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Contributors: Dr. Emily Heady, Todd Atkins, Jeff Valerioti; Editor: Jeff Valerioti

E-mail: [email protected]

Thesis Statements – Defining, Developing, and Evaluating

An effective thesis statement functions as a directional signpost, providing clarity and

focused direction for the reader on a particular topic’s significance. Dictionary.com defines

“thesis” as “a proposition stated or put forward for consideration, especially one to be

discussed and proved or to be maintained against objections.” 1 The thesis statement moves

well beyond a simple purpose statement or topic announcement and forms the basis of the

paper’s argument, setting the tone, substance, and direction of the writing in the reader’s

mind.

When composing a thesis statement, it is essential not to merely state the topic or

purpose of the paper, but to put into words the main idea and primary conclusion that will

capture the reader’s attention. The thesis statement is generally placed at the end of the

introductory paragraph, though it can appear elsewhere, depending upon the composition

category (see “Stage One” of “Thesis Statement Development” on p. 3). This foundational

statement must be in the form of a single, complete sentence that succinctly states the main

subject of the paper along with the primary conclusion drawn from the research. The

thesis statement is analogous to a “movie trailer” that gives readers an engaging glimpse into

the main conclusion, compelling them to read further. As research progresses and the broader

topic is narrowed, the thesis statement must be continually developed, revised, and refined to

achieve the greatest clarity and impact possible.

Big-Picture Thesis Statement Considerations

1. Write a complete sentence, rather than a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone.

2. Avoid simply making an announcement of the topic or explicitly referring to

“this paper” (e.g., This paper will examine a particular education theory.). *

3. Eliminate first-person pronouns as part of an introductory narration of what you

will accomplish in the paper (e.g., In this paper, I will examine…”).*

4. State a claim or primary conclusion that will be substantiated in the body of the

paper through supporting evidence. The thesis statement sets the literary stage for

transforming assertions into arguments backed by evidence, while also

anticipating counterarguments.

* Be sure to refer to your discipline’s particular style guide, as some formatting

guidelines allow this type of topic statement, as well as use of first-person

pronouns, in specific sections of the paper. Also, read the assignment

instructions and rubric carefully for additional guidance in these areas.

1 https://www.dictionary.com/browse/thesis ** **Please note that this document and any footnoted or parenthetical reference entries of source material are not formatted according to a specific writing style. Citations, reference

entries, or MS Word settings should not be duplicated for use in academic submissions. Refer to your discipline’s particular writing style guidelines to comply with requirements.

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/thesis

Contributors: Dr. Emily Heady, Todd Atkins, Jeff Valerioti; Editor: Jeff Valerioti

E-mail: [email protected]

All papers should have a thesis statement. Depending on the type of paper, the thesis may

be more or less argumentative, more or less personal, and more or less risky. However, all papers

should have a unified point or main idea that they want to discuss in a fresh, insightful way. The

strength of your thesis will in many ways determine the strength of your paper, so learning to

write a good thesis is very important if you want to succeed as a scholar.

Effective thesis statements…

• Are clear and concise: They say what they mean in a way that readers can

understand. They do it as quickly as possible, and they do it forcefully.

• Set the course of your paper: A good thesis will launch the rest of the paper. It is

the major claim that the rest of your paper will prove, discuss, or amplify. If your

thesis is even slightly off topic, your paper will suffer.

• Appear at the beginning or the end of your introduction: Usually the best place for

the thesis is at the end of your introductory paragraph (in short papers) or at the end

of your introductory section (in longer papers). These are two of the most important

places in your paper. Thus, it makes sense to put a thesis there.

• Must be proven (i.e., are claims—not facts or evidence): Thesis statements should

be slightly risky—or at least should require more discussion to be fully convincing.

Otherwise there is no point in writing your paper!

• Are echoed and referred to throughout your paper: Your topic sentences throughout

the paper should refer back to, further explain, and elucidate your thesis statement.

• Are the product of much drafting and much analysis: You will likely not write a

good thesis statement in your first or even second draft of a paper. Often you will

find that you will not know exactly how or what you want to argue until you have

almost completed your analysis. That’s okay! Revise your thesis as you go, and your

paper will show the benefits of your recursive thinking.

Developing Thesis Statements

Effective thesis statements are the product of good critical thinking. Rarely do they

emerge fully formed in an early draft of a paper. Rather, they are the product of much research,

reasoning, and revision. Nevertheless, some steps can be taken to make the process of writing a

thesis statement easier.

