Loewen Group - Case
The Loewen Group Inc. Case Report – Session 3
Executive Summary This report provides a qualitative analysis of the Loewen case study, starting from the excessive debt policy used in its expansion and ending with huge debt ratios and bankruptcy. The analysis includes the effect of the company’s policy and the financial distress it caused and results of such a financial condition.
Method of Analysis: For the analysis we have used the historical financial data of the company, the history of the company and its financing policy, and the financial data of its competitors.
Findings: The important finding that were gathered are listed below * Debt financing is considered the fastest and cheapest method in financing the growth of a company * Excessive debt financing for explosive growth is not well recommended * Financial distress factors are direct and indirect, and they vary in importance and effect on the overall future of the company * Filing Chapter 11 bankruptcy protects the company from its debtors by allowing it to reorganize their debt structure, which might seem the best option in this case.
Options/Recommendations:
We found out 2 options that Loewen could undertake.
Option 1: selling assets to increase cash position and decrease debts
Option 2: file chapter 11 bankruptcy to give the company another chance in Legal time to reorganize its debt structure.
Recommendation: filing bankruptcy seems to be the best option that Loewen has at this time, as it will allow it to startup its operations again and try to fix debt problems it faced by restructuring.
Q1. How was Loewen group able to grow explosively for the first half of the 1990s? What were the advantages of debt financing enjoyed by the company in this phase?
The Loewen group started as a family business in the 1950s, and had grown explosively in the late 1980s and early 90s mainly by acquiring small independent funeral homes and cemeteries in densely populated urban markets, and acquired several large established funeral chains. What they did that differentiated them from other big players in the market is that they acquired the bigger share of small cemeteries and funeral homes but retained some of their managers if possible because they thought they would know better about the community they lived in, and they are already known in their areas, which would provide a
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smoother transition of the business from a family one to a corporate level one. They also financed those businesses for capital improvement and merchandise.
Besides acquiring small businesses, a lot of factors helped Loewen grow in such a manner. Anchoring on the factor that death rates are almost constant throughout the years, trying to get a bigger market share was a priority target through these acquisitions. What helped more is the higher entry barriers to this business, due to high fixed costs and high capital requirements during the startup, and lack of social attachment to the society they live in due to lack of history in the local community surrounding them, which is considered a big factor driving the choice of families to do business with one funeral services company rather than another. Moreover, considered as one of the biggest funeral services firms in the United States, Loewen had the power to exert pressure on its suppliers for better reduced prices, in addition to taking advantage of being the first to be called when death happens; they are the first to be contacted, and they can supply everything regarding funerals from “A” to “Z”.
which gives them the power to bargain for higher prices, and at the same time, families will not be in a condition to negotiate due to the condition they are passing through, Loewen would give funeral services to low income or high income families accordingly. Another factor that helped is weak substitutes. Small family owned businesses could not compete with what Loewen offered regarding services, quality and price.
Another thing that helped Loewen was its ability to create the “at need” and the “pre need” services. The “pre need” services acted as an advantage, for people who would pay money today for their funeral services in the future. And since the funeral services have almost fixed expenses between today and the future, whatever money Loewen got from this option would be invested in securities and in insurance contracts, thus creating more value, or used as additional cash for day to day operations and investment in the company. Debt financing is considered the fastest and cheapest method of financing growth of a company, however using debt to finance accelerated and explosive growth can have his drawbacks. The debt financing option enjoyed by Loewen kept shareholders stake in the business constant, and reduced the company’s tax liability. As shown in exhibit 4, from year 1989 to 1996 (excluding the special items regarding the law suits in 1995), the increase in debt (from 79.7 to 1428.6) led to an increase in EBITDA (from 21.4 to 251.9), operating profit(from 17.7 to 195.1) and net income (from 6.2 to 63.9), and led to an increase in the dividends paid throughout these years (from 0 to 11.4), and thus kept the shareholders happy. These results have encouraged investors to invest more in Loewen, and have encouraged Loewen to issue more debt to finance its acquisitions, until they arrived to a point where the debt to equity ratio became too high due to lots of reasons.
Q2. How did Loewen get to the position it found itself in 1999?
Debt Financing: A major portion of Loewen’s acquisitions were debt financed. Their debt ratio kept increasing from 1988 and by 1998, the debt amounted to
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80.6% (capital structure ratio) of the assets.
Interest Coverage: By 1998, the interest coverage ratio dropped from 1.6 to 0.4, indicating that Loewen was having a difficult time making interest payments on its long term debts. Interest expenses had gone up by 100% from 1996 to 1998. ($91 M to $182.3M)
Industry downturn: Loewen management blamed a part of their problems on the declining death rates in 1998, but it is seen that its major competitors have managed the situation well, and even earned more than in 1997.
Impairment expenses: In 1998, Loewen group recognized asset impairment expenses to the amount of $659.2 M, which reflects the writedown of properties to fair value, mainly the investments in Prime Succession and Rose Hills properties. This shows us that Loewen was too aggressive in its acquistion strategy and in its zeal to compete, it ended up paying far too high a price for these two acquisitions. This is also evident from the fact that after these two acquisitions, Loewen’s debt/equity ratio reached 1.4:1. At this point SCI realized that Loewen was overvalued and dropped its bid for acquisition.
