TOE Part 4 (2)
tioett
TOEEBPPart42NEWDOCUMENT.docxRunning head: GROUP TABLE OF EVIDENCE (TOE) PART 4
GROUP TABLE OF EVIDENCE (TOE) PART 4 15
Table 1: Group Table of Evidence (TOE) Part 4
|
Citation (Write citation using APA format, just as you would in a reference list. Put articles in alphabetical order by the first author’s last name)
|
Purpose Statement (quote directly from the study), Sample, and Setting |
Research Question or Hypothesis (If the study doesn’t list one, write what the implied RQ or Hypothesis is and label as “implied.”) |
Variables (State independent and dependent variables using bullet points. Note: Participants are not variables) |
Design (Include study design (i.e. meta-analysis, RCT), level of evidence (See the Evidence Hierarchy in Polit & Beck (2014)), other key design features such as use of placebo, blinding, etc. |
Outcomes (meaning what the researchers were trying to measure) with Measures and Time Administered (meaning how the data was collected/recorded) (Do not put the actual data here. That belongs in the Findings column.) |
Findings (Include quantitative data. What are the researchers’ final conclusions based on the outcomes?) |
|
Sample: The studies involved 42 cases of neonatal sepsis and 270 healthy subjects who were matched for age and socioeconomic background. The rate death due to neonatal sepsis was reported to be 45 percent in Saudi Arabia and 12 percent in Sweden. Setting: The studies were conducted in Lahore, Pakistan and Sweden.
|
Research Question/Hypothesis: What are the primary causes of neonatal sepsis? |
Independent variable(s): Foods and fluids contaminated with bacteria before feeding infant
Dependent variable(s): Newborns bottle feeding versus breast milk feeding
|
Study design: Analysis cohort study Level of evidence: Level 5 Key design features: Placebo controlled study
|
|
Conclusions: The results suggest that even partial feeding with breast milk significantly protects newborns against neonatal sepsis
|
|
|
Casiday, R. E., Wright, C. M., Panter-Brick, C., & Parkinson, K. N. (2004). Do early infant feeding patterns relate to breastfeeding continuation and weight gain? Data from a longitudinal cohort study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 58(9), 1290-1296.
|
Purpose: To describe the first-week feeding patterns for breast- vs. bottle-fed babies, and their association with sustained breastfeeding and infant weight gain at 6 weeks.
Sample: 923 full-term mothers of infants that were born at the time of recruitment took part in the study. Out of 54% of the cohort study, the return of the usable diaries was 502. Setting: Urban, northeastern community in the United Kingdom
|
Research Question/Hypothesis: Do early infant feeding patterns relate to breastfeeding continuation and weight gain? |
Independent variable(s): Early infant feeding patterns Dependent variable(s): Breastfeeding continuation and weight gain for infants at 6 weeks. The frequency of breastfeeding for both breastfed and bottle-fed infants was observed and recorded and weight gain for both. |
Study design: A longitudinal cohort studies Level of evidence: Level 2 Key design features: Placebo-controlled study |
Outcomes: Interest was in breastfeeding continuation and weight gain for infants over a period of 6 weeks with regards to the frequency and patterns of breastfeeding. Mother’s midwives collected data through questionnaire dairies and collected it at routine screening visits made to the mothers each week for the 6-week period. |
Findings: The frequency of breastfed infants was higher at 2.71 h between feeds as compared to infants that were bottle-fed that was at 3.25 h between feeds and for infants that received both types of breastfeeding it was 3.14 h between feeds (P<0.001) within week 1 of life, but the feed duration was the same for all. For the first week, only maternal education (P=0.004) and breastfeeding (P<0.001) were exclusively related to breastfeeding continuation over the period of 6 weeks. Feeding frequency in the first week was greater which indicated a higher 6-week weight gain for breastfed infants, however for bottle-fed infants no analyzed factors led to the incr4ease in weight gain (Casiday et al., 2004, pp. 1292-1293). Conclusions: First-week feeding patterns of the longitudinal cohort study indicate the significance and infant weight gain and breastfeeding continuation complicated issues, and education accorded to mothers on the feeding implications. At 6 weeks, breastfeeding was discontinued for supplementary bottle feeds. For infants that breastfed, frequent feeding led to higher weight gain during that period. |
|
Ferguson, M., & Molfese, P. (2007). Breastfed infants process speech differently from bottle-fed infants: evidence from neuroelectrophysiology. Developmental Neuropsychology, 31(3), 337-347 |
Purpose: To evaluate whether breastfed infants, process speech differently from bottle-fed infants.
