I need a paper done Asap

· The current era

· We live in an era this is media structured but aslo has political globalization

· 3 outcomes

· journalists are subject to intense pressures and intimidation

· media corportions are subject to economic and polictical pressures, propaganda, manipulation

· new media may have the potential to investigate tranfrom political life in the global village

· journalism in the new media society

· journalists today are at risk

· public officials, fundamentalist citizens, drug cartles, etc.

· more than 1200 media workers have been killed in the last 15 years

· political journalism today

· dangerous situations are not always as identifiable

· some countries/ regimes make it a point to exterminate journalists (e.g Taliban)

· as such we see the killing of stories to save journlaists

· self censorship

· manufacturing consent

· the CNN effect= the idea that whatever is highlighted on 24 hours new will drive foreign policy

· government/ political actors actually shape the news

· stories are killed so journalists can maintain ood relationship/ access with government, corporate officials, et.

· Media as complicit in “manufacturing consent”

· Structurl factors include media ownership/ partnership with corporatons, drive for profit

· Can lead to the noutine publishing/ promoting of news developed shaped by govenrmnets and corporations

· Framing theory

· Freaming= inventing emdia consumers to think about an issue in a particular way

· The way journalists describe an issue infleunces the way the public understand the issue

· News frame= a centertal idea upon the rest of the story is based

· Unifies information and turns it into a story

· Builds connections between concepts

· Often relies on cultural meanings nromals and values

· The primary effect of a frame is to render specific information, imah,e or ideas applicable to an issue

· Must consider:

· Selection

· Emphasis

· Exclusion

· Elaboration

· Communication vs. communications

· Communicationa dn communications are NOT the same thing

· This is a communication lass, and we have a comminicaton major/ minor here and a communication department (not the communications sdepartment)

· Communication

· Refers to the process of making meaning

· Examins verbal and nonverbal messages and begaviors tgat expose human intraction

· An academic program fcpused broadly on the science and philosopht of communication

· Communications

· Refers to the methods people use to communicate with one another

· An academic progtam focused on equipping students with particular comminicaion skills

· Focuses on this like radio and television production, journalism, and marketing

· Defining media

· Media is a plural noun that refers to multiple (more than one) mediums

· A medium is a type of technology, written or digital, used to transmit messages

· The problem of treating media as singular= each medium has unique attributes

· What does farhi argue about using the term “the media”?

· “fact is, there really is no such thing as ‘the media.’ Its an invention, a toold an all-purpose smear by people who cant be bothered to make distinctions.”

· “confisder: there are hundres of brdact and cable tv networks, a thousand or local tv sations. A few thousand amanazines and newsapers, several thaousand radio stations and roughly agazillion websites, blongs, newsletters abd podcars. Theres aso twitter, facebook, snapchat, ainstragram and who knwso what new digital thing, all of these, clolecivel now consitutude the media/”

· calling out ‘ the media’ makes about as much sense as calling out “people”. Some are fair, some aren’t. but theyre not all the same, it plays a role

· grammatical debate

· many official guides thinj “media “ must alwas be used as plural

· some people think “media” should be like “date”, used as both a plural and singular noun

· media and mass communication

· when we talk about the media, we are probably referring to highly controlled mass emdia organizations that:

· use various channels (media)

· to distribute messages

· for the purpose of creating and maintaining audiences

· with the goal of generating a profit and/ or serving the public interest

· mass communication vs. social media

· mass= fewer channels; social= many channels

· mass=larger but passive audience; social= narrower, active audience

· mass= one-way, time-specific transmission; social= interactive and convenient tramsmission

· mass= masgs controlled by sender; social= mesgs controlled by users

· classi model of mediated communication

· COMPONENTS LASSWELL’S MODEL

· Who (sender)

· Says what (message)

· Channel (medium)

· Thi wom (receiver)

· With what Effect (feedback)

Traditional vs. new media

· Why do we use communication technologies?