Step One: Reading

Read your assignment over and over again until you have a good sense of its goals and

purposes. Once you know what sort of assignment you are doing, you will know the sort of

Contributors: Dr. Emily Heady, Todd Atkins, Jeff Valerioti; Editor: Jeff Valerioti

E-mail: [email protected]

thesis you should have. If your assignment is to write a summary, for instance, it makes sense for

your thesis to look something like this: “In X article, Y author argues that…” By contrast, if you

are writing up your findings after you’ve completed a study, your thesis should explain what the

main thing was that you found, learned, or demonstrated. If you need examples of similar

assignments, ask your professor.

Step Two: Research

In the sciences and social sciences, research tends to be of two types: qualitative and

quantitative. In other fields such as English or history, however, it is more meaningful to discuss

research in terms of source materials—primary versus secondary sources, archival sources, or

theoretical sources. You may not know what sort of research you should do when you start an

assignment, but you should at least know what sorts of issues and questions you are interested in

discussing. Then, as you begin investigating your topic, your research methodology should begin

to emerge on its own.

1. Formulate a research question—a topic you want to know more about and

that is of an appropriate size for the assignment.

2. Ask your professor for feedback on the question.

3. Connect with a research librarian for source recommendations. Get those

sources, and then read all relevant material that those sources cite.

4. Use LU’s databases and library resources to produce other information you

might find helpful.

5. During your reading of the research, capture relevant material (and citation

information) that either supports or challenges the thesis statement.

Step Three: Reasoning

Once you have completed your research and reading, carefully review everything you

have captured and look for patterns and essential points that you determine are critical to include

in your paper. Write these down. Then the thinking and reasoning process begins. Keeping the

assignment guidelines in mind, work to connect the information you have to your own ideas in

ways that make logical sense and that demonstrate your mastery of the material you discuss.

Heady, E. (2013). Introduction to graduate writing (2nd ed.). Liberty University.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Thesis Statement Development in Stages

Stage One: Thesis Idea

The writing topic to be explored in the paper can be thought of as the “thesis idea” in the

initial stage of developing the thesis statement. Before research begins on the topic, several

critical factors impact the drafting of an effective thesis statement. Key questions connected to

these factors must be answered in the writer’s mind before the thesis idea can progress to the first

draft of an actual thesis statement. Once answered, the writer then begins to research information

on the thesis idea, which begins the process of clarifying the idea and narrowing the broader

Contributors: Dr. Emily Heady, Todd Atkins, Jeff Valerioti; Editor: Jeff Valerioti

E-mail: [email protected]

topic. Knowledge gained through the research determines the specific angle to be taken on

exploring the broader topic. This process brings the thesis statement more sharply into focus.

Again, first consider those critical factors impacting the development of an effective thesis

statement:

1. In what composition category does the writing belong? (research paper, book

review, report, case study, discussion post, essay, group presentation, meeting

report, journal article, etc.) The stages of thesis statement development

described in this section apply largely to academic research papers, though

the principles are relevant to other composition types, with a few adjustments

related to the unique requirements of the specific writing type.

a. A book/article review or report is generally a straightforward

composition, averaging under 10 pages in length. It is commonly used to

either inform or evaluate the content or author’s intention in a book/article,

rather than persuade the reader. A review is often written assuming that the

reader has not read the material. Writing the thesis statement for a review is

simplified due to the informative nature of the composition. Often, the reader

approaches the review with a clear expectation of the review’s purpose. In

preparing to write a thesis statement for a review, the writer must first

accurately identify and understand the author’s own thesis statement and the

degree to which it was accomplished in the writing itself. The objective of the

review’s thesis statement is to summarize the main topic of the book/article

and offer a glimpse of its strong and weak points. Because a review often

shares the writer’s reactions and perspective, the use of first-person pronouns

may be acceptable in a reflection section of the review, though be sure to refer

to the assignment instructions or confirm with the professor if unsure.

b. In a research case study, the writer’s intent generally centers around

informing the reader on a topic, evaluating specific data, and then drawing

conclusions to support a hypothesis (thesis) or to persuade the reader toward a

certain viewpoint. The hypothesis that guides the case study will not be

successful without specific research questions, reliable research, and

justifiable conclusions, based on supporting evidence. Therefore, the most

effective and accurate revision of the thesis statement may not be finalized

until completion of the case study itself. It is acceptable to specify a primary

hypothesis for the case study, followed by several effective research questions

to be tested and evaluated for the purpose of proving the hypothesis.

c. Discussion board posts are generally shorter compositions with specified

word-count limits. As with other writings, discussion posts, contain thesis

statements that serve to inform, evaluate, persuade, or accomplish other

objectives. If there is a stated word-count limit for the post, the effectiveness

of each word written becomes that much more critical in accomplishing the

stated purpose of the thesis statement. Therefore, it must be concise and yet

engaging enough to lead the reader into and through the discussion. For this

Contributors: Dr. Emily Heady, Todd Atkins, Jeff Valerioti; Editor: Jeff Valerioti

E-mail: [email protected]

reason, the thesis statement is often placed at the beginning of the post to

capture the reader’s attention from the outset.