Sample: 12 infants at the age of 6 months were tested Setting: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA |
Research Question/Hypothesis: Do infants that have been breast-fed process speech differently as compared to infants that have been bottle-fed. |
Independent variable(s): Breastfed infants and bottle-fed infants are the independent variables
Dependent variable(s): Speech processing ability is the dependent variable |
Study design: Retrospective cohort study design Level of evidence: Level 3
Key design features: Placebo-controlled study
|
Outcomes: Interest was in Event-related potential (ERP) wavelength or speech processing measurement and recording of a range of behavioral measures. Data was collected through physical testing of the infants over a specified period.
|
Findings: The study sought to find out the breastfeeding differential impact against PUFA-enriched formula from a group of 12 infants aged 6 months that were well matched. Recording of data was done on ERP wavelengths and range of behavioral measures. Differences were identified in ERP wavelengths when the comparison was made between PUFA-fed infants and breastfed infants at the age of 6 months. Upon equating cognitive, biological, and perinatal factors, breastfed infants recorded ERPs were seen to change throughout the period of recording at 700 msec when the two groups were evaluated. Their ERPs also showed a difference in all speech sounds, and recorded scalp recordings generated differences from all regions. Conclusions: In conclusion, differences observed in brain range responses possibly indicate an advantage in terms of later cognitive and linguistic development for infants that were breastfed as compared to infants that were bottle-fed. |
|
|
Purpose: To evaluate the effect of early breastfeeding and prenatal education of breastfeeding in the maintenance of breastfeeding practice after delivery. Sample: 82 pregnant women that were recruited experienced virginal delivery and took part in the study. Setting: Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Bucheon, South Korea.
|
Research Question/Hypothesis: Implied It is suggested that new-born infants’ early breastfeeding impacts the postpartum practice of breastfeeding and related education effects on the practice of breastfeeding. |
Independent variable(s): Early breastfeeding education is the Independent variable. Dependent variable(s): Breastfeeding practice maintenance is the dependent variable |
Study design: Observational survey study design Level of evidence: Level 5
Key design features: Placebo-controlled study |
Outcomes: Interest was in education level and information provision effects on the types and maintenance of feeding. Data was collected through survey questionnaires that detailed information about mother and infant, breastfeeding patterns, and education level of the patient. After birth delivery in weeks 1 and 4, telephone survey interviews were conducted. Analysis of data was done using One-way ANOVA.
|
Findings: The 82-women sample size were separated into two groups with one having women that breastfed within 2 hours of delivery, and the second one breast-fed in between 2 hours and 24 hours after delivery. Women with degrees from college showed statistical significance in terms of maintaining a higher breastfeeding percentage even after discharge from hospital in the 4th week (p=0.01). After provision of information, types of feeding (powder, breast milk) indicated differences that were statistically significant in the samples only before the discharge from hospital period by p=0.03. 1st weeks p-value was 0.97 and 0.83 after the four-week period. With this statistical data, it was clear there was no or little statistical significance in the relationship between breastfeeding of infants early and breastfeeding practice maintenance (Kim et al., 2013, pp.210-211) Conclusions: Education of post-partum and antenatal period with regards to breastfeeding is crucial for the maintenance of the breastfeeding practice. Recommended developing educational programs further studies. |
|
Seifu, W., Assefa, G., & Egata, G. (2014). Prevalence of the exclusive breastfeeding and its predicators among infants aged six months in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia, 2013. Journal of Pediatrics & Neonatal Care, Volume 1 Issue 3, 1-16 |
Purpose: to determine the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and associated factors among infants aged six months in Jimma town, Southwest Ethiopia. Sample: Quantitative data were collected from 422 mother infant-pairs attending health institutions in Jimma town using a pretested structured questionnaire. Setting: The study was conducted in Jimma town, Southwest Ethiopia
|
Research Question/Hypothesis: This study attempted to determine the prevalence and associated factors of exclusive breastfeeding practice |
Independent variable(s): factors on mother’s level of understanding Dependent variable(s): Exclusive breast feeding |
Study design: Thematic framework analysis Level of evidence: Level 2 Key design features: Data collectors were given three days training on the questionnaires and interviewing techniques
|
Outcomes: In this study, exclusive breastfeeding was defined in this study as the situation where the infant has received only breast milk from his/her mother or a wet nurse, or expressed breast milk and no other liquids, or solids, except for drops or syrups consisting of vitamins, minerals supplements, or medicines in the first six months. Respondents were said to have good knowledge if they answered at least 70% of the questions related with breastfeeding practice. Their attitude was measured through seven closed ended questions using Likert scale was applied ranging from 1= strongly disagree to 5=strongly disagree. The total sum score was calculated and those who scored above the mean were considered as having positive attitude towards exclusive breastfeeding practice. On the other hand, low parity was understood as a mother having one live birth during the study period
|
Findings: The majority (96.6%) (95% CI: 0.86-0.97) of the mothers have ever breastfed their infants. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was 67.2% (95% CI: 0.83-1.03), 24.3% (95% CI: 0.71-0.86) and 8.4% (95% CI: 0.13-0.34) at the age of ≤ 2, 3-4 and > 4 months respectively with a mean duration of 3.2 months. Having good knowledge on breastfeeding {AOR: 2.1 (95% C.I: 1.54 - 4.33)}, age of infants ≤ 2months {AOR: 2.1 (95% CI: 1.67- 3.31)}, lower parity (≤1) {AOR: 3 (95% C.I: (2.2- 6.08)}, and having antenatal care visit {AOR: 1.2 (95% C.I (1.06-4.08)} were independent predictors of exclusive breastfeeding practice Conclusions: The prevalence decreases dramatically as the age of the infants’ increases. Being younger age, positive perception on the adequateness of breast milk, having one child and attending antenatal clinics during pregnancy was predictors of exclusive breastfeeding in this study.
