities of contemporary conflict. Its enduring reliance on sovereignty as a construct, though necessary, has created dilemmas for the United Nations.

References:

History of the United Nations. (2020). Retrieved 9/30/2020 from

https://www.un.org/en/sections/history/history-united-nations/index.html (https://www.un.org/en/sections/history/history-united-nations/index.html)

Worden, R. (2017). The Importance of Sovereignty and Security at the UN. Retrieved

9/30/2020 from https://impakter.com/importance-sovereignty-security-un/ (https://impakter.com/importance- sovereignty-security-un/)

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/72720)Samuel Angus (Instructor) 9:59am

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 37 of 45

" Reply &

Ashley and Class,

The ongoing conversation on the United Nations is up above. I have responded to this post up in that ongoing conversation. Please only post on the UN up above in the ongoing conversation.

Thanks!

Sam

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/137899)

Eritrea Kiflu (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/137899) Yesterday

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 38 of 45

" Reply &

Hello Professor and Class,

The international organization that I will discuss is the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The IMF is an organization with a mission to “foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world” (International Monetary Fund, 2020, para. 1). Its function is to manage currency exchange rates and protect the health of international monetary system by monitoring financial stability, offering loans and assistance, and advising countries about how to improve their economies and financial systems (International Monetary Fund, 2020). Using a liberalism theory to analyze the IMF, liberalism would probably take the position that the IMF helps keep the world economy stable. That is because under the liberal institutionalism theory, organizations like the IMF bring order and structure to the world, and so they are important tools to promote peace and cooperation (Whitman Cobb, 2020).

There are 189 countries that are members of the IMF, so it is a very large organization (International Monetary Fund, 2020). This would mean that there are many different countries with a lot of different economic development levels and situations, and so there might be some very different interests. That could bring up some issues about sovereignty for members. The way that the IMF deals with this is not exactly equal. Wealthy countries have more power within the organization compared to poor ones. For example, the head of the IMF is always from Europe, and the United States has veto power over IMF decisions (Weisbrot, 2019). In this way, those countries can protect their interests and their sovereignty. However, smaller/poorer countries do not have the same level of influence, and the IMF often imposes conditions on loans that force those countries to change their domestic economic and social welfare policies (Weisbrot, 2019). Those countries could possibly protect their sovereignty by withdrawing from the IMF, but that would probably cause even worse problems because other countries or banks may not want to do business with them. Therefore, the IMF can weaken the sovereignty of many countries.

References

International Monetary Fund. (2020). About the IMF. IMF.org. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/en/About#:~:text=The%20IMF's%20fundamental%20mission%20is,giving%20practical%20help %20to%20members.

Weisbrot, M. (2019, August 27). The IMF is hurting countries it claims to help. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/aug/27/imf-economics-inequality-trump-ecuador.

Whitman Cobb, W.N. (2020). Political science today. Sage CQ Press.

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/72720)Samuel Angus (Instructor) 10:46am

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 39 of 45

Edited by Samuel Angus (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/72720) on Oct 1 at 10:46am

" Reply &

IMF Eritrea and Class,

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) does indeed describe (https://www.imf.org/en/About) itself as "an organization ... working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world." What are some specific and concrete examples of what the IMF has done? Who makes decisions at the IMF? The Countries who contribute the most? Someone or something else? Does the IMF constitute only a temporary threat to the sovereignty of countries seeking assistance, or is the threat to sovereignty more significant than that?

Sam

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/148024)

Emily Fox (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/148024) Yesterday

" Reply &

The United Nations Is an international organization founded in 1945 and they do a number of things. They maintain international peace and security, protect human rights, delivery humanitarian aid, promote sustainable development, and uphold international law. The UN works to help make peace and create the conditions to allow peace to hold. They make it a point to promote and protect human rights regarding international law. One of the purposed of the United Nations is "to achieve international co-operation in solving international problems on economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character." (What We Do, 2012) A primary focus of the UN is also promoting prosperity and economic opportunity, greater well-being and protection of the environment. Its main goal is improving lives. The UN is an instrument in international law. It ensures equality of States to the prohibition of the use of force in international relations.

The United Nations also developed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights with the goal of making a set of human rights that are universal and would apply globally. However, it's difficult to enforce them. (Whitman Cobb, 2020)

What We Do. (2012). Un.Org. https://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/index.html

Whitman Cobb, W. N. (2020). Political science today. Washington, Dc Sage, CQ Press.

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/72720)Samuel Angus (Instructor) !

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 40 of 45

10:00am

" Reply &

Emily and Class,

The ongoing conversation on the United Nations is up above. I have responded to this post up in that ongoing conversation. Please only post on the UN up above in the ongoing conversation.

Thanks!

Sam

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/105047)

Dorcas Todom (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/105047) Yesterday

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 41 of 45

" Reply &

Hello professor and class,

The European Union (UN) is made up of 27 member countries. The member countries form a unique political and economic union. The union started as a purely economic union and has since evolved into an organization that encompasses many different policy areas such as environment, health, security, and climate (The EU - what it is and what it does). The mission of the EU is to have a united continent dominated by peace, liberty, and economic stability. The union aims to keep member states competitive in the world in terms of ideas, politics, and economy. According to the official EU website, the union’s purpose is to have a peaceful continent with a united economy that runs on a common currency (The EU - what it is and what it does). The union also fosters to impact inclusivity, free movement of people within the member states, encourage innovation, and protection of the environment among others.