2. What is your tone in this writing? (formal, informal, academic, nonacademic,

professional, poetry, narrative, instructive, counseling, coaching, etc.)

3. What kind of audience/reader is involved? (academic, professional,

informal/personal, artistic, etc.)

4. What is the length and depth of the composition? (300 words, five pages, 20

pages, 40 pages, one chapter of a book, etc.)

5. What is your intent for this composition? (inform, evaluate, persuade,

motivate, etc.) Sample thesis statements based on intent:

a. Inform: The holidays and feasts detailed in the Old Testament reflect messianic,

prophetic, and symbolic meanings directly connected to the attributes of God.

b. Evaluate: The holidays and feasts described in the Old Testament hold slightly

different meanings and symbolisms based on one’s religious denomination and

the method of interpretation.

c. Persuade: The holidays and feasts documented in the Old Testament reveal

spiritual meanings and applications that hold as much relevance for today’s

Christians as they did for God’s chosen people in the OT.

d. Motivate: Faithful Christians will benefit directly from the study of the Old

Testament holidays and festivals due to the key spiritual concepts and lessons

symbolized in the themes of the Jewish holidays.

Stage Two: Initial Draft of Thesis Statement

As the research progresses, patterns likely emerge as to which specific points of the

broader topic receive the most scholarly discussion in the source material. Decisions can then be

made as to which one of those points shall become the singular focus of the first pass at writing

the initial thesis statement drawn from the thesis idea.

When clear patterns in the research cannot be discerned, a second approach to

formulating the initial thesis statement requires speculation about which aspect of the broader

topic has sufficient documented research for and against that specific point. If there is sufficient

source material in favor of the argument proposed in the thesis idea, then the initial thesis

statement can be drafted with the supporting research in mind. The initial thesis written may still

be broad enough to reflect the larger topic under discussion but specific enough to focus on a

particular aspect of that topic to explore and discuss in the paper.

Stage Three: Final Thesis Statement

With an effective initial thesis statement drafted for the writing, more in-depth research

and examination of the source materials are completed. During this process, continual refinement

of the thesis statement takes place to achieve even sharper focus. The revision process during the

research ultimately yields the final thesis statement that will be woven into the introduction of

the paper. This final thesis statement can then be further subdivided into narrower segments to

help develop an outline for the paper, establishing the framework for the entire paper.

Contributors: Dr. Emily Heady, Todd Atkins, Jeff Valerioti; Editor: Jeff Valerioti

E-mail: [email protected]

Practice Exercise: Evaluating Thesis Statements

Evaluate the following thesis statements as Effective (the thesis statement makes a specific,

focused point), Needing work (with some revision the statement could be effective), or

Ineffective (should likely be discarded and rewritten).

1. Communism and socialism are destructive and should be abandoned. ___

2. William Shakespeare wrote “Hamlet.” ___

3. Individualism and patriotism heavily influence much of nineteenth-century American

literature. ___

4. Although lumber mills certainly dominated the American frontier, the early landscape of

the United States was dramatically altered by the introduction of the railroad. ___

5. After a thorough study and examination of the trochaic octameter in Edgar Allan Poe’s

1845 poem “The Raven,” we can see how the rhythm of each line contributes to the

overall meaning of letting go in the poem. ___

6. The Wailing Wall of Jerusalem’s Temple Mount is believed by some to be the remnant of

Herod’s western wall. ___

7. After my experiences in Israel, I was able to view my life in a different light. ___

8. Each person’s role in democracy is very important. ___

9. In the United States, the federal government should yield specific tax-crediting powers to

state and local governments in order to more effectively administrate healthcare services

and medical insurance. ___

10. The federal government should yield power to administer tax credits for healthcare. ___

Answers

1. I: This statement, based on extreme beliefs, forms an absolute claim, which is ineffective as a thesis statement.

2. I: Factual statements are not acceptable thesis statements.

3. N: The thesis should focus specifically on how these ideals were reflected in which writings of this time period.

4. E: This is a well-focused thesis statement.

5. E: This is a well-focused and highly specific thesis statement.

6. N: A factual statement could become an effective thesis statement if the writer were to actually take a position and avoid

tentative phrasing such as “believed by some.”

7. N: Revision of this vague statement into a thesis requires focusing on specific experiences in Israel and incorporating

meaningful details and specific effects from the experience in Israel to replace "different light."

8. I: The vagueness of “very important” communicates very little to the reader.

9. E: The writer provides specific examples of both the delegated powers and the accruing benefits.

10. N: The statement does not specify who should have the power or what aspect of healthcare will benefit. Adding detail would

improve the sentence’s effectiveness as a thesis.