|
|
Singhal, A., Cole, T., Lucas, A., Singhal, A., Cole, T. J., & Lucas, A. (2001). Early nutrition in preterm infants and later blood pressure: two cohorts after randomized trials. Lancet, 357 North American Edition (9254), 413-419.
|
Purpose: To determine whether early nutrition in preterm infant’s results in later life lower blood pressure. Sample: 216 (23%) children out of 926 born prematurely and that took part in two randomized trials that were parallel took part in the study in five UK based neonatal units. Setting: Medical Research Council Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
|
Research Question/Hypothesis: Hypothesis: It is suggested that early diet programmed blood pressure in later life in children randomly assigned different diets at birth. |
Independent variable(s): Early nutrition is the independent variable Operational definition: Early nutrition refers to early breastfeeding where preterm infants were given dietary interventions such as preterm formula vs. donated banked breast milk and preterm formula vs. standard term formula. Conceptual definition: Early nutrition refers to the process of nourishing or provision of food (in this case breast milk) to infants (preterm) for growth and health. Dependent variable(s): Lower blood pressure is the dependent variable. Operational definition: lower blood pressure in this context refers to the presumed effect brought about by early breastfeeding in infants born prematurely. Conceptual definition: Low blood pressure also referred to as hypotension is a medical condition where the pressure in the arteries is less than 90/60 mmHg which is the measurement used to gauge blood pressure in the arteries. |
Study design: Randomized controlled study design Level of evidence: Level 1 Key design features: Placebo-controlled design |
Outcomes: Interest was in blood pressure measurement. Data was collected from the 216 children aged between 13-16 years that were born prematurely through physical tests by medical practitioners.
|
Findings: Those children that were followed up at ages between 13 and 16 showed similar characteristics of anthropometry and social class at birth when compared to those that were not followed up. At this age group, 66 children that were given banked breast milk (together with the milk from the mother or alone) showed a lower arterial blood pressure mean as compared to the 64 children that were given preterm formula (mean 81·9 [SD 7·8] versus 86·1 [6·5] mm Hg; 95% CI for difference −6·6 to −1·6; p=0·001). Analysis done in the non-randomized sample showed that the human milk enteral intake proportion in the period of neonatal was related inversely to the arterial pressure later mean (β=−0·3 mm Hg per 10% increase [95% CI −0·5 to −0·1]; p=0·006). No conclusive difference was noticed in comparison of term formula (n=44) and preterm formula (n=42) (Singhal et al., 2001, pp. 416-417). Conclusions: Breast milk consumption was seen to reduce blood pressure in prematurely born children. Data retrieved from the study provides for experimental programming evidence of a risk factor in the cardiovascular through early nutrition and long-term positive breast milk effects were further supported. |
|
Stockman, J. (2012). Impact of Breast Milk on Intelligence Quotient, Brain Size, and White Matter Development. Yearbook of Pediatrics, 433-435.
|
Purpose: Our specific purpose was to provide evidence for the hypothesis that cognitive benefits of breastfeeding are mediated though an effect on brain growth, ultimately influencing mature brain volume. Sample: To explore this hypothesis, we studied members of a cohort of adolescents who had participated in a large randomized trial examining the health and developmental effects of early infant nutrition, conducted between 1982-5. The subjects were born preterm, at a sensitive period for nutritional effects on brain development and cognition. In exploratory analyses, those receiving breast milk, after allowing for confounding factors, had an 8.3-point IQ advantage at 7-8 years. A subset of this cohort has been followed to 13-19 years of age for MRI scanning and cognitive testing. Data collected on these subjects whilst in the neonatal unit provided precise information on the volumes of breast milk consumed (by nasogastric tube), giving a rare opportunity to explore the potential dose-response effect of breast milk feeding on brain volumes and cognition at adolescence. Setting: Cognitive data were collected during the hospital visit for MRI acquisition. Written consent was obtained from all participants and parents/guardians, and approval was obtained from the relevant ethics committees (The Great Ormond Street NHS Trust/Institute of Child Health, Norwich District, South Sheffield Research, East Suffolk Local Research and Cambridge Local Research Ethics Committees).
