Theories and models
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TheoryCh2.pptxChapter 2
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Welcome to the end of week 1!!!!!!
Reminders
Do not forget your online discussion 1 due 8/30/2020 by 11:59PM
The first quiz is on 9/3/2020
CHAPTER 2
WHY Study Theory?
FACTS ABOUT THEORY, RESEARCH, AND PRACTICE: INTERRELATIONSHIPS
Theory, research, and practice are a continuum along which the skilled professional should move with ease.
Not only are they related, but they are each essential to health education and health behavior.
The best theory is informed by practice; the best practice should be grounded in theory.
Researchers and practitioners may differ in their priorities, but the relationship between research and its application can and should move in both directions
FACT: THEORY, RESEARCH, AND PRACTICE: INTERRELATIONSHIPS CONT..
The task of health behavior and health education is both to understand health behavior and to transform knowledge about behavior into effective strategies for health enhancement.
Research in health education and health behavior ultimately will be judged by its contributions to improving the health of populations.
We must remember, basic behavioral research is important in developing theories, but we must ultimately test our theories iteratively in real-world contexts.
FACTS: THEORY, RESEARCH, AND PRACTICE: INTERRELATIONSHIPS CONT…
Relationships among theory, research, and practice are not simple or linear.
The larger picture of health improvement and disease reduction is better described as a cycle of interacting types of endeavors, including:
fundamental research (research into determinants, as well as development of methodologies)
intervention research (research aimed toward change)
surveillance research (tracking population-wide trends, including maintenance of change)
application and program delivery.
WHAT IS OUR RELATIONSHIP TO THEORY, RESEARCH, AND PRACTICE?
We aims to help educators no matter what- ever their backgrounds or disciplines, to understand the most important theoretical underpinnings of health education and health behavior.
We use theory to inform research and practice.
We as professionals are charged with responsibility of being interventionists.
We are action-oriented.
We use our knowledge to design and implement programs to improve health.
THEORY, RESEARCH, AND PRACTICE WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?
The design of interventions that yield desirable changes can best be done with an understanding of theories of behavior change and an ability to use them skillfully in research and practice.
We work in situations in which resources are limited.
This makes it essential that they reach evidence- informed judgments about the choice of interventions, both in the interest of efficiency and to improve the odds of success.
Having an understanding of theory, research, and practice will advance what is known about health behavior.
A health educator without a theory is like a mechanic without his or her tools
Although we do not blindly follow a cookbook recipe but constantly creates the recipe anew, depending on the circumstances, and based, preferably, on evidence about the intended audience and previous interventions.
WHAT IS THEORY?
A theory is a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of events or situations by specifying relations among variables, in order to explain and predict the events or situations.
The notion of generality, or broad application, is important, as is testability.
Theories are by their nature abstract; that is, they do not have a specified content or topic area.
Theories and models explain behavior and suggest ways to achieve behavior change.
THEORIES, ARE THEY REALLY THAT IMPORTANT ?
Theories are useful during the various stages of planning, implementing, and evaluating interventions.
We as program planners use theories to shape the pursuit of answers to Why? What? How?
Theories can tell us:
why people are not following public health and medical advice
Or not caring for their health
Help pinpoint knowledge needed before developing/organizing an intervention program.
Can provide insight into strategies to reach people and organizations and make an impact on them.
SO WHAT DO THEORIES DO?
Theories and models explain behavior and suggest ways to achieve behavior change.
They are our framework.
They are our justification for our actions.
ARE THERE DIFFERENT TYPES OF THEORIES?
Explanatory theory
Change theories
Implementation theories
Explanatory theory
Explanatory theory describes the reasons why a problem exists.
It guides the search for factors that contribute to a problem (e.g., a lack of knowledge, self-efficacy, social support, or resources), and can be changed. ... Change theory guides the development of health interventions.
Such theories also predict behaviors under defined conditions and guide the search for modifiable factors like knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, social support, and lack of resources.
Change theories
Change theories, or theories of action, guide the development of interventions.
They also form the basis for evaluation, pushing the evaluator to make explicit her or his assumptions about how a program should work.
Implementation theories
Implementation theories are change theories that link theory specifically to a given problem, audience, and context (Institute of Medicine, 2002).
THEORY ARE THEY ALL KNOWING?
Theories vary in the extent to which they have been conceptually developed and empirically tested.
Bandura (1986) stressed that “theories are interpreted in different ways depending on the stage of development of the field of study.
In advanced disciplines, theories integrate laws; in less advanced fields, theories specify the determinants governing the phenomena of interest.”
The term theory is used in the latter sense in Health Behavior and Health Education, because the field is still relatively young.
What are? CONCEPTS, CONSTRUCTS, AND VARIABLES WHAT ARE THEY?
Concepts are the major components of a theory; they are its building blocks or primary elements.
Concepts can vary in the extent to which they have meaning or can be understood outside the context of a specific theory.
When concepts are developed or adopted for use in a particular theory, they are called constructs.
Examples:
Perceived susceptibility in the Health Belief Model
Subjective normative belief is an example of a construct within Theory of Reasoned Action.
CONCEPTS, CONSTRUCTS, AND VARIABLES WHAT ARE THEY? CONT…
Variables are the empirical counterparts or operational forms of constructs.
They specify how a construct is to be measured in a specific situation.
Variables should be matched to constructs when identifying what should be assessed in the evaluation of a theory-driven program.
PRINCIPLES, SAY WHAT?
Principles are general guidelines for action.
They are broad and nonspecific and may actually distort realities or results based on research.
Principles may be based on precedent or history or on research.
At their worst, principles are so broad that they invite multiple interpretations and are therefore unreliable.
At their best, principles are based on accumulated research.
In their best form, principles are the basis for hypotheses
MODELS! DO WE NEED TO KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT MODELS?
Ummmmm YES!!!!!!
Sad but true health behavior and the guiding concepts for influencing it are far too complex to be explained by a single, grand unified theory.
Models draw on a number of theories to help understand a specific problem in a particular setting or context.
They are often informed by more than one theory, as well as by empirical findings
Several models that support program planning processes are widely used in health promotion and education:
PRECEDE-PROCEED model
Social marketing model
Ecological models
