theory critique for nursing
Amira93
Theoryofcaring..amira.pptx344new11.pptxDr. Kristen Swanson “Theory of Caring” Prepared by: Amira Mansoor Course Instructor Dr: Maria Charito Indonto
Learning Objectives..
Background of Theorist
Theoretical Sources
5 Domains on Knowledge of Caring
Major Assumptions
The Structure of Caring
Acceptance by the Nursing Community
Further Development
Analysis
Conclusion
References
Theory of caring
“ Caring is a nurturing way of relating to a valued whom one feels a personal sense of commitment and responsibility ”
(Swanson, 1991)
Dr. Kristen M. Swanson RN PhD FAAN (1953 to present)
Born in Providence, Rhode Island
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (Magna Cum Laude) University of Rhode Island, College of Nursing 1975.
RN, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester.
Master Degree in Adult Health Illness Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1978.
Dr. Kristen M. Swanson RN PhD FAAN (1953 to present),con.
Work as Clinical Instructor of Medical Surgical Nursing Dept. University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing
Ph.D. in Nursing, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado.
Dean and Alumni Distinguished Professor , University of North Carolina (UNC), School of Nursing at Chapel Hill; Associate Chief Nursing Officer for Academic Affairs UNC hospital, 2009
Theoretical Sources
Caring
Knowing
Being With
Doing For
Enabling
Maintaining Belief
Caring- is a nurturing way of relating to a valued other toward whom one feels a personal sense of commitment and responsibility.
Knowing – is a striving to understand the meaning of an event in the life of other, avoiding assumptions, focusing on the person cared for, seeking cues, assessing meticulously, and engaging both the one caring and the one cared for in the process of knowing.
Being With – means emotionally present to the other. It includes being there in person, conveying availability, and sharing feelings wihtout burdening the one cared for.
Doing For – means to do for others what one would do for self if at all possible, including anticipating needs comforting, performing skillfully and competently, and protecting the one cared for while preserving his or her dignity.
Enabling – facilitating the other’s passage through life transition and unfamiliar events by focusing on the event, informing, explaining supporting, validating feelings, generating alternatives, thinking things through, and giving feedback.
Maintaining Belief – is sustaining faith in others capacity to get through an event or transition and face a future with meaning, believing in other’s capacity and holding him or her in high esteem, maintaining a hope filled attitude, offering realistic optimism, helping to find meaning, and standing by the once cared for no matter what the situation.
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5 Domains on Knowledge of Caring
1st – persons capacities to deliver caring.
2nd – individuals concerns and commitments that lead to caring actions.
3rd – conditions (nurse, client, organization) that enhance or diminish the likelihood of delivering care.
4th – actions of caring.
5th – consequences or the intentional and unintentional outcomes of caring for both the client and the provider.
Major Assumptions
Swanson further developed her theory of “informed caring” by making the following assumptions explicit about the four main phenomena of concern to the nursing discipline:
NURSING
PERSON/ CLIENT
HEALTH
ENVIRONMENT
Nursing – as defined by Swanson is an informed caring for the well being others. She asserts that the nursing discipline is informed by emperical knowledge from nursing and other related disciplines, as well as “ethical, personal and aesthetic knowledge derived from the humanities, clinical experience, and personal, societal values, and expectations.
Persons- is a unique beings who are in midst of becoming and whose wholeness is made manifest in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Persons both shape and are shaped by the environment in which they live.
Health – According to Swanson “ to live the subjective, meaning filled experiences. Wholeness involves a sense of integration and becoming wherein all facets of being are free to be expressed. The facets of being include the many selves that make us a human; our spirituality, thoughts, feelings, intelligence, creativity, relatedness, feminity, masculinity and sexuality to name just a few”, Swanson sees reestablishing well being as a complex process of curing and healing that includes “releasing inner pain, establishing new meanings, restoring integration, and emerging into a sense of renewed wholeness”.