|
Research Question/Hypothesis: Our current study was prompted by two factors, the now likely causal relationship between breast feeding and cognition and the previous observation that cognitive scores in preterm are related to head circumference and brain size measured by quantitative volumetric analysis of MRI scans. |
Independent variable(s): Age and gender of each child participating on the study Dependent variable(s): Breastfeeding impact on neurodevelopment and cognition infant’s skills
|
Study design: Retrospective cohort study design Level of evidence: Level 3
Key design features: Placebo-controlled study
|
Outcomes: Although observational findings linking breast milk to higher scores on cognitive tests may be confounded by factors associated with mothers’ choice to breastfeed, it has been suggested that one or more constituents of breast milk facilitate cognitive development, particularly in preterm. Because cognitive scores are related to head size, we hypothesized that breast milk mediates cognitive effects by affecting brain growth.
|
Findings: The distribution of education level did not differ between girls and boys; significantly more girls were classified as higher social class (chi square: p=0.03). All mothers in the study had chosen to breastfeed and there was no relationship between either social class or maternal education and %EBM within the group. Thirty-three of the 50 adolescent scans were considered normal on visual inspection. Of the remaining 17, ten had a small corpus callosum, two had reduced bilateral hippocampi, two showed a mild periventricular leukomalacia pattern, and one each had prominent ventricles, left peri trigonal focal atrophy, and a possible MR signal abnormality in deep white matter Conclusions: This study showed a dose response relationship between early breast milk intake and later IQ and, uniquely, with whole brain volume at adolescence. In all subjects, but most clearly in boys, the effects of breast milk were seen more strongly on white than grey matter in the brain. These data support the hypothesis that one or more constituents of mothers’ breast milk promote brain development at a structural level.
|
|
Tasnim, S., Akhtar, S. N., & Haque, F. M. (2014). Pediatrics Research International Journal, Nutritional Status and Breast Feeding Practice among Mothers Attending Lactation Management Centre. IBIMA Publishing Article ID 790373
|
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess nutritional status of mothers attending the lactation management Centre, and to find out their breast-feeding practices and the reason for attending lactation management Centre. Sample: Among a total 106 mothers, 8.6% were adolescents, 61.9% belong to 20-25 yrs., and mean age was 23.9±4yrs. Most of the infants were below 6 months of age and 58.7% were <30 days old. Exclusively, breast feeding was reported by 52%. Regarding the type of feeding in last 24 hours, 60% received only breast milk, 32.4% had BF and Artificial milk, and only 2.9% received CF and Breast feeding. Setting: The study was conducted at the Institute of Child Mother Health during March-April 2012.
|
Research Question/Hypothesis: The growth and development of a child critically depends on improved feeding practices (León-Cava N, 2002). Different studies from developing countries show that the risk of nutritional deficiency and growth retardation in children is maximum between 3 and 15 months of age, because this age period is vulnerable for suboptimal breastfeeding and inadequate complementary feeding practices.
|
Independent variable(s): Exclusive breast feeding and nutritional status Dependent variable(s): Breast feeding practice
|
Study design: This was a cross sectional study Level of evidence: Level 4 Key design features: Data were collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed in SPSS program |
Outcomes: About one fifth of mothers perceived to have lack of knowledge which indicates people’s concern for breast feeding. Maternal nutritional status does not relate with breast feeding practices. Exclusive breast feeding was more among those delivered by caesarean section, probably due to greater contact with health care providers and their active support. |
Findings: -A total 106 mothers were interviewed. Among them 8.3% were adolescents. Most of the infants were below 6-month-old, and 58.7% were <30 days old. Exclusive breast feeding was reported by 52%. Regarding the type of feeding in the last 24 hours, 60% received only breast milk 32.4% and had breast feeding and artificial milk, and only 2.9% received complementary feeding ĕ Breast feeding. The main reason for attending LMC was not enough milk (25%), breast problem (26%) and 21.2% stated lack of knowledge. About 70.9% had average body build, and only 4.9% have a body mass index < 18.5. There was no relation between body mass index of the mother and the exclusive breast feeding. Exclusively, breastfeeding was more among mothers who took antenatal care in last pregnancy.
|
