BSC1005-Disc3
MO-MO
Topic-Discussion3-TheCell.pdf
This is a graded discussion: 30 points possible
due -
Discussion 3 - The Cell 45 53
Directions: In this module, we spent some time considering specialized
cellular structures within an animal cell. We examined the individual
functions of these cellular structures and how they work together to promote
the overall functioning of the cell on the whole.
One point to consider is that animals are multi-cellular organisms made of
many cells with different functions. During cell production and development,
depending on the function of that particular cell type, there may be more or
less of a given cellular structure.
One example of a specialized cell type within your body is the white blood
cell. You have multiple types of white blood cells and depending on the way
they function, they have different cellular structures to facilitate that
function. One type of white blood cell undergoes phagocytosis, or “cell-
eating”, where this cell can injest and destroy an invading prokaryote such
as a bacterial cell. In other words, the plasma membrane of this white blood
cell will form an invagination of the plasma membrane around the bacterial
cell and bring it into the cell. Once inside, this type of white blood cell
contains many lysosomes that will destroy the invader. After the invader has
been broken down, the break down products will be released outside of the
cell through exocytosis, thus contributing to the overall health of the
organism.
For this discussion board activity, find and describe one specialized cell
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 1 of 44
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For this discussion board activity, find and describe one specialized cell
type (unique to ones discussed by your classmates in this activity). In your
response, please identify the cell type, the general function of that cell, and
any known modifications that have been made (such as that cell containing
more or less of a given structure) in order for that cell type to perform its
function optimally.
Submission: After you have posted your initial post, read and respond to
two or more of your classmates' posts. Be sure to make substantive and
constructive comments (just posting “nice post” doesn’t count). For
example, add something from your own experience, something you’ve read
or seen. If the situation calls for it, feel free to state an opinion, but be sure
to state any points with which you agree and/or those with which you
disagree, as well as your reasons for agreeing or disagreeing.
Grading: This discussion is worth 30 points and will be graded using
the Discussion Rubric. Pease use it as a guide toward successful completion
of this assignment.
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Harun Vatres (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/106498)
May 28, 2023
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 2 of 44
Cell Type: Paneth Cell
Function: Paneth cells are found in the small intestine. Their primary
function is to support the innate immune defense of the intestinal
mucosa. They secrete various antimicrobial peptides and proteins, such
as lysozyme, defenses, and secretory phospholipase A2, which help
protect against microbial infections and maintain a healthy gut
microbiota. These antimicrobial substances target bacteria, fungi, and
other pathogens that may enter the intestinal lumen. Paneth cells
possess extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and a well-
developed Golgi apparatus, which are responsible for the synthesis and
processing of antimicrobial peptides. The presence of numerous
mitochondria within Paneth cells provides the necessary energy for their
secretory function.
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Brianna Neeley (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/139670)
Jun 2, 2023
Great post. Paneth Cells are important, without their help we would
be susceptible to Crohns Disease!
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Onix Crespo (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/122748)
Jun 4, 2023
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 3 of 44
Found this very insightful, haven’t heard pf the Paneth Cell before and
this helped me visualize what use it has.
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Corbin Miller (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/54253)
Jun 4, 2023
Hello Harun,
This is a very important cell that without it we would have problems
with our gut biome. It's nice to know that these cell's organelles that
deal with the "trash" is extensively developed and helps keep us safe
this way. I did not know that these were the cells that kept the
intestinal biome in check.
Great discussion!
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Brooklyn Rossi (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/24335)
Jun 11, 2023
The bodies multiple levels of defense are fascinating. There are so
many different things on a cellular level that could kill us or injure us.
I think it is amazing that they even defend against Salmonella
Typhimurium. This is something that if left unchecked could cause
hospitalization and death.
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6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 4 of 44
Ashley Burris (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/142506)
Jun 12, 2023
Reply to Harun:
Fun Fact: Paneth cells only have a life span of around 60 days and
are not needed in the large intestine only the small. I find it
interesting how it is not needed in the large intestine as it is not
needed. I never knew that the small and large intestines had different
functions or were made up of different cells.
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Jomer Ibarreta (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/26650)
Jun 12, 2023
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 5 of 44
Reply
Great discussion Harun! The crypts of Lieberkuhn in the small
intestine are home to special cells that make secretions. These cells
are called Paneth cells. They are in charge of making and releasing
antimicrobial peptides, which are important for keeping the gut flora
in balance. Recent research has shown that Paneth cells can also
help make cytokines and chemokines in reaction to bacterial or viral
infections. Research has also shown that Paneth cells can change in
response to different environmental factors. For example, the levels
of expression of antimicrobial peptides, cytokines, and chemokines
can change. So, Paneth cells are very important for keeping the gut
bacteria in balance.