Environment – is any context that influences or is influenced by the designated client, examples are environment, cultural, social, biophysical, political, and economic realm, to name only a few.
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The Structure of Caring
Maintaining Belief
Knowing
Being With
Doing For
Enabling
Maintaining Belief – is a philosophical attitudes towards persons ( in general) and the designated client (in specific).
Knowing – informed understanding of the clinical condition (in general) and the situation and client in specific.
Being With –means message conveyed.
Doing for – are therapeutic actions.
Enabling – client well being, and the intended outcome.
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Acceptance by the Nursing Community
Practice
Education
Research
Practice – Swanson theory has been embraced as a framework for professional nursing practice. Nurse caring is manifested in different ways and practice context. For example in postpartum context demonstration of a baby bath to new parents incorporates all five caring processes. The act involves being with demonstrating bathing to the newborn to the parents.
Education –Swansons theory offer nurse educators a simple way of initiating students into profession by immersing them in the language of what it means to be caring and cared for in order to promote, restore maintain the optimal wellness of individual.
Research – examples of application of Swanson’s Theory of Caring in clinical research include exploring clinical scholarship in practice, guidelines for nurses working with patients diagnosed with different multiple ailments.
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Further Development
Clarity
Simplicity
Generality
Accessibility
Importance
Clarity – the concept of caring and caring processes (knowing, being with, doing for, enabling, and maintaining belief) that are central for theory are clearly defined and arranged in logical sequence that describes the processes of caring delivery, her theory offer contextual linkages with concepts of the nursing discipline (person, nurse, environment and health).
Simplicity – it has minimal number of concepts. It brings the importance of caring to the forefront and exemplifies the disciplines and values. The main purpose of theory is to foster delivery of nursing care focused on the needs of the individuals while fostering their dignity, respect, and empowerment. Simplicity and consistent language used to define the concepts and processes allows student and nurses to understand and apply Swanson theory in their practice.
Generality – Theory of Caring may be applied in research and clinical work with diverse population. The conditions essential for delivering caring that promotes individuals wholeness across the the life span have been described clearly, hence the theory has been generally accepted.
Accessibility – the completeness and simplicity of operational definitions strengthens emperical precisions of this theory. The template for delivering caring based interventions and the research based instruments open possibilities for use and further testing with other populations.
Importance – Swansons theory of caring describes nurse client relationships that promote wholeness and healing. The theory offers a framework for enhancing contemporary nursing practice, education, and research, while brining the discipline to its traditional values and caring healing roots.
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Analysis
Dr. Swansons “Theory of Caring” are applicable in research and clinical work with diverse populations. The conditions essential for delivering caring that promotes individual’s wholeness across the life span has been describe by Dr. Swanson (1999). Thus the theory is generalizable to nurse client relationship in clinical setting.
Conclusion
Dr. Swanson “theory of caring” describes the nurse client relationships that promotes wholeness and healing. The theory offers a framework for enhancing contemporary nursing practice, education, research, while bringing the discipline to its traditional values and caring healing roots.
It has been applied to interdisciplinary caring relationships beyond nurse client relationships. It most recent research it has intensified linkages among nursing research, education, and practice. Dr. Swanson has worked in strengthening the scholarship that support nursing education and research in clinical practice through equality, her research has been seen mostly in Virginia Mason Medical Center in Seattle, Washinton D.C. USA.
References
Swanson K.M. (1998) Caring Made Visible, Creative thinking 4(4),8-11,16.
Swanson K.M. (1999). The Effects of Caring, Measurement, and time on Miscarriage impact and women’s well being in the first year subsequent to loss. Nursing Research, 48 (6), 288-298.
Swanson K.M., Chen H.T. Graham, J.C.; Wojnar, D.M. & Petras , A. (2009) Resoulution of depression and grief during the first year after miscarriage; A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Couples focused on Interventions. Journal of Women’s Health and Gender Based Medicine 18(8), 1245-1257.
Nursing Theorist and their Work by Martha Raile Alligood; 8th edition, 2015.