· We use them to cross TIME and SPACE

· Media ecology approach

· About how communicayion media & technology effect culture and human interaction

· The medium shapes the message (the way its communicated)

· As media evolved we see old emdia in new ways (tv now found online)

· The interaction betwwen the media and the people shapes human experience and its products (e.g fb culture vs pinterest culture)

· Marshall mcluim said medium is the message

· look up the medium is the message under the nerd writer on youtube

· how pc magazine define snew media:

· new media= about communicating using digital tools

· new media= often an interactive component

· new media= requires accsess to the internet/technology

· 7 concepts to help us differentiate between types of media/ communication (bym, 2015)

· interactivity

· temporal structure

· refers to time and how communication is different

· social cues

· storage

· perminantcy of the content (snapchat vs in txt)

· replicibility

· how much can u replicate something (edit)(memes)

· reach

· size of the audience seeing the contect (in person talk vs a ted talk)

· mobility

· portible

· tradictional vs new media

· since media is constantly evolving, it is sometimes diffulcut to differentiate between what is “new” and what is not

· The traditionl phone

· The telephone was inveted in mid 1800’s

· Us potent was fom alexander graham bell in 1876

· The phone has always been a social medium

· For a long time, phones were limited by the actuality of time

· Advancments to the phone

· Answering machines

· Cal waiting

· Third person calling

· Video phones

· Cell phones

· Car phones were a precursor

· 1973: first hand mobile phone call was made

· 1983: cell phones go public

· 1989: first flip phone

· 1993: texting starts

· 2002: “smartphone” could send/ receve emial, needed a headset

· first cmera phone

· had to download the images to a computer to print

· 2007: first iphone released

· smartphones today (PEW)

· 77% of US adults own a smartphone

· 92% among 18-29 year old

· one of the most quickly adapted technologies in history

· 12% of US-adults are smart phone only internet users

· more common amongst people making $30K or less

· smartphones have….

· Make us accessible 24/7

· Made us expect others to be constantly accessible

· Culture of immediacy

· Made it possible to document our every move

· Made it diffuclt to escpae from technology

·

· Lule’s argument

· Globalization has changed our world- from economics, politics, to culture

· Globalization has changed the way we see ourselves in the world

· Globalization could not occur without emdia

· “globalization and media act in correct and cohert, and the two have partenered throughout the whole of human history” (p.10)

· we live in a global village

· marshall McLuhan and the lobal village

· mcluahn believed that edia were making the world “smaller” and bringing people closer

· he predicted that media turn thr world into a “global village”

· “ the new electronic interdependence recreates the wlrd in the image of the global village.”

· He thought this would lead to “universal udersating and inity.”

· Lule’s take

· Mcluen was right that we are slowly becoming a global village

· Mcluen is wrong in his optimis

· Lule bleuves that globalization and media are combining to create a bleak, divided, problematic village

· He calls thisthe global village of babel

· Babel

· Reference to the biblical story of babel

· In this story

· People unite and speak a common language

· They give into pride and vanty

· They decide to build a tower to humanity to celebrate their greatness

· The lord is angered at their conceit

· The lord scatters them and changes language so no one understood one another

· It turns into missundrasting and confusion

· Babel: a scene of…….division and turmoll

· Global village of babel

· Mcluehn’s global village would overcome divisions of language and return to the unity knowb before babel

· Lule argues that globalization and media have created a global village, but is one that has been “degraded…..by humankind’s hubris, vanity, and greed” (p.16)

· Humans have not overcome babel, but recreated a global village of babel

· 3 important domains of global action

· ther are the three important realms where globalization plays out:

· economics

· politics

· culture

· ted talk: the myth of globalization

· peter aldenadary, an international lawyer

· write down the key points

· it’s a expression we use now

· everyone communicates differently

· different ages differ in languages and slangs

· time also differs depending on the culture you are in ex: Barcelona vs. US

· global village is a myth, there is no single one, there are many villages everywhere in the world

· corss culture dilemma: because English is everywhere and easy we assume we understand eachother, its the universal language

· culture shcok: has didfferent meaning now u can have that in the culture u r already in (technology)

· cultural intelligence: learning other cultures without losing our own, we don’t all thinkt he same way and look at things differently

·

· Etymology of globalization

· The word has been traced back tot hr 1940’s: was populuraized in 1983

· –ation words suggest that the verb is completed

· ex: legalization

· –ize+ ation, when put together, suggests process our outcome

· ex: organization

· It is important weather one views globalization as process or an outcome

· Important notes about globaozation

· Globalization is real

· The term globalization has very different meanings, depending on who is using the term

· Globalization is both challenged and embraced

· Origins of globalization

· Option 1: in the late 1990’s, with advances in media and migration

· Option 2: a few centuries ego ( e.g. the arrival of Columbus or spains colonization of manila)

· Option 3: always, it’s a fundamentally human endover to seek and connect with tohers in distance places

· Lule embraces 3

· Metaphors for globalization

· Metaphor: using soemthig to describe soemthign else, comparing hings without using like or as