Reference:
"Paneth Cells: Role in Gut Homeostasis and Disease." Medlineplus,
U.S. National Library of Medicine,
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002397.htm
(http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002397.htm)
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Onix Crespo (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/122748)
May 29, 2023
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 6 of 44
Cell type: Stem Cells Before a cell specializes, it starts as a stem cell. The main feature of stem cells is that they have the potencial to become any cell needed in the body. The process that allows these cells to transform into any kind of cell is known as cell differentiation and is controlled by multiple factors, external and internal such as genetics, chemicals and physical contact with other cells. These cells are ancestors to all cells in the body, from skin cells to neurons. We couldn’t function as human beings without them. The most known uses for stem cells are; they can speed up regeneration after some pathological condition. As these cells are unspecialized, stem cells resemble simple cells. They have a cell membrane, surrounding the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains a nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes and centrioles. The nucleus contains DNA and RNA, which are expressed when differentiations occurs in the cell. Humans have two types of these cells: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are the cells that multiply and differentiate to become organs, bones and muscles in a fetus. Adult stem cells replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissue, and are also known as somatic stem cells.
https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/types-of-cells-in-the- human-body (https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/types-of-
cells-in-the-human-body)
https://medlineplus.gov/stemcells.html (https://medlineplus.gov/stemcells.html#:~:text=Patient%20Handouts-,Sum
mary,cells%20and%20adult%20stem%20cells.)
https://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/stc-basics (https://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/stc-basics)
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6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 7 of 44
Brianna Neeley (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/139670)
Jun 2, 2023
I enjoyed your post; stem cells have definitely gone viral for all of its
wonders that it can create. I heard they can heal Parkinsons and
heart disease by replacing the defective cells.
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Cori Perry (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/113155)
Jun 4, 2023
Good morning Onix,
Stem cell replacement therapy has worked wonders for many
patients. I used to work for a doctor in Illinois that had contracted
Lyme disease. She actually had stem cell therapy done on her and it
improved her health so much. She began researching it and started
treating others eventually (after I was gone). It's absolutely wondrous
what technology and the body can accomplish together, isn't it?
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Corbin Miller (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/54253)
Jun 4, 2023
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 8 of 44
Hello Onix,
This is a cool cell to do this discussion on since I hear about "stem"
cells in news articles everywhere. I did not really know what a stem
cell was before this actually. It's cool to think that the body generates
these "blank canvas" cells to aid in any help it may need.
Great discussion, very insightful!
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Heidi Street (She/Her) (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/136481)
Jun 7, 2023
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 9 of 44
Onyx,
Stem Cell research is very important, particularly when it comes to
cancer research.
Stem cell research has led to the identification of cancer stem cells,
which are a small subpopulation of cells within tumors that have stem
cell-like properties. CSCs have the ability to self-renew and
differentiate into various cell types within the tumor. They are most
likely responsible for tumor initiation, recurrence, and resistance to
therapies. Understanding CSCs is crucial for developing targeted
therapies that eliminate these cells and improve treatment
outcomes.
Stem cells can be used to create disease models for studying cancer.
Stem cells can be reprogrammed into cancer cells, allowing
researchers to study the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer
development and progression.
Stem cell research has contributed to the understanding of cancer
biology, provided tools for disease modeling and drug discovery, and
created new methods for cancer treatment and regenerative
medicine.
Best wishes, Brooke.
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Ashley Burris (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/142506)
Jun 12, 2023
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 10 of 44
Reply to Onix:
I chose sperm cells for my discussion which correlates with your
choice of stem cells, “Embryonic stem cells are the cells that multiply
and differentiate to become organs, bones, and muscles in a fetus”. I
am highly impressed with how something so small such as sperm and
cells can adapt together to form something that is so complexly
designed such as a human. The study of human life and its creation
is something that is so overlooked in comparison to its magnitude.
We all experience it, but most have never taken a second thought in
regards to it.
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Jomer Ibarreta (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/26650)
Jun 12, 2023
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 11 of 44
Reply
Very interesting discussion, Onix! Stem cells are a particular type of
cell that have the potential to differentiate into a wide variety of other
cell types. Stem cells can be found in all tissues and organs of the
body. Stem cells have the potential to be turned into medicines for a
wide variety of disorders, including Parkinson's, Parkinson's disease,
cancer, and diabetes. Stem cells can undergo this type of change in
order to be used to replace or repair damaged tissues or organs, as
well as to produce new organs or tissues. Additionally, stem cells can
be employed to build new organs or tissues. Researchers are always
looking into and creating new techniques for modifying stem cells in
the hope of one day curing or at least alleviating the symptoms of
various diseases. Because of these advancements, stem cells might
one day be used to help heal a significant number of the diseases
that currently affect the human population.
Reference:
“Stem Cells: What They Are and What They Do.” National Institutes
of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 17 Sept. 2019,
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stemcells/whatarestemcells.html
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Brianna Neeley (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/139670)
Jun 2, 2023
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 12 of 44
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Cell type: Muscle Cells
Muscle cells are responsible for movement in the body. Three different
types of muscle cells make up the human body: skeletal, smooth, and
cardiac. I will be mainly referring to the skeletal muscle cells.