All the member states of the EU remain sovereign. Sovereignty refers to a country’s full power to govern itself without interference (Whitman Cobb, 2020). However, member states with common interests can choose to pool their sovereignty and make decisions at the EU level rather than at the individual states level (The EU - what it is and what it does). This means decisions that affect common interest of member countries are democratically made at the EU level. There are several institutions that are tasked with the decision making at the EU level. These include the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, and the European Commission (The EU - what it is and what it does). The European Commission proposes new laws which the Council and the European Parliament adopt. Input is gotten from individual national parliaments and at the EU level, action is taken based on what will be more effective for all members rather than individual nations. National parliaments provide input based on the principle of subsidiarity and proportionality (The EU - what it is and what it does). Subsidiarity means the EU can only act in areas where it has full powers. Proportionality, on the other hand, means EU’s actions are only limited to what is necessary to achieve the union’s objectives. Member states, then, implement the adopted EU laws.

References

The EU - what it is and what it does. Op.europa.eu. Retrieved 28 September 2020, from https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/ (https://op.europa.eu/webpub/com/eu-what-it-is/en/)

Whitman Cobb, W. N. (2020) (p.78-80). Political science today. Washington, DC: Sage, CQ Press.

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/72720)Samuel Angus (Instructor) 10:02am

Dorcas and Class,

The ongoing conversation on the EU is up above. I have responded to this post up in that ongoing conversation. Please only post on the EU up above in the ongoing conversation.

Thanks!

Sam

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 42 of 45

" Reply &

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/79392)

Geoffrey Rovira (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/79392) Yesterday

" Reply &

For this discussion I chose the United Nations (UN), which was established soon after World War II in 1945. As stated by the UN, their main mission is to “maintain international peace and security” by “solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character” (United Nations, 2020). Their focus is to prevent conflict before it occurs and mediating parties in order to make peace (United Nations, 2020).

As written by Whitman Cobb (2020), the UN does not involve itself with state sovereignty as long as it is within that country’s territory. Weiss (2018), further writes that the UN is unable to because it is the last line of defense to national sovereignty. However, if human rights or international law are violated, the states in the UN will consider intervening (Weiss, 2018). Whitman Cobb (2020) writes that the UN has been criticized for being unable to maintain international peace as it is reliant on member states. Sanctions can be placed on states violating human rights, but there is no way to enforce them (Whitman Cobb, 2020). The UN provides a dialogue between member states in order to develop as peaceful a world as possible.

References:

United Nations. (2020). What we do. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/index.html

Weiss, T.G. (2018). The United Nations and sovereignty in the age of Trump. Current History, 117(795), 10-15. Retrieved from https://www-proquest- com.chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/docview/1985626322/abstract/B8304EBE1594843PQ/1?accountid=147674

Whitman Cobb, W. N. (2020). Political science today (1st ed.). Washington, DC: Sage, CQ Press.

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/72720)Samuel Angus (Instructor) 10:00am

" Reply &

Geoffrey and Class,

The ongoing conversation on the United Nations is up above. I have responded to this post up in that ongoing conversation. Please only post on the UN up above in the ongoing conversation.

Thanks!

Sam

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 43 of 45

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/125151)

Nikki Lagua (h!ps://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/125151) 1:07am

" Reply &

Professor and Class,

Back in the early 50’s, people in Europe were concerned about the possible outbreak of wars after the events of WW2. The European Union (EU) is an establishment where each member in the group has given up some of their state sovereignty, specifically looking at economics, to their political structure (Cobb, 2019). The group was originally created to prevent future wars in Europe and planned to do so by integrating economies so that they were reliant on each other. In 1951, the European Coal and Steel community was formed by France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. They agreed to make coal and steel to be freely traded by the members with no conflict. In 1958, the European Economics Community formed to implement common policies regarding trading and transport. It was not until 1992 where the Maastricht Treaty was created to form the EU we know today (Amato, 2019). The EU has focused their efforts to protect human freedom, ensure security, promote structure within the economy, and share their roles with the rest of the world. According to Amato’s book (2019), the European council has officials representing specific countries just like the US has representatives from each state. It should be noted that sovereignty is shared among all members of the EU and should be seen as a body based on social and economic structure.

References:

Amato, G. (2019). The History of the European Union: Constructing Utopia (1st ed.). Hart Publishing.

Cobb, W. W. N. (2019). Political Science Today (1st ed.). CQ Press.

(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/68288/users/72720)Samuel Angus (Instructor) 10:02am

" Reply &

Nikki and Class,

The ongoing conversation on the EU is up above. I have responded to this post up in that ongoing conversation. Please only post on the EU up above in the ongoing conversation.

Thanks!

Sam

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 44 of 45

10/1/20, 12:47 PM Page 45 of 45