· Ex: Life is a waterfall

· Use them to create analogy

· 6 common metaphors for globalization

· 1 .globalization as our era

· “ in the era of rapid globalization there is no mystery about what works an ipne, liberal economy, preprared constanyly to change and remain comepeteive.” (tory blair)

· globalization is modern, not historical

· globalization is an outcome not a process

· globalziatoon has been achieved in our time

· 2. Globalizaiyion as unstopabel force

· “it has beens aid that arguing against globalization is like arguing against hthe low of graviy.” (kofi anon)

· globalization is a powerful force of nature

· this force of nature cannot be stoped; it is inventible and irresistible

· eve if u try to resist, it might be unstobale

· 3. Globalization as a rising tide

· “ how to turn disadiavgetd into advantages it’s the tidal wave of globalization: (zha peixin)

· it is a natural development

· it is temporal

· the ide has become a giant tidal wave

· it can benefit everyone

· 4. Globakization as benefactos

· the protesters and do gooders are just plain wrong, in tturns out globalization is good and not just for the richm but specially for the poor (robyn Meredith and Suzanne hoppough)

· humanizaes globalization dn turns into a hero

· globalization is seen to rbing good and lift people up

· 5. Globalization as anetworked world

· “….. we are in the process of connecting all the knowledge pools in the wolrd together” (Thomas friedman)

· relies on communication technology

· empathises how advances in communication and transportation break down borders and barriers

· 6. Globazlistion as empire

· “…… the inevetibility of the profect of corporate globalization is beginning to seem more tha a little inveitble” (arunhati roy)

· globalization is an economic and military explansion of the western (American) empire

· this metaphor is most often used to raise passion and protest

· poor people/countries are urged to resist being overtaken by the empire/globalization

· take hoem activity 1 (10 points )

· pick 3 metaphors for globalization

· find a news article/ book that emplys each of the 3 metaphors

· explain how the metaphor is employed AND copy a 1-2 sentence title/quote that shows the metaphor

· Lule’s definition of globalization

· Key points

· Set of processes not just 1

· Economics, cuture, politics

· Process is not new its historical

· They overlap and intract with eachother

· Together these prorcesis make up globalization

·

· Evolution of media & globalization

· Schplars tend to organzet eh historical studt of media into time periods

· There is not necessiarly agreement on which periods we should look to/ how we should divide them

· Lule: 5 periods are imoirtant to exame in refrence to globalization and media

· Note: charting media does not neciserlly mean charting progress

· Ear 1: oral communication

· Speech is often overlooked in studies on the history of globalization

· Many start with the painting press

· Lule: human speech is the “oldest and most enduring of all media.” (p.53)

· When speech developed into language, it set humans apart

· Language helped humans move around, settle down, trade goods/ services, cooperate and coordinate

· Era 2: script

· Script is the very first writing

· Scropt allowed humans to communicate/ share knowledge and ideas across time and space

· Script allows culture to become codifired- write down rules, traditions, practices, laws, etc

· Script allowed civilizations to gtow into empires.

· Era 3: the printing press

· Developed by Gutenberg in Germany in 1450

· Made printed documents available to the masses

· Led to mass literacy

· Changed the nature of knowledge- less malleable

· Made it possible to challenge policial and religion authority

· Led to the nationilaztion of languages

· Aided ins cientific advancement (scientific revolution, 16th century)

· Era 4: electronic media

· Electronic media= media that requires electromagnetic energy to use

· Telegraph patented in 1837- comincation over distances made easy

· 1876- phone made it possible to communicate speech over distance

· 1890’s- radio brought news/ enetertainemt into homes and villages

· 1890’s when fulm developed into a mass medium

· television invented in 1927: popularized in the 1950s

· before 1980s less than 10% of humans had a tv

· by 1960s 87.1% of human shad a tv

· television was incredibly powder because if brought together

· aj the vidual/ annual power of film

· bj the accessibility of radio

· Television became even more powerful with cable/Richie channels

· Era 5: digital media

· Digital media= electronic media that relie son digital codes

· Started with the digital comuter (1930’s)

· Most of our earlier electronic media can now be concidred digital

· Digital media have transformed economics, politics, and culture

· Tresnging, shopping, finding info, sharing info, survelience, spread food, religion, music sports etc