A muscle cell, known technically as a "Myocyte", is a specialized animal
cell which can shorten its length using a series of motor proteins
specially arranged within the cell. While several associated proteins
help, actin and myosin form thick and thin filaments which slide past
each other to contract small units of a muscle cell. These units are
called sarcomeres, and many of them run end-to-end within a larger fiber
called a myofibril. A single muscle cell contains many nuclei, which are
pressed against the cell membrane. A muscle cell is a long cell
compared to other forms of cells, and many muscle cells connect
together to form the long fibers found in muscle tissue.
To activate a muscle, the brain sends an impulse down a nerve. The nerve
impulse travels down the nerve cells to the neuromuscular junction,
where a nerve cell meets a muscle cell. The impulse is transferred to the
nerve cell and travels down specialized canals in the sarcolemma to
reach the transverse tubules. The energy in the transverse tubules causes
the SR to release of the Ca(2+) it has built up, flooding the cytoplasm
with calcium. The Ca(2+) has a special effect on the proteins associated
with actin.
A muscle cell’s ability to contract, or shorten itself, permits movement. In
order for the cell to perform its function optimally, all contraction
depends on the presence of actin and myosin. Stimulation of actin and
myosin bundles causes the proteins to slide toward one another, thereby
shortening the fibers. Stimulation may come from a nerve signal, or it
may result from the presence of charged molecules or ions the brain
sends out to the muscle cell.
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Cori Perry (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/113155)
Jun 4, 2023
Good morning Brianna,
Isn't it amazing to imagine how tiny these cells are, and all that they
do within our bodies without us even thinking about it at all? We just
go about our day, cooking, cleaning, typing responses to discussion
boards, and these cells, all the while, are constantly growing, moving,
changing and making our bodies grow. I find it fascinating. Muscle
cells are so important to our daily function.
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Onix Crespo (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/122748)
Jun 4, 2023
Hello Brianna
This was very interesting when it comes to breaking down the way
muscles work. I haven’t heard such a in depth definition before.
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Bonni Haber (She/Her) (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/107427)
Jun 5, 2023
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 15 of 44
Reply
Briana, wonderfully written post with a lot of great info I actually
found interesting and it was easy to follow! I love learning new things
like this broken down in an easy way! Good info!
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Beyonce Miranda-Gomez (She/Her) (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/129249)
Jun 8, 2023
Hello Brianna! I appreciate the simplicity in your post. It is very
informative, even for those who might not know many scientific terms
(aka Me.) It is astonishing to see what goes on in our bodies,
especially with the smallest parts of it having such a huge role! Like
movement!
(https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/113155)Cori Perry (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/113155)
Jun 4, 2023
Parafollicular cells are pale-staining cells found in small number in the
thyroid and are typically situated basally in the epithelium, without direct
contact with the follicular lumen. They are always situated within the
basement membrane, which surrounds the entire follicle.
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 16 of 44
basement membrane, which surrounds the entire follicle.
Parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin, a hormone that participates in the
regulation of calcium metabolism. Calcitonin lowers blood levels of
calcium by inhibiting the resorption of bone by osteoclasts, and its
secretion is increased proportionally with the concentration of calcium.
Parafollicular cells are also known to secrete in smaller quantities several
neuroendocrine peptides such as serotonin, somatostatin or CGRP. They
may also have a role in regulating thyroid hormones production locally, as
they express thyrotropin-releasing hormone. (Wikipedia, Dec 2022)
There are also thyroid follicular cells. Thyroid follicular cells (also called
thyroid epithelial cells or thyrocytes) are the major cell type in the thyroid
gland and are responsible for the production and secretion of the thyroid
hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). They form the single
layer of cuboidal epithelium that makes up the outer structure of the
thyroid follicle. Follicular cells take up iodide and amino acids from the
blood circulation on the basolateral side, synthesize thyroglobulin and
thyroperoxidase from amino acids and secrete these into the thyroid
follicles together with iodide. The follicular cells subsequently take up
iodinated thyroglobulin from the follicles by endocytosis, extract thyroid
hormones from it with the help of proteases and subsequently release
thyroid hormones into the blood.
These thyroid hormones are transported throughout the body where they
control metabolism (which is the conversion of oxygen and carbohydrates
to energy). Every cell in the body depends upon thyroid hormones for
regulation of their metabolism. The normal thyroid gland produces about
80% T4 and about 20% T3, however, T3 is about four times as potent as
T4. (Wikipedia, May 2022)
Both cells function together to help regulate the body. As stated above,
every cell in the body depends upon thyroid hormones for regulation of
their metabolism. They also take up a vital role in the development,
growth, and function of most of the tissues and organs of the body. One
can also say that the thyroid hormones are mandatory for the normal
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Edited by Cori Perry (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/113155) on Jun 4 at 7:04am
can also say that the thyroid hormones are mandatory for the normal
metabolic activity of all the cells of the body. When these cells become
cancerous, as in my case, it is imperative to have them removed and
begin hormone thyroid replacement therapy. You need to keep your TSH,
T3 and T4 regulated in order to function daily. Amazing that such tiny
cells and such a small gland have such a major impact on your entire
body, isn’t it?