Mississippi lawsuit: Loewen’s downfall can be attributed, in part, to the unfavourable jury verdict in Mississippi in 1995. By reneging on an agreement to purchase properties worth around $10 M, the company was held liable to damages amounting to $500 M at the time of the verdict. The stock price dropped by 15%, and the company posted an interest expense of $165 M for that year.
Continued Acquisitions in 1998: Despite clear indications of a crisis, the management at Loewen continued their acquisitions, albeit at a slower pace. They paid $278 M in 1998 to acquire 89 funeral homes and 65 cemeteries.
Q3. Some might describe Loewen as ‘financially distressed.’ Is this a fair description of its problem? What are the manifestations and apparent costs of this socalled financial distress?
Indicators of financial distress1: * Continued erosion of margins, suggesting an inability to maintain market share and, ultimately, remain solvent. * Expansion beyond a business’s financial means, so that the cost of resultant overborrowing becomes a drain on the overall operation. * Overreliance on borrowed funds, resulting in a significant proportion of gross profits being directed at servicing the loan. * Inadequate capital base, creating problems in financing ongoing operations and growth. * Continual capital/loans injection, for if a business is not structured for recovery then any overcapitalisation will be impossible to service from internal generation of funds.
Many of these warning signs of financial distress hold true for Loewen group. As mentioned previously, Loewen group is heavily debt financed, and this has been creating a burden in terms of interest payments. Much of its generated income is being spent in interest payments of its loans.
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The group has been overreliant on borrowed funds, and have been expanding at a breakneck pace, even in 1998, after having seen a decline in the gross margins of its funeral homes and cemeteries businesses. While earnings have been steadily dropping over the quarters, the management at Loewen persisted in their acquisition strategy, even if it was at a slower rate than before, when they should have actually reviewed their outstanding debts and tried to figure out a strategy to reduce it. This added an additional burden to an already over burdened organization.
Interest repayments put a lot of pressure on their cash flow, and this pressure increased in the face of declining margins in 1997 and 1998. Because they had a higher risk of defaulting on their loans, Loewen might have been forced to pay a higher interest rate to borrow money. This newer debt would have further shrunk the already declining returns.
The resignation of Ray Loewen as Chief Executive Officer and his subsequent replacement as Chairman of the Board is a clear indication of financial distress, as it signals that the company was taking desperate measures to counter the oncoming tide of distress.
Hence, to say that Loewen is ‘financially distressed’ is a fair description of its problem at that time.
Costs of Financial Distress:
There are several costs associated with financial distress, some of which are considered direct, and others are considered indirect costs.
Direct Costs
Direct costs arise only in the case of distressed reorganization or liquidation. They are the direct fees for professional assessment and other legal charges incurred by the renegotiation of debt. They might include fees paid to accountants, consultants and lawyers. They vary usually between 3% and 4.5% of predistressed firms value( Branch (2002, 54)). These values are almost directly related to the firm’s value, and to the duration of the bankruptcy, the longer, and the more expensive.
Indirect costs This is the biggest part of the financial distress costs, because it is valued according to different factors and branches. It is mainly defined as the “Lost profits that a firm can be expected to suffer due to significant bankruptcy potential”(Altman, 1984). In other words, it is the lost opportunities which a company misses with regards to sales, productivity and market position.
It is driven by 3 main classes of factors: * Customer driven losses: when the customers feel the distress the company is
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passing through, and watch the company’s credibility decline, their willingness to pay would decrease and they will tend to go do business with a company that provides psychological relief, a company that they could trust their money with. This is shown in the tables below with the sales columns.
Cash flow from operation| 10.2| 124| Capital expenditures| 36.1| 62.7| Net income| 76.7| 599|
Q4. What are Loewen’s alternatives? What would you recommend to John Lacey?
Option 1: Start selling off assets in order to increase their cash position. This would help them service their debt, and prevent default of loan covenants. However, since Loewen’s position is a result of mismanagement over the years, this is only a temporary solution. Since the group has 10% of its business in Canada, and some portion in the United Kingdom, they could sell off these assets in order to raise some cash. This would also help by making their corporate structure less complex, since the group would be left only with assets in the United States.
Option 2: File for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. This would allow to company to conduct regular business, while negotiating with debtors to restructure its loans. With the flexibility available in the judicial system in the United States, Loewen could potentially get multiple extensions during the hearings, which would give it time to reorganize itself and come up with a viable solution.
They would not have to pay interest on unsecured loans, and could also avail of ‘debtorinpossession financing’, though it is not recommended due to their already high leverage. The disadvantage of filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy is that it would trigger a domino effect and force them to file in Canada as well. This would be detrimental since Canadian laws were more strict than US laws and this would lead to potential conflicts.
Recommendation: File for Chapter 11 bankruptcy
This is the only feasible option available to Loewen group in its present condition. Chapter 11 would protect the company from its debtors by allowing them to reorganize their debt structure.
Shareholders would lose everything, as creditors have first right over the company, post chapter 11. The company is worth more under operation, than by individually selling off its assets. This also allows more jobs to saved, than by selling off individual assets.
This option allows for a new corporate structure which could be successful in turning around the company, and making it profitable once again. Debtors would
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have the possibility of recovering more in this manner than they would through a chapter 7 liquidation of Loewen’s assets.
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