Assignment 3b: Analysis on the Threats Defense Argument
Yvonneleewinn
ThreatstotheGlobalEnvironment.pptx
Threats to the Global Environment
Yvonne L. Winn
Professor Slade
September 6, 2020
Introduction
The four Threats to the Global Environment
Nurses
Climate change
Poor health of entire populations
Lack of educational opportunities
Energy source
The global environment is facing high threats, and the focus should be narrowed down for easier management and control. Although there are many issues facing the global environment today, four of them appear to be the most crucial of all. They are listed above, in no particular order: climate change, poor health of entire populations, lack of educational opportunities, and energy source.
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Threat #1 Energy Source
IMAGE SOURCES: mytechdecisions.com
The
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Energy Source History
In 1800s energy was primarily burning organic matter and woods.
Oil consumption started in 1870s
Everyday about one million of terajoules of energy is spent (Gray 2017).
135 billion tonnes of crude oil have been used since 1850s for various purposes (Gray 2017).
Having the discovery of oil and other fossil fuels, non-renewable energy has been the main driving force of many economies across the globe (Apergis & Payne 2012). The Industrial Revolution, has been driven partly by fossil fuel and coal, allowing for technological and economic growth for much of the Western world.
In 1800s energy was primarily burning organic matter and woods. Oil consumption started in 1870s. Today, most new industrializing and developing countries have been relying on fossil fuels for growth. However, as the name suggests, non-renewable energy are finite resources and the amount of used fossil fuels throughout the history have been enormous showing a potential depletion thus leading to serious environmental, social, economic, and political concerns.
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Countries Mostly Affected
In 1965 the bulk of total consumed energy was in Eurasia, Europe, and North America.
The total consumption accounted 80% of global energy
The consumption started increasing in Asia Pacific
This region is now the largest consumer of energy
The bulk of total energy consumed in 1965 was in North America, Europe and Eurasia. They accounted for more than 80% of global energy consumption
Energy consumption across the world began to increase, especially in the Asia Pacific, where consumption increase more than 12 times since 1960. The Asia Pacific is now the larges region consumer of energy
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Effects on the World Population as a Whole
Although energy is almost everywhere there are areas without.
The world needs to transition from fossil to renewable technologies.
The global economy may improve if the energy is offered for better living standards.
While electricity is readily available in most countries, there are still hundreds of millions of people without electricity. Especially in India, where in 2016 more than 204 million people did not have access to electricity.
In order to reduce global greenhouse emissions, the world must transition from fossil fuels to renewable technologies like bioenergy, hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal and marine energy.
The global economy will improve if energy is provided to allow for better living standards throughout the world.
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Energy Source compelling visual
World Energy Consumption: retrieved from BP Statistical Review 2018
The environmental impact of energy consumption is the major issue of this global threat. According to the BP Statistical Review of World Energy, in 2018, the increased global demand for energy led also to an increase in carbon emissions by 2.0 percent, the fastest in seven years (BP 2019). The report recorded a 2.9 percent global primary energy consumption, double of its 10-year average and the highest since 2010 (BP 2019). The increase in carbon emissions was a direct consequence of this increased demand. It is easily understood that the higher the carbon emitted to the atmosphere, more extreme weather patterns are experienced thus causing not only damage to property but also loss of lives. The review also noted how households and business would seek to offset the effects of extreme weather patterns which would lead to stronger energy demands, thus also potentially increased carbon emissions. Although power generation by renewable energy has shown a significant increase by 14.5 percent in 2018, roughly two percentage points short of its 10-year growth between 2007 and 2017, the global share of non-fossil fuels and coal remains the same from its levels 20 years ago (BP 2019).
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Threat #2 Lack of Educational Opportunities
IMAGE SOURCE: techmoran.com
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Lack of Educational Opportunities History
In developing countries education is not easily accessible.
Education access improves overall health of a society.
Education can easily help in combating climate change.
Besides, it is essential in economic growth
Global Partnership for Education
Education is not easily accessible to children in developing countries. Some just do not have schools and others do not have properly trained teachers. Access to education improves overall heath of a society. Education can help combat climate change. Education is responsible for economic grown. It helps in building and maintaining clean energy infrastructures. Show greater concern about the well-being of environment. and lastly recycle and use of energy and water efficiently.
