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Stages of Change

Theory：Stages of Change

Constructs：

1. Precontemplation：

2. Contemplation：

3. Preparation ：

4. Action：

5. Maintenance：

6. Relapse：

7. Processes of change：

Intervention：(name desired behavioral or social outcome)

(Name target of intervention)

Describe using each construct

· Precontemplation

· Contemplation

· Preparation

· Action

· Maintenance

· Relapse

· Processes of change

The Health Belief Model

Theory: Health Belief Model

Health Belief Model (HBM) is an approach to the implementation of healthy habits which lies in the assumption that healthy behavior is motivated by health beliefs and person’s readiness to take actions and accept the offered changes. The appearance of the model was caused by the need to explain the people’s absence of desire to reduce the number of diseases. According to the Abood, Black, and Feral (2003), the model implies the following constructs: “perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and other mediating variables.” Sometimes it is included the sixth construct of self-efficacy. The model helps to change the dietary behaviors of the program’s participants. The constructs assisted in increasing the awareness about the benefits of the healthy behavioral patterns and eliminating the barriers in front of making certain dietary changes. The increase in nutrition knowledge and its connection to the various diseases, such as CVD and cancer, are often included in the studies (Abood, Black, and Feral, 2003). Healthy eating habits patterns should be incorporated in the children education programs, sych as Be A Fit Kid (Slawta et al., 2008). Health promotion programs help to reduce the rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart diseases, and improve the quality of life starting from the childhood.  But the healthy lifestyle is not only limited to the healthy eating habits. Healthy sexual behavior is also the key to maintaining health (Laraque et al., 1997). That is why the increase of knowledge about healthy sexual behavioral patterns is beneficial for the health of youth and other sexually active categories of population. In such a way, HBM is the way by which a certain person or category of the population can change their behavioral patterns in order to obtain better health outcomes.

Constructs

1. Self-efficacy: the likelihood of taking actions depends both on the functions of beliefs related to outcomes and person’s belief that he or she has strengths to achieve the desirable aim (Abood, Black, and Feral, 2003).

2. Perceived susceptibility: it is a subjective person’s assessment of the risk of developing the health-related issue.

3. Perceived severity: a person’s assessment of the risk of health problem and its possible outcomes. Determines the openness of the person to specific actions.

4. Perceived benefits: all the possible benefits of taking action concerning the prevention of health-related issues. It determines the personal assessment of the value of being engaged in the health-promotion behavior.

5. Perceived barriers: these are those obstacles which are in front of the person who would like to take actions towards the behavior changes. The barriers can prevent the person from taking action even if he or she has a desire to take specific actions.

6. Cues to action：

Intervention：name desired behavioral or social outcome

Name target of intervention

Describe using each construct

· Perceived susceptibility：

· Perceived seriousness：

· Perceived benefits：

· Perceived barriers：

· Self-efficacy：

· Cues to action：

Liberation Education

Theory: Liberation Education

Education has always been a tool for evening the playing ground of success for all individuals in life. Going with this perspective, liberation education is founded on the principle of giving people an autonomy to take charge of their lives. The education gives the learner a chance to transcend the limitations that society places on them to greater things. According to Wallerstein and Bernstein (1988), this form is responsible for human liberation. When liberated with adequate and appropriate knowledge, the humans can then choose their destinies. The concept aims at getting rid of ideas that standardize and normalize the differences in society, especially in the economic and political fronts (Glass, 2001). Within this education, everyone has an opportunity to take part in the curricula, especially through dialogue. The dialogue results in social knowledge, essential in identifying the reasons for these people’s social place (Wallerstein & Bernstein, 1988). It seeks to empower the learners through diverse knowledge about their world. Liberation education has five major constructs that define its essence.

Construct：

1. Culture circles：

2. Empowerment; sense of control in our lives Codes：

3. Listening-Dialogue-Action-Reflection：

4. Critical consciousness put into action (praxis)：

Intervention：name desired behavioral or social outcome

Name target of intervention

Describe using each construct

1. Culture circles：

2. Empowerment; sense of control in our lives Codes：

3. Listening-Dialogue-Action-Reflection：

4. Critical consciousness put into action (praxis)：

Social Support and Health

Theory: Social Support and Health

From a health perspective, social support entails providing beneficial services to the community to improve their wellness. Initiatives in the society may target disadvantaged or vulnerable groups to eliminate disparities. Utilizing the transtheoretical model is important to effect and maintain positive social change and support.

Social support describes the exchange of services with the intention of promoting the wellbeing of the recipients. The provider offers useful services to the beneficiary to improve his/her position (Callaghan & Morrissey, 1993). For example, as demonstrated by Minkler, Frantz, and Wechsler (2006), enhancing the lives of the elderly through an education initiative helps to improve the lives of the beneficiaries through community support. The objectives of the program include addressing the physical, mental as well as the emotional needs of the aged by providing social support. In addition, the initiative intended to create awareness of the existing needs in the community and facilitate help to address them.

Constructs

1. Emotional Support: The construct involves showing concern and being available for the vulnerable population. Additionally, comforting the older people and providing care whenever they need it is also important.

2. Instrumental Support: The concept is from a subjective view and entails making the affected people comfortable. The patients need to know and feel there is someone who is available for them and are willing to assist them at the point of their need.

3. Informational Support: The aspect involves giving the aged advice and guidance. In addition, providing information about available resources in the community, social service, and how to live a healthy life at an advanced age is also essential.

4. Appraisal Support: The people should feel valued through the provision of warmth and nurturance. The aspect entails helping the older individuals to build their self-esteem.

5. Reciprocity: The construct entails providing mutual support between the clients, their families, and the social worker. The people should be comfortable to receive and share beneficial aspects. Social support involves providing services to vulnerable people to improve their wellness. An example is educational programs for the elderly. The five concepts of social support include emotional, active, and informational sustenance. Also, appraisal support and reciprocity are important to ensure holistic wellbeing.

Intervention：name desired behavioral or social outcome

Name target of intervention

Describe using each construct

- Emotional support：

- Instrumental support：

- Informational support：

- Appraisal support：

- Reciprocity：