Annotated Bibliography Assignment

5

The effects of global warming on the environment.

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The effects of global warming on the environment.

Global warming is primarily caused by the emission of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide and methane (Lynch et al., 2021). Some of the effects include first, rising sea level. Lindsey (2019) argues that global warming leads to increased temperatures, which makes the ice melt hence increasing the level of water in the seas. Second, shrinking glaciers. Ruebsam, Mayer & Schwark (2019) found that the world's glaciers are disappearing more quickly than before, making some areas lose their scenic beauty. Third, heat waves. Baldwin (2019) argues that as a result of global warming, the earth is experiencing extreme heat waves two to four times than before.

Fourth, storms and floods. The United States Environmental Protection Agency report (2018) indicates that when temperatures increase gradually, more water evaporates from the land. This alters the normal precipitation, causing heavy rains, storms, and flooding (Fowler et al., 2021). Fifth, drought. Vegetation and animals are unable to survive in an environment with extremely high temperatures, flooding, and other abnormal condition, leading to droughts (The U.S. National Park Service, 2021). Sixth, human health is affected in various ways, including death and illness. Global warming causes extreme heatwaves, storms, and floods, affecting human health (Akhtar, 2020).

Seventh, economic consequences. Global warming negatively affects the normal lives of people, forming them and the relevant stakeholders to divert money and combat the effects. Diffenbaugh & Burke (2019) found that global warming affects economic growth as many properties and infrastructure are destroyed. It also creates instability and insecurity, limiting people to continue with their normal duties for the economy to grow (Stein, 2019). Eight, loss of biodiversity. Extreme temperatures in the water bodies affect marine organisms, such as shellfish and corals (Hastings et al.,2020). Lastly, the destruction of ecosystems. Global warming affects the ecosystems, such as how clean water or fresh air flows.

References.

Akhtar, R. (2020). Introduction: extreme weather events and human health: a global perspective. In Extreme Weather Events and Human Health (pp. 3-11). Springer, Cham.

Baldwin, J. W., Dessy, J. B., Vecchi, G. A., & Oppenheimer, M. (2019). Temporally compound heat wave events and global warming: an emerging hazard. Earth's Future, 7(4), 411-427.

Diffenbaugh, N. S., & Burke, M. (2019). Global warming has increased global economic inequality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(20), 9808-9813.

Fowler, H. J., Lenderink, G., Prein, A. F., Westra, S., Allan, R. P., Ban, N., ... & Zhang, X. (2021). Anthropogenic intensification of short-duration rainfall extremes. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 2(2), 107-122.

Hastings, R. A., Rutterford, L. A., Freer, J. J., Collins, R. A., Simpson, S. D., & Genner, M. J. (2020). Climate change drives poleward increases and equatorward declines in marine species. Current Biology, 30(8), 1572-1577.

Lindsey, R. (2019). Climate change: global sea level. ClimateWatch Magazine.

Lynch, J., Cain, M., Frame, D., & Pierrehumbert, R. (2021). Agriculture's contribution to climate change and role in mitigation is distinct from predominantly fossil CO2-emitting sectors. Frontiers in sustainable food systems, 300.

Ruebsam, W., Mayer, B., & Schwark, L. (2019). Cryosphere carbon dynamics control early Toarcian global warming and sea level evolution. Global and Planetary Change, 172, 440-453.

Stein, S. (2019). The ethical and ecological limits of sustainability: A decolonial approach to climate change in higher education. Australian Journal of Environmental Education, 35(3), 198-212.

The U.S. National Park Service. (2021). Plants and Climate Change. https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/plants-climateimpact.htm

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (2018). Climate Change Indicators: River Flooding. https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-river-flooding