· Media and imagination

· Globalization is possible because of our ability to imagine

· Media is the way imagining the world has been made possible

· Before media, other parts of the wolrd were unimaginable

· Global imaginary: the globe itself as an imagined community (steger)

· For lule, cosmopolitanism is now a fact of life

· Groups of people share imagining, called SOCIAL IMAGINARY, that captures essential values and beliefes

· Ex: religion

· Soceities need social imaginiaries for unity and cohesion

· Peope will not meet all or most other in their nation but they can imagine

· The era of globalization

· 2 differences:

· 1. The intensification of our underetaning/ consciousness of the world

· 2. The expansion and acceleration of global social, and economic and political relations

· “ being cosmopolition is no longer a rare atiributuon but a marked feauture of modern life”

· technology: 2 apporaches

· technological deteminsim

· TECHNOLOGY DRIES DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN EXPRENCES

· TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES IN PREDICTIBLE WAYS

· TECHNOLOGY CAN BE DANGEIOUS OR BENEFITIOAL

· Social determinidm

· Technology emerges as the result of human need and developemt

· Technology does not advance to predictable ways

· Technology is neutral, its what humans do with it that matters

· Mcluhan vs. mumford

· Mcluhan: utopian

· Mcluhan: electronic media abolish space and time, connect us, creative a global cillage

· Mcluhan: boundaries and boarders will disappear because of media

· Recover unity fast at babel

· Mumford: dystopian

· Mumford: a global village would be a “total cultural dissolution”

Mumford: “more contract does not mean more space, more communication does not mena more community, and more trade does not mean more cooperat

· Media corporations as oligopolies

· Monopoly: when a single company controls all of the market for a product or service

· Duopoly: when two companies control all of the marker for a product or service

· Oligopoly: when only a handful of companies control all of the marker for a product or service

· Issues with a media oligopoly

· 1. Media is primarily owned and controlled by western companies

· 2. Media conglomerates sometimes distributes content that is unwanted by those trying to uphold local customs

· 3. Local cultures can offer few alternatives to compete with massive media companies

· bottom line: fears that western culture us being IMPOSED on other countries by the media (cultural imperialism)

· vertical and horizonatal integration

· horizontal integration: companies expand by purchasing properties in their same are/ similar to the current bussines.

· Vertical integration: companies will purchase properties different from, but complimentary to, their current bussines

· Ex: amazon buying whole foods

· Own/ control various stages of production

· Lule’s example= Hannah Montana

· tv, cds, radio, film, products, events

·

· Agnda-setting theory

· Agenda setting= the process by which emdia tell us what we should attend to

· Media direct audence’s attention to particular issues, events, people

· Geekkeepers: people/ groups that control the message sthat get through to audeiences

· Media tell us what to think about

· Vs. framing

· How genda setting works

· Media don’t just reflect our reality, they filter and shape it

· The meida agenda influences the public agenda

· Exposudre to media egenda-> issue perceptions-> public agenda

· Communicating importance

· Sotry selection

· Story repition

· Story placement

· Story features

· HEADLINE

· Pictures

· Right side collum

· Media as watchdogs

· Media are often viewed as an essential part of democracy Because they monitor the government

· Media informs the public of important information/ alert the public to anomalies

· Media can prevent political leaders from doing things that should not be done

· They do so by interviewing people, fact checking, attending meetings, tracking down documents, long term investigations. Etc.

· The fourth estate

· Term from the 1800’s in Britain

· Refers to the influence and power of media

· Cats media in watchdog role

· Legislative, judicial, executive branches… and then media

· Media as lapdog

· Some people feel the media has strayed from the watchdog rol e

· They believe the media is controlled by politicians

· Citizen journalism

· New media technologies inspire citizen journalism

· Leads to the erosion of gate keepers

· New voices, challenges

· Allows us all to be watchdgos in some sense

· E.g. fact checking

·

· Media literacy process

· Awareness: about

· The previous of the media in your life

· The ways that media are constructed

· The working of the media industires

· The cultural messages communicated by media

· The use/effects of media

· Analydis: critical evalituoon of…..

· The forms and contents of the medias various messages

· The intent of most mass media to peraude an audience

· The meaning of media messages

· Ananlysing th emdia inducstires and its mediation communication

· How technology effect media industires and cultures

· Activism: developing your own informed opinions abou the negative and positive effects of th emida and deciding to do something about it

· This may mean?

· Praising healthy media

· protesting unhealthy media

· Developing campaign to educate others with regard to the mida, to change media messages, etc.

