Assignment
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THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
QUESTION
Why do people behave in health‐ compromising ways?
“Theory needs questioners more than loyal followers” (Rimer, 2002, p. 156).
WHY DO PEOPLE ...
do things that are bad for their health smoking cigarettes drink too much alcohol overeat
not do things that are health‐ enhancing exercise eating low fat foods
not do things that maximize the likelihood of better outcomes wearing seat belts take prescription medicine as doctor
recommended
CHALLENGED FACED BY CAMPAIGNERS
What is the most effective way to change a person’s behaviors?
Educating people about health is not sufficient to promote behavioral change
Segmenting the audience: Identifying specific group who are alike in important ways Design the campaign in such a way that these groups are targeted This is a process that need to be consider before, during, and after the
campaign efforts
It is important for health promoters to: 1. Know the audience 2. Why audience members need to act in the recommended way 3. Why the audience may find it difficult to do so
HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF THE MODEL
Lewin’s Field Theory (1935) Introduced the concept of barriers to and facilitators of
behavior change
U.S. Public Health Service (1950’s) Group of social psychologists trying to explain why people
did not participate in prevention and screening programs.
Two major influences from learning theory: Stimulus Response Theory
Cognitive Theory
STIMULUS RESPONSE THEORY
Frequency of a behavior is determined by its consequences (i.e., reinforcement)
Learning results from events which reduce the psychological drives that cause behavior (reinforcers)
In other words, we learn to enact new behaviors, change existing behaviors, and reduce or eliminate behaviors because of the consequences of our actions.
Reinforcers, punishments, rewards
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COGNITIVE THEORY
Emphasize the role of subjective hypotheses and expectations held by the individual.
Beliefs, attitudes, desires, expectations, etc.
Cognitive theorists argue:
Influencing beliefs and expectations about the situation can drive behavior change, rather than trying to influence the behavior directly.
VALUE‐EXPECTANCY THEORY
To change an individual’s behavior, one can influence the individual by influencing their assessments about beliefs (or expectations) of that behavior and its corresponding values.
Expectancy: person believes that increased effort leads to improved performance
Instrumentality: person believes that improved performance leads to a certain outcome or reward
Outcomes: person values that reward or outcome
HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
HBM is a value‐expectancy theory
Based on these assumptions: 1. People desire to avoid illness or get well (value)
2. People believe that a specific health action that is available to him or her will prevent illness (expectation)
Initial development based on probability‐based studies of 1200 adults 82% of the people who believed they were susceptible AND
believed in the benefits of early detection were much more likely to be screened for TB through a voluntary X‐ray exam
21% of the people who do not have neither beliefs had a voluntary X‐ray exam
COMPONENTS OF HBM
Perceived Susceptibility: how likely do you think you are to have this health issue?
Perceived Severity: how serious a problem do you believe this health issue is?
Perceived Benefits: how well does the recommended behavior reduce the risk(s)
associated with this health issue?
Perceived Barriers: what are the potential negative aspects of doing this
recommended behavior?
EXAMPLE
What are the….
Perceived Susceptibility
Perceived Severity
Perceived Benefits
Perceived Barriers
ADDITIONAL COMPONENTS OF HBM
Cues to Action:
factors which cause you to change, or want to change. (not systematically studied)
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ADDITIONAL COMPONENTS OF HBM
Self‐Efficacy: one’s “conviction that one can successfully execute the behavior required to produce the outcomes” (Bandura, 1977).
As the health concerns of the nation have shifted to lifestyle‐related conditions, self‐efficacy has taken on greater importance, both as an independent construct, and as a component of HBM
Individual Perceptions Modifying Factors Likelihood of Action
•Demographics •Personality •SES •Knowledge
Perceived threat
Cues to Action •Education •Symptoms •Media
•Perceived Susceptibility
•Perceived Severity
Perceived Benefits minus
Perceived Barriers
Likelihood of Behavior change
FINDINGS FOR HBM
Perceived barriers was the most powerful single predictor of all HBM dimensions
perceived susceptibility is a stronger predictor of preventive health behavior (than sick‐role behavior)
perceived benefit is a stronger predictor of sick role behavior (rather than preventive health behavior)
perceived severity is the least powerful predictor, but still strongly related to sick‐role behavior
HBM CONCLUSIONS
One of the first models that adapted theories from behavioral science to health behaviors
Most widely recognized conceptual framework for health behaviors
The model is most effective when used to predict preventive health behaviors such as obtaining vaccinations to avoid specific illnesses. It is less effective when the preventive action is not associated with a specific
threat (e.g., Annual physical exams)
The model is effective when the preventive behavior is a short term or “one shot” action behavioral change vs. health maintenance