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Countries Most Affected
The most affected country is Equatorial Guinea compared Sub-Saharan Africa.
In Burma ethnic conflicts have led to lack government investment in education.
Most Central African Republic underfunded their educational.
Equatorial Guinea’s government, surprisingly, invests less in education than Sub-Saharan Africa. Lack of investment has resulted in; Overpopulated and understaffed schools; Little or no supply of educational materials; and No attendance oversight.
Ethnic Conflict in Burma has resulted in lack of government investment in education thus leading to; Poverty stricken areas have no access to primary education; Families must pay for their children to attend school; and Ethic conflict has made it difficult for minorities to attend schools.
Underfunded Education in Central African Republic has lead to; Poor Education system; School closings; Unpaid teachers; and No access to educational material
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Effects on the World Population as a Whole
Higher education support lead to more stable political environment.
Educating women and underprivileged individuals correlate child mortality rates.
Availability of higher education lead to slower population growth.
More education leads to a more stable political environment. It further helps in aiding growth of the minority, and low-income students (Dervarics 2011). Education for women correlates to child mortality rates by contributing to healthier habits and choices. Higher education leads to slower population growth which will have a direct impact on the global environment and climate change.
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Threat #3 Poor Health of entire populations
IMAGE SOURCE: afric.online
The
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Poor Health of Entire Populations History
Healthy of populations affects economies produce or ability indirectly and consumer goods and services.
Global life expectancy has increased
Maternal and child mortality have contributed to improvement of life expectancy.
Child Mortality Rate 2017
Healthy of a population indirectly affects an economies ability or produce and consume goods and services. Historical data has shown that global life expectancy has increased, however, it has not increased with any significance in developing countries such a Sub-Saharan Africa. Child and maternal mortality have contributed to improving life expectancy, but low income countries still have much higher child mortality rates.
These are just some of the few numbers that show the health condition among low income. Low-middle income countries are relatively better as far as numbers are concerned but there are significant areas where they lag behind the upper-middle and high-income countries.
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Countries Most Affected
The worlds poorest countries have the least health care services
Most of these countries are in Sub-Saharan Africa
Liberia has the least amount of medical access then any other country in the world with approximately 10 doctors for every 1 million people.
Low-income countries have high mortality rate for children below 5 years old.
Child and Infant Mortality
The worlds poorest countries have the least availability to doctors and medicine
Most of these countries are in Sub-Saharan Africa (Lagomarsino 2012). Liberia has the least amount of medical access then any other country in the world with approximately 10 doctors for every 1 million people. Many of these poor countries have been hit with epidemics like HIV/AIDS, natural disasters, civil conflict and government corruption.
The Ebola outbreak in West Africa took place between 2014 and 2016. Within those two years, the economies of the affected West African nations, particularly Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Liberia suffered immensely. For example, Sierra Leone lost as much as 50 percent of its workforce, and a total of USD 2.2 billion in GDP was lost in the three countries in 2015 (CDC 2016). But the cost of the epidemic was not only contained within the West African countries. Several countries and organizations have spent billions of dollars to respond to the epidemic so as to avoid the spread of the disease on a global scale.
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Effects on the World Population as a Whole
Availability of medicine and healthcare such as vaccines may reduce burden and incidence of disease.
Vaccinations have eradicated diseases like smallpox which have been global pandemic.
Access to essential health care has allowed treatment of communicable diseases.
Having access to health care and medicine like vaccines can reduce the incidence and burden of diseases. Mexico provided the rotavirus vaccination between 206 and 2007 and the diarrhea mortality of children under the age of 5 decreased by 56% over three years. Vaccinations have eradicated diseases such as smallpox which was globally eradicated in 1977. Access to essential health care will allow for the treatment of communicable diseases like TB and HIV and will provide education for family planning and sanitation.
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Compelling Visual
The Countries with Fewest Doctors
Cameroon has the highest number of doctors in Africa while Liberia has the least.
Poor health has negative effects on almost all aspects of life.
Having access to health care and medicine like vaccines can reduce the incidence and burden of diseases.
Cameroon has the highest number of doctors in Africa while Liberia has the least. Having access to health care and medicine like vaccines can reduce the incidence and burden of diseases. Mexico provided the rotavirus vaccination between 206 and 2007 and the diarrhea mortality of children under the age of 5 decreased by 56% over three years. Vaccinations have eradicated diseases such as smallpox which was globally eradicated in 1977.