“Parafollicular Cell.” Wikipedia, Dec. 2022,
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafollicular_cell.
“Thyroid Follicular Cell.” Wikipedia, May 2022,
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_follicular_cell.
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Robin Patterson (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/148704)
Jun 12, 2023
Hi Cori,
Prior to reading your discussion I did realize that thyroid regulated
metabolism but I did not realize to what extent. The fact that every
cell in the body relies on the thyroid for regulation is amazing. I've
even heard of T4 and T3 but did not fully understand until I read this.
The more I read about all these cells the more I am fascinated by
how everything works together.
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 18 of 44
Reply
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Corbin Miller (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/54253)
Jun 4, 2023
Cell type: Osteocyte
The Osteocyte cell is a cell that is found within bone structure of mature
adults. The function of these cells are to regulate mineral deposition of
the bone matrix. This means that they deal with the process of bone
formation along with bone resorption. It is also stated that Osteocyte
cells are known to be "orchestrator of many of bone’s functions."
(Schaffler & Kennedy, 2012). Osteocytes also can take the function of
endocrine cells where they assist with other things such as the
phosphate transportation in organs such as the kidney. It is thought that
the immature Osteocyte cell has plump organelles and that as it matures
the organelles such as the Golgi apparatus and the Rough ER begin to
shrink. It is thought that the mineralization around the Osteocyte cell is
the causes the organelles to shrink. This is because the cell must help
regulate it's life as it falls in the matrix embedding as these cells have
been known to be one of the longest living cells in the human body.
Schaffler, M. B., & Kennedy, O. D. (2012, June). Osteocyte signaling in
Bone. Current osteoporosis reports.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3366431/#:~:text=
Osteocytes%20regulate%20local%20mineral%20deposition,kidney
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 19 of 44
Osteocytes%20regulate%20local%20mineral%20deposition,kidney
%20to%20regulate%20phosphate%20transport
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3366431/#:~:text=Osteocyt
es%20regulate%20local%20mineral%20deposition,kidney%20to%20regul
ate%20phosphate%20transport) .
Irie, K., Ejiri, S., Sakakura, Y., Shibui, T., & Yajima, T. (2008, June). Matrix
mineralization as a trigger for osteocyte maturation. The journal of
histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry
Society. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2386767/
Dallas, S. L., Prideaux, M., & Bonewald, L. F. (2013, October). The
osteocyte: An endocrine cell ... and more. Endocrine reviews.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3785641/
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3785641/)
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Zachary Hatten (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/143345)
Jun 6, 2023
This is the cell I was originally hoping to write about but you did a
much better job breaking it down and explainign it than I would have
done. Most people just think that drinking milk makes strong bones
so it's wholly different thing to actual understand the complex
process and the other materials that go into the creation and growth
of bone matrices. Furthermore it's not common knowledge that other
processes occur inside the bones such as the formation of marrow.
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Reply
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Brooklyn Rossi (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/24335)
Jun 11, 2023
Many look at bones as this inanimate structure like support beams in
a house. I believe this is due to people not being able to really see
changes the changes occurring with in them. I was aware of the many
changes that occur with in the bone, but I was shocked to find out my
fathers cancer spread to his bones years ago. I had that mindset
mentioned early and just never thought that was somewhere you
could get cancer. Because of this, I did research and was fascinated
by the inner workings of bones. It is amazing how much our body
uses different parts to support each other as well. The same kind of
cells that are in bones are also assisting the kidney in different ways
is a testament to our bodies utilizing cells in versatile ways.
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Claudia Huerta (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/137133)
Jun 5, 2023
Cell Type: Neurons
Neurons, or nerve cells, are specialized cells within the nervous system
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Neurons, or nerve cells, are specialized cells within the nervous system
that transmit information throughout the body. They are responsible for
receiving, processing, and transmitting electrical and chemical signals,
allowing communication between different regions of the brain, as well as
between the brain and other body parts. Neurons are a key component in
facilitating essential functions, such as muscle movement, sensory
perception, and cognitive processes.
General Function: Neurons are responsible for transmitting electrical
impulses and chemical signals, allowing communication between different
regions of the brain and the rest of the body. They play a crucial role in
processing information and controlling vital body functions.
Modifications for Optimal Function:
1. Unique Cell Structure: Neurons have a distinct structure compared to
other cells in the body. Their unique morphology consists of a cell body
(soma), which contains the nucleus and other organelles, and several
elongated extensions called dendrites and axons. Dendrites receive
information from other neurons or sensory cells, while axons transmit
information to other neurons, muscles, or glands.
2. Myelin Sheath: Many neurons, especially those with long axons, are
covered with a fatty substance called myelin. The myelin sheath acts as an
insulator, which increases the speed of electrical impulse transmission.
This is crucial for maintaining efficient communication within the nervous
system.