· Advocasy: leanring how to work with media and use media to develop and publicize messages that are healthy, constructive, and often ognored by our society

· Access: inproving your skils in knowing how to access and use diferent types of media- radio, newspaper, internet, televeision, etc.

· Foundation for media inquiry: Key concepts & questions

· All media is constructed (Authorship)

· Q: Who created this message?

· Media messages are created using a creative language with its own rules (format)

· Q: what creative techniques are being used to attract my attention?

· Different people experience the same messages differently (audience)

· Q: how might differ people understand the message differently from me?

· Media have embedded values and point of views (content)

· Q: what lifetstlyes, values and ponts of view are represented in, or ammitted form, this message?

· Most media are organized to gain profit and/ or power (purpose)

Q: why is this message

2/28/18 Second Half of class

· The commodification of Culture

· When culture is massed produced and distributed in direct completion with local culture

· A limited range of culture elements are shared, while other are ignored

· A dramatization of certain cultural elements

· Cultural commodities are marketed in ways that intrude and dispute everyday life

· The elite who operate cultural industries are ignorant about the consequence of their work

· Defining cultural influences

· Pietrese there are 3 possible outcomes through which to consider the impact of globalization of culture

· Cultural diff, convergence and hybridity

· These three outcomes can be seen as operating on a continuum

· Cultural Differentinisim

· Cultures are distinct, strong, and resilient

· Distinctive cultures will endure, despite globalization

· Cultures destined to clash due to differing values

· Cultural Convergence

· Globalization leads to a growing sameness of cultures

· Global culture is overtaking local culture

· Cultural Imperialism: the cultures of less developed nations are taken over or “invaded” by these of more developed nations

· McDonaldization

· Ritzer: “The process by which the principles of the fast food restaurants are coming to dominate mare and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world”( P.169)

· Efficiency

· Predictability

· Calculability

· Control

· Cultural Hybridity

· Globalization brings forth a blending/mixing of cultures

· This leads to creation of new culture forms

· This is the middle point on the continuum

· Globalization the commingling of global culture

· Misinformation Vs. Disinformation 3/5/18

· Misinformation: information whose inaccuracy is unintentional

· Journalists misinterpret a source

· Journalists do not verify a claim

· Journalists report things too early

· Disinformation: Information that is deliberately false or misleading

· Often spread through fake twitter bots & false news sites

· Click Bait

· Something designed to make readers want to click on a hyperlink, especially when the link leads to content of dubious value or interest

· Most often

· Categories of Fake News

· (Actually) Fake News

· Misleading News

· Biased News

· Satirical News

· How to Spot Fake News?

· Consider the source

· Read Beyond

· Check the author

· Supporting sources

· Check the date

· Is it a joke?

· Check your biases

· Ask an expert

Textspeak: Language in the new media Society 03/19

· New Media = New Terms

· Language is not static

· As we develop new technology and practices, we develop new words to describe them

· E.g. Blogging, spa, flaming, mash up, podcast, troll, catfish

· Some terms are even specific to one SNS

· Tagging, liking, Pinning, Tweeting, Facebooking, friending, etc.

· What is Textspeak?

· It is abbreviated language commonly associated with texting and other digital communication

· It only exists in written form

· It is characterized by abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols

· It does not follow typical grammar, spelling, punctuations, or style standards

· The Critics of Textspeak

· We are becoming lazy in our use of language

· We are losing some of our knowledge

· Grammar is becoming less important

· Textspeak is spilling over into other areas, like work and school

· Textspeak cam be rather ambiguous

· Is textspeak good for language

· Collister 2015

· Change does not mean decay

· It is easier to clarify meaning without interrupting flow (e.g. asterisk)

· It is easy to EMPHASIZE certain things

· Single symbols can convey the whole message

· Emoticons as Expressions

· Emoticon = emotion icon

· An emotion is understood to be the expression of emotion

· Emoji’s are cartoon images and represent more than just emotions

· Time Magazine: We have Emoji Rules

· 1. Emoji’s tend to come at the end of messages

· 2. We respect linear time and actions

· 3. In sets of two or three emoji, the face(s) tends to come first

· Beyond Emoji, what are some texting “rules” or norms?

· Writing skills

· In addition to grammar, the internet may be hurting other language skills:

· Ability to accurately convey ideas and feelings in written form

· Ability to understand what is formal/informal language

· Knowledge of words (w/o a Thesaurus!)

· Knowledge of spelling (w/o spellcheck!)