Access to essential health care will allow for the treatment of communicable diseases like TB and HIV and will provide education for family planning and sanitation.
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Compelling Visual
Proper education helps individuals come up with sensible and informed decisions when it comes to the environment. This explains why the United Nations have always supported the use of education in combating climate change. However, this poses a problem for countries that lack the necessary resources and facilities to implement any similar policy. To begin with, if they were given opportunities to improve their education system, it is sensible to develop the basics first such as mathematics, reading, and science first before everything else. Also, it should be noted that environmental education is not limited to schools and children but also involved adults.
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Threat #4 Climate Change
IMAGE SOURCE: climate.nasa.gov
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Climate Change History
There have been about seven cycles of retreat and glacial advance in the past 650,000 years.
Most of the changes are attributed to earth’s orbiting around the sun.
In the past 100 years, 97% of climate change is extremely likely to be led by human activities.
In the past 650,000 years, there have been seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat. Most climate changes can be attributed to changes in the Earth’s orbit that changed the amount of solar energy received. 97% of climate change in the past 100 years is extremely likely caused by human activities (Change 2017).
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Countries Most Affected
Almost every country is affected by climate change.
The most affected since 2014 are China, the United States, the European union, India, Japan, and the Russian Federation.
CO2 is highest contributing factor to the climate change.
All countries are affected by Climate Change although some are most affected. The most affected emitters since 2014 are China, the US, the European Union, India, the Russian Federation, and Japan. CO2 emissions from these countries include a combination of fossil fuels combustion and manufacturing. Other items that contribute to CO2 emissions include agriculture and forestry.
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Effects on the World Population as a Whole
Large scale climate changes have significant consequences on global environment.
They are increased by rising sea levels, coastal erosion, heat waves, and other erratic conditions.
Most vulnerable countries are the most affected.
Large scale climate changes have negative consequences on the global environment and will make life more difficult for most people. They may suffer from increased heat waves, coastal erosion, rising sea levels, and other erratic weather conditions. Famine and food insecurities are in places where rainfall will become less reliable and crop production will fall. The most vulnerable countries will be the most affected.
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Compelling Visual
Extreme weather patterns and rising sea levels put a lot of countries and cities at risk, which means economic losses and costs. For example, Typhoon Haiyan, a superstorm which hit the Philippines in 2013, caused devastation amounting to $14 billion (Calamur 2013). This is just the destruction; the cost of rebuilding and mitigating future typhoons not only in the Philippines but in other countries, too, that are equally vulnerable, cost millions if not billions of dollars, too. Aside from this, many cities are at risk of sinking which puts another strain on the economy. Storms, surges, and flooding can damage infrastructure like railways, ports, farmland, roads, and internet cables. These cities are not just home to millions of people but are centers of commerce and world trade.
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Conclusion
Access to sustainable energy sources, climate change, health of entire populations and educational opportunities are vital to our lives.
They easily enhance achievement of adequate food with nutritious value since they are essential requirements.
As a result, environmental, social, political, and economic effects of become cross-sectional and intertwined.
Since, the greenhouse effect impacts the global climate condition the United States can thus chip in and help reinstate the venerable regions.
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References
Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2012). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from a panel error correction model. Energy economics, 34(3), 733-738.
Centers for Disease Control and PRevention. 2016. Cost of the Ebola Epidemic. https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/pdf/cost-ebola-multipage-infographic.pdf
Change, M. S. S. I. C. (2017). Climate change.
Dervarics, C. (2011). Study: Minority, low-income students lack adequate access to educational opportunities. Diverse Issues in Higher Education, 28(13), 6.
Krishnadev Calamur. 2013. World Headlines: The Financial Cost Of Typhoon Haiyan. https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2013/11/12/244701849/world-headlines-the-financial-cost-of-typhoon-haiyan
Lagomarsino, G., Garabrant, A., Adyas, A., Muga, R., & Otoo, N. (2012). Moving towards universal health coverage: health insurance reforms in nine developing countries in Africa and Asia. The Lancet, 380(9845), 933-943.
Richard Gray. 2017. The biggest energy challenges facing humanity. http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170313-the-biggest-energy-challenges-facing-humanity