3. Synapses: The point where a neuron communicates with another neuron
or target cell is called a synapse. Neurons contain specialized structures
called synaptic vesicles, which store neurotransmitters. When an electrical
impulse reaches the end of an axon, the neurotransmitters are released
into the synaptic cleft, where they can then bind to receptors on the
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 22 of 44
into the synaptic cleft, where they can then bind to receptors on the
receiving cell. This allows for the transmission of information between
cells.
4. High Metabolic Activity: Neurons have a high demand for energy due to
their constant activity. To meet this demand, they contain a higher number
of mitochondria compared to other cell types. This allows for increased
production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell's primary source of
energy.
In summary, neurons are specialized cells within the nervous system
responsible for transmitting information throughout the body. Their
unique structure, the presence of myelin, synapses, and high metabolic
activity, allow them to perform their functions optimally.
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Bonni Haber (She/Her) (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/107427)
Jun 5, 2023
Claudia, I had wanted this one but you skillfully beat me to it! I find
the Neuron the most fascinating cell in the body and can't help but
think of electricity when learning about it. I think that goes back to
the demo my elementary age teacher gave to teach us about
neurons, synapsis and the other functions of the cell! Great post.
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Zachary Hatten (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/143345)
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 23 of 44
Reply
Jun 6, 2023
This is the work I had to reference while covering my cell, the myelin
sheath in neurons is such an important part of the cell's function as if
the electrical signal was lost or dispersed away from the axon then
the next neuron in line wouldn't receive the signal and be able to
pass it along the line.
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Beyonce Miranda-Gomez (She/Her) (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/129249)
Jun 8, 2023
Hello Claudia! I also posted about the nerve cell! I know I shouldn't
have since our professor wants us to be unique, but I love the topic
on Nerve Cells! Nerve cells are involved with much more than we
know! A little fun fact: within the Terminal Buttons are
neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters are released when we are
stressed, learning, or feeling a deeper emotion like love! Overall, they
send messages, within those messages are the neurotransmitters!
You did very well covering the general function of the nerve cell!
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Bonni Haber (She/Her) (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/107427)
Jun 5, 2023
The Melanocyte is one of the four main types of cells found in the
epidermis, it consist of about 5-10% of the skin sells in the basal layer of
the epidermis. The melanocytes main function is to produce melanin
which is the pigment that gives skin and hair its color. Melanin protects
skin cells against harmful uv radiation and is produced as a response to
sun exposure. In cases of continuous sun exposure, melanin will
accumulate in the skin and cause it to become darker. This process is
how a "sun tan" develops. Bids and mammals produce these cells.
Melanocytes migrate to either the bottom layer of the epidermis or hair
follicular during embryonic life. The absence of melanocytes, which
occurs in vitiligo, results in a loss of melanin pigmentation. Conditions
such as albinism and phenylketonuria are caused by reduced or absent
synthesis of melanin by melanocytes. This is an extremely interesting cell
and sheds light on the fact that really such a small percentage of a tiny
cell in us is what makes up our skin color, something that so much of
history has unfortunately been the foundation of racism and inequalities.
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Heidi Street (She/Her) (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/136481)
Jun 7, 2023
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Bonni,
I was hoping someone would do this one! As a redhead, these cells
are so interesting to me.
There are two main types of melanin produced by melanocytes:
eumelanin and pheomelanin. Red hair color is primarily caused by
mutations in the MC1R gene, which affects the function of
melanocytes. The mutated MC1R gene results in reduced production
of eumelanin and an increased production of pheomelanin.
Pheomelanin is a lighter pigment that appears red. Additionally, the
MC1R gene mutation can also affect other pigmented features, such
as fair skin and freckles. People with red hair often have lighter skin
that is more prone to sunburn and have a higher number of freckles
due to the increased presence of pheomelanin. hence.. gingers!
!"
(https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/107427)
Bonni Haber (She/Her) (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/107427)
Jun 11, 2023
Heidi, thats pretty cool info to know about yourself!! Nice!
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Reply
Zachary Hatten (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/143345)
Jun 6, 2023
Edited by Zachary Hatten (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/143345) on Jun 6 at 6:01pm
Oligodendrocytes are responsible for the creation of some of the most important
insulation materials in nature. Someone else has already covered neurons and you
may already know some of the relevant parts that make up the neuron. The myelin
sheath is the membranous material that covers the axon shaft along which action
potentials are sent to transmit signals between neurons. The oligodendrocytes
synthesize these sheaths on the neurons like wrapping electrical tape around an
exposed wire to keep it from discharging any current accidentally.
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Heidi Street (She/Her) (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/136481)
Jun 7, 2023
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 27 of 44
Cone Cells are photoreceptor cells responsible for color vision and visual
acuity that are found in the retina of the eye. Cone cells themselves are
not typically modified; however, there are some modifications and
interventions that effect the function and performance of cone cells.
Gene therapy is currently being researched to treat inherited retinal
deceases such as cone-dystrophy. These deceases are caused by genetic
mutations that effect cone cell function. Gene therapy is a method of
introducing functional genes into cone cells, in an effort to improve their
function and slow down the progression of these conditions.
More commonly known methods used to improve the function of cone
cells are external corrections such as LASIK and PRK. These procedures
improve and correct vision conditions such as astigmatism, myopia and
hyperopia, improving the focusing ability of cone cells and enhancing
visual acuity.
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Robin Patterson (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/148704)
Jun 12, 2023
Hi Heidi,
Cone cells are another perfect example of how amazing our bodies
are. I am somewhat familiar with cone cells due to my wife having
LASIK surgery done. She wore glasses most of her life then decided
to get the procedure. According to her it was the best decision she
has ever made. Her vision is pretty close to perfect now and no more
glasses.
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 28 of 44
Reply
(https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/70051)
Claudia Pena (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/70051)
Jun 13, 2023
Hello Heidi,
Great choice, I learned from your post about the existence of these
cone cells, its function and how they can get improve through
corrective treatment. I got a Lasik surgery in 2005 and I was so
happy to make that decision, and until today I haven't used glasses
anymore. Thank you for sharing.
Claudia.
(https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/129249)
Beyonce Miranda-Gomez (She/Her) (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/129249)
Jun 8, 2023
Hello All!
The specialized cell type I have decided to discuss about is the Nerve
Cell. In my psychology course, I learned a lot of the Nerve Cell and of its
functions. It was a very enlightening course! Nerve cells are found all
over your bond, but are especially located in your brain and spinal cord,
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 29 of 44
over your bond, but are especially located in your brain and spinal cord,
the Nervous system. The general cell structure of a Nerve cell looks
different than any other! I will attach a photo to show you all, but it is
composed of many parts. Hence, its many functions. The first part of the
cell is the Cell body, which contains the nucleus. Attached to the cell
body, are the dendrites (my favorite part of the Nerve Cell.) The dendrites
are what receive information and orient it towards the cell body.
Dendrites receive information from other cells and passes it down. Very
messenger-like. This is the sole purpose of the Nerve Cell, to pass
information. Generally, the next part of the Nerve Cell is called the Myelin
Sheath, which speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses. In the end,
we have Terminal Buttons, which finally sends the signal or message to
other neurons. There are other factors responsible responsible for this
transmission, such things like Action Potential, however, I won't get too
in depth. My favorite factor of the Nerve Cell are the Neurotransmitters
involved! Neurotransmitters are stored in very tiny sacs within the
terminal buttons. Why are neurotransmitters so important? Have you ever
heard of love being a chemical? Technically, it is true. The feeling of love,
stress, learning are all enforced my neurotransmitters. The Nerve Cell is
involved with a lot that we might overlook! To the next following question,
of modification, was something I had to do my own research on. The first
thing that came up, was an article stating that scientist have figured out
a way to genetically modify a neuron (nerve cell) to help build artificial
structures, like implants. As stated in the article, "The basis of the
method relies on genetically modifying specific types of nerve cells,
causing them to produce conductive or insulating polymers on their
surfaces, having the impact of changing their electrical properties." Now,
this is something that I would have to fully study myself to see how and
why they chose to involve a nerve cell into the science of artificial
structures, but, one thing is clear. The nerve cells is the messenger cell,
around the whole body, and it entails very strong neurotransmitters, a cell
this power can be involved with many scientific experiments and
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this power can be involved with many scientific experiments and
discoveries!
https://www.news-medical.net/news/20200320/Genetically-
modified-neurons-could-enhance-function-of-clinical-
implants.aspx#:~:text=Genetically%20modifying%20neurons&text
=The%20basis%20of%20the%20method,of%20changing%20their
%20electrical%20properties (https://www.news-
medical.net/news/20200320/Genetically-modified-neurons-could-enhance-
function-of-clinical-
implants.aspx#:~:text=Genetically%20modifying%20neurons&text=The%2
0basis%20of%20the%20method,of%20changing%20their%20electrical%2
0properties) .
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Reply
(https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/148704)
Robin Patterson (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/148704)
Jun 11, 2023
Hi Beyonce,
I can certainly see why the nerve cells interests you so much. I know
there is a lot more to them as you mentioned in your discussion, but I
did not realize all that they do. I only thought of the nerve cells being
in the nervous system. I read somewhere that the human brain has
an estimated 100 billion neurons. This is fascinating to me.
(https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/137316)
Alexis Clements (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/137316)
Jun 11, 2023
Hello Beyonce,
You did a great job with your discussion response. I had minimal
knowledge in regards to the nerve cell before reading your response.
However now I can say this response did expand my knowledge. I also
appreciate you adding a visual as well for those of us who are visual
learners.
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 32 of 44
(https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/148704)
Robin Patterson (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/148704)
Jun 11, 2023
After learning that there are hundreds of cells in the human body, I
decided to write about the cartilage cells also known as chondrocytes.
They are tough yet flexible tissues. They are found in the ears and nose.
In those locations it is used to help keep those areas in shape. It is also
found between bone joints. In those locations it acts as a shock
absorber, it reduces friction, and supports joints and bones.
Modification in the cartilage cells can occur under several conditions. A
couple examples are during lengthy periods of immobilization, weight
gain or under excessive loads, pregnancy, or injuries. The cartilage cells
under this circumstance can return to normal. Another modification that
usually does not return to normal is deterioration due to aging.
The cartilage cells do have limited ability to heal themselves because
they lack blood vessels. While they may heal it will be slower than other
tissues.
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Alexis Clements (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/137316)
Jun 11, 2023
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 33 of 44
Reply
Hello Robin,
Every time I think of cartilage I immediately think of the ear. I always
forget it can be found in the nose as well. Learning about the purpose
of the cartilage was interesting and I enjoyed reading your response. I
also did not know about the slow healing process. Great job explaining
and great choice.
(https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/102878)
Amira Betancourt (She/Her) (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/102878)
Jun 12, 2023
Hey Robin, I had no clue chondrocytes were the same thing as
cartilage cells (didn’t even know that word existed). I also didn’t know
that cartilage doesn’t have any blood vessels, very interesting!
(https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/137316)
Alexis Clements (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/137316)
Jun 11, 2023
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 34 of 44
Cell Type: Egg Cell
Specialized cells have unique structures that allow them to carry out their
functions in the body. The egg cell is responsible for reproduction and
the egg cell is activated through fertilization from sperm, which results in
the creation of an offspring. Not only is the egg cell a specialized cell,
but it also assists in the production of every cell through the process of
reproduction. The cytoplasm of an egg can reprogram a somatic cell
nucleus so that the nucleus can direct the development of a new
individual.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26842/#:~:text=Although
%20an%20egg%20can%20give,development%20of%20a%20new
%20individual
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26842/#:~:text=Although%20an%
20egg%20can%20give,development%20of%20a%20new%20individual) .
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th
edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. Eggs. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26842/
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Amira Betancourt (She/Her) (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/102878)
Jun 12, 2023
Hi Alexis, I think it’s so interesting that one tiny little egg cell can
make a full sized human. Great job on your response!
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 35 of 44
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(https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/142506)
Ashley Burris (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/142506)
Jun 12, 2023
Cell Type: Sperm Cell
I have always found human creation to be so intriguing, so I found it a
no-brainer to discuss sperm cells. Sperm cells have rounded heads and
long strong tails which enable them to swim up through the cervix and
toward the fallopian tubes. For fertilization to be successful (the general
function of sperm), the egg and sperm must be moving through the
fallopian tubes at the same time, which allows for them to join. During its
path to reproduction, modifications of the sperm membrane allow for the
maturation of epididymal spermatozoa. This process of sperm traveling
from the testicles into the epididymis where they can mature allows the
sperm to fulfill its journey and be ready to fertilize the egg. Roughly 6-8
days after fertilization, the fertilized egg (embryo) implants into the
uterine lining. If successful, roughly 40 weeks later, a new life is born!
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Claudia Pena (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/70051)
Jun 13, 2023
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 36 of 44
Reply
Hello Ashley,
Your post caught my attention when in your introduction you
expressed curiosity on the humanity creation. I like the way you
explained the function and process of the egg cell, especially the
sperm as an important one on the fecundation process and from
millions of them, just one successfully join the egg and get humane
life, what a miracle! don't you think? Thank you for sharing.
Claudia
(https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/26650)
Jomer Ibarreta (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/26650)
Jun 12, 2023
Myocytes, which are also called muscle cells, are specialized cells that
contract and relax to move the body. By contracting and relaxing,
myocytes make it possible for skeletal muscles to move and give the
body support. Myocytes can also change how they work based on what's
going on around them. For example, myocytes can get stronger when
they work out, but they can get weaker when they get hurt or sick.
Myocytes can also change their size, shape, and electrical properties in
reaction to things in their environment. These changes make it possible
for myocytes to react to and adapt to the changing needs of the body.
Also, myocytes play a big part in keeping homeostasis by helping to
control blood pressure, temperature, and the balance of electrolytes. So,
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Reply
control blood pressure, temperature, and the balance of electrolytes. So,
myocytes are important to the way the body works because they help it
change to its surroundings and respond to them. The myocytes have two
distinct types of contractile proteins, actin and myosin, which allow them
to shorten and lengthen, thus enabling the pumping action of the heart.
The electrical signals generated by the myocytes are then transmitted to
the rest of the heart to coordinate its contraction and allow blood to be
pumped throughout the body. Myocyte function and morphology can be
modified by various factors such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and
drugs. These modifications can lead to changes in heart rate, force of
contraction, and other functions of the heart.
References:
"The Role of Myocytes in the Human Body." Healthline,
https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/myocyte. Accessed
9 April 2021 (https://www.healthline.com/human-body-
maps/myocyte.%20Accessed%209%20April%202021) .
"Myocardial Cells (Myocytes)." British Heart Foundation,
www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/how-your-heart-works/myocardial-cells-
myocytes. Accessed 6 Sept. 2020.
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 38 of 44
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Brooklyn Rossi (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/24335)
Jun 12, 2023
Cell Type: Enteroendocrine Cells
The Enteroendocrine Cells function in different parts throughout the
digestive system. They are located throughout the stomach, pancreas
and gastrointestinal track. Enteroendocrine cells function by releasing
hormones during the digestion process to aid in absorption of nutrients
and defiance. They signal to the other organs when its time to release
certain enzymes to optimize absorption of nutrients. This is done
through the pancreas and gall bladder They also can use their receptors
to identify pathogens. They secrete hormones when a pathogen is
detected so that the defense cells are aware and deal with the
unwelcomed cells. There are multiple different types of these cells
located in different parts of the digestive tracks. They release
cholecystokinin and various peptides to achieve this.
Gunawardene, A. R., Corfe, B. M., & Staton, C. A. (2011). Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3144510/
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3144510/)
Robertson, S. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.news-
medical.net/health/What-are-Enteroendocrine-
Cells.aspx#:~:text=Enteroendocrine%20cells%20are%20specialized%2
0cells,be%20distributed%20as%20local%20messengers.
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Reply
Tiara Taylor (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/13719)
Jun 19, 2023
Hi Brooklyn,
I never knew what Enteroendocrine cells were or that they function in
different parts of our digestive system. Not to mention that they are
located in the pancreas, stomach and gastrointestinal track. I went to
Youtube to go look this up to see actual videos to get a better
understanding and view of this. I must say that I was completely
taken back and yet in awe all at the same time. Did you as well go
and look at some videos of how this functions? If not, you should. It
was completely mind blowing.
(https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/102878)
Amira Betancourt (She/Her) (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/102878)
Jun 12, 2023
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Reply
Cell type: Nerve Cells (AKA Neurons)
Neurons are the cells responsible for sending information to other cells. They gather sensory input from the outside world and send motor commands to the muscles as well. The cells are created by neural stem cells during brain development. Non animals don’t have neurons. They communicate with each other using synapses, which are connections between cells.
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Amira Betancourt (She/Her) (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/102878)
Jun 12, 2023
Works Cited
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron
(https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron)
https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/what-neuron
(https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/what-neuron)
https://www.brainfacts.org/brain-anatomy-and-
function/anatomy/2012/the-neuron
(https://www.brainfacts.org/brain-anatomy-and-
function/anatomy/2012/the-neuron)
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(https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/70051)
Claudia Pena (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/70051)
Jun 12, 2023
Cell type: Islet cells
These are also known as pancreatic islet cells or islet of Langerhans, are
clusters of endocrine cells found in the pancreas. The islet cells consist
of four distinct cell types beta, alpha, delta, and PP cells, each of them
producing a specific hormone.
Beta: this is the most common cell, which produce insulin the major
hormone in the regulation of the carbohydrate, fat, and protein
metabolism.
Alpha: this cell produces an opposite hormone glucagon, which releases
glucose from the liver and fatty acids form fat tissue.
Delta: this cell produces somatostatin, a hormone that inhibits the
release of both insulin and glucagon. In addition, this hormone plays a
role in controlling digestion and nutrient absorption.
PP cells: these cells produce pancreatic polypeptide (PP), a hormone that
regulates pancreatic exocrine functions, such as enzymes secretion and
gallbladder contraction.
Overall, these cells are responsible for producing and releasing several
hormones, including insulin and glucagon, which primary function is to
regulate blood sugar levels by responding to changes in glucose
concentration and coordinating the release of insulin and glucagon.
Dysfunction or destruction of these cells lead to various metabolic
disorders, including diabetes mellitus.
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Tiara Taylor (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/13719)
Jun 19, 2023
Hi Claudia,
I never even heard of Islet cells. It amazes me how many different
cells there are and what they actually do. When you said "the islet
cells consist of four distinct cell types beta, alpha, delta, and PP cells,
each of them producing a specific hormone". I for some reason
thought of the fraternities. Crazy to admit but I had to be honest as
most of those names are names of some of the fraternities. I also
didn't know that those cells are responsible for producing and
releasing several hormones, including insulin and glucagon. I was
really intrigued reading your post.
(https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/13719)Tiara Taylor (https://canvas.fscj.edu/courses/71848/users/13719)
Jun 19, 2023
6/30/23, 2:50 AM Page 43 of 44
Reply
A cell that I chose was the nerve cells, also known as neurons, are
specialized cells that transmit information throughout the body. They are
the basic unit of the nervous system, and they are responsible for
everything from sensing the environment to controlling movement.
Neurons have a long, thin structure called an axon that allows them to
send signals to other neurons. The axon is covered in a fatty sheath
called myelin, which helps to insulate the axon and speed up the
transmission of signals.
For them to perform their function optimally, neurons have been
modified in several ways. For example, they have a lot of mitochondria,
which are the organelles that produce energy. They also have a high
concentration of ion channels, which are proteins that allow ions to flow
in and out of the cell. The flow of ions is essential for the transmission of
nerve signals.
Neurons are a very essential part of the body, and they play a vital role in
many contrasting functions. By understanding how neurons work, we can
better understand how the nervous system functions and how it can be
affected by disease and be able to continue helping and saving lives.
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