europe, world history
DanyNth19@
TheGrowthofEurope.pptx
The Growth of Europe
New Methods of Agriculture
Europeans began experimenting with new forms of agricultural production
The enclosure system was a movement in which fields were fenced in in order farm more effectively
More countries began adapting the enclosure system, especially in Britain and the Netherlands
Peasants and small landowners suffered with the adaption of the enclosure system as it limit access to the fields
Enclosure led to drastic social changes in England as laborers were negatively effected by increases in agricultural technology
Population Growth
The Population
By the mid-sixteenth century most of Europe returned to its pre-plague (Black Death) population
In England, between 1550-1850 the population jumped from 2 million to 16 million
Causes leading to an increase in population
Advances in medicine and hygiene leads to less mortality rates
Plagues and other pandemics decrease
Better forms of agricultural production leads to higher availability of foods
Advances in the water supply and sewage drainage
18th Century Industries
The main economic source in the 18th century was the cottage industry
The putting-out-system – merchants loaned out raw materials to cottage workers that processed them and returned it to merchants to sell
The industry that employed most Europeans was the textile industry
Handloom weaving was a family enterprise with typically all members of the family having a part in the process.
The increase of technology and the growth of the textile industry brought challenges to poor laborers as merchants began to increase their control over the production process and wages
The industrious revolution – a shift that occurred in families were they stopped producing goods and began to work in industries to earn wages to purchase consumer goods.
Guild System
The Guild system was the organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, each of which a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers.
Guilds controlled production in towns and cities
Women, Jews, and foreigners for the most part were excluded from local guilds
During the 17/18th century, guilds reached its peak
Guilds obtain certain rights and privileges to produce and sell specific goods
Global Trade
Apart from advances in agriculture and textile industry, wealth flooded into Europe from the colonial market.
Countries like Spain, Portugal, Britain, and France profited from their overseas colonies.
In England, an effort to increase its military presence and commercial wealth resulted in the establishment of the Navigation Acts which were laws that controlled the importation of goods to Britain and the British colonies
After 1700, British trade with its colonies boomed while its trade within Europe stagnated
The growth of the sugar trade market caused the need for increase of the agricultural labor force in the colonies
This led to increases in the slave trade, as African slaves were brought into the colonies, mainly in Brazil, to work large sugar plantations.
In the late 1780s, a movement to abolish slavery to rise in Europe with the British Empire being the first to abolish slavery in 1807. Brazil was the last major nation to abolish slavery.
Impact on Society
Advances in agriculture and industries led to profound changes in society.
Large families were no longer the norm as households occupying three generations shifted to smaller nuclear families
Production and wage earning no longer was conducting in the household, instead wage earning was done in factoires or in businesses outside of the home
Increased consumer culture
Literacy rates grew with more Europeans having access to education and literature
Growth in popular literature
New forms of agriculture allowed for a greater variety of fruits and vegetables
The colonies brought in exotic foods and lower the cost of many consumer products