· Hand writing (printing & especially cursive)

· 3/9

· Frietas

· What is an “Actual “or” Real” self?

· True self Vs Actual self (Bargh McKenna, & Fitzsimons, 200)

· True self: inner self that exists but is not truly expressed in social situations

· Your personal psychological self

· Ideal and possible selves (future selves)

· Actual self: Public self

· The self expressed in social life

· Social Media & the self

· SNS has created Three possible events (Zhao, Grasmuck, & Martin,2008)

· 1. True self: expressed in anonymous environments w/out social constraint

· 2. Real self: conformed norms in FTF settings

· 3. Hoped-for, possible self – Displayed on SNS

· “Sometimes being deceptive is more about presenting one’s ideal self than a fictitious one,” (Baym, 2010, P.118)

· Question: Do we have multiple selves or one self with multiple complex identities intertwined

· The work of Erving Goffman

· We cannot understand the self as one single entity

· There is no “one true self”

· The self plays multiple roles in everyday life

· We all wear masks (“faces) in different situations

· We engage in “face work” try to manage how others see us

· “front stage” Versus “backstage”

· Expression of true self online

· Anonyms internet connections can make expression of the true self easier because:

· 1. Anonymity

· Able to remain relatively unidentifiable

· Freed from expectations and constraints

· 2. Fewer Barriers

· Costs of disclosure are fewer than offline

· Disclosure of qualities of true self fosters bonds of empathy & understanding and contributes to fast relationship formation.

· Digital Media & Disembodiment

· Disembodied identities: identities that exists only in action and words (Baym, 2010)

· Possible because of digital media

· The body plays no role in these identities

· Opens up new opportunities for exploration and deception ( E.G. catfishing)

· Social Networking Sites & Identity

· SNS connect your online identity to your offline one

· Noymous

· We micromanage the information on our SNS (e.g. tagging/untagging photos

· Therefore, we can control how we are seen

Define Selfie Culture

· Selfie Culture

· The culture in which we now live in, where in people have cameras at their fingertips and document their lives accordingly.

· Selfie became a “Word” in 2013

· Oxford dictionary: A photograph that one has taken of oneself. Typically, one taken with a smartphone or webcam and shared via social media

· However, the first selfie was taken 1839

· Chemist photo Robert Cornelius

· On selfies….

· A common stat is that we post over a million selfies each day

· In 2016, 24billion selfies were uploaded to google

· The Average millennial is expected to take 25.000 + selfies in their lifetime

· In 2015, more people died from taking selfies than from shark attacks.

· Social Media and selfies

· More than 50% of Instagram selfies are appearance- based

· More females than males post selfies (59% to 41%)

· While 77% people say they regularly take selfies, 82% want fewer selfies on social media

· Selfie paradox

· People tell their own selfies were more genuine and self-ironic, but others were perceiving as more self presentational

· Narcissism

· Narcissism is a personally trait that means a person has:

· An exaggerated self-concept

· A high level of self importance

· And a desire to be admired (buffardi & Campbell, 2008)

· Narcissists believe they are better than others, unique, or special

· Prefer online communities with shallow ties

· Are more likely to post social media photos emphasizing their attractiveness, to post photos more frequently and to spend more time editing photos before posting them

· Materialism Defined

· Materialism (shrum et at… 2013 p. 1180):

· It is about trying to construct/ maintain the self…

· By acquiring/using products, services, experience relationships

· Or perceived value

· We use material possessions to achieve/Maintain identities, signal our identities to others, and signal status or membership in a group

· Materialism online

· Materialistic behavior online goes hand-in-hand with selective self-presentation

· Wealth and status are signaled by the material possessions we show off/discuss

· Sometimes, we might fabricate/exaggerate possessions, services, experience

· Materialism has been related to lower well being depression, anxiety physical health problems and dysfunctional consumer behaviors

New media, social comparison & Validation 3/28/18

· Social Comparison

· Social comparison comparing your self with others

· Social theory: it is through comparison with others that people evaluate their own opinions abilities emotions and personality traits Research theory

· Self uncertainty:

· Self esteem

· Self Comparison

· Self uncertainty: The degree to which a person feels certain/uncertain about his or her self.

· People with high self-uncertainty are more likely to engage in social comparison more frequently (Butzer & kuiper2006)

· People who are less certain about their opinions are more likely to compare themselves with others (Weary)

· Self- Esteem & Self- Conscious

· Self- esteem the overall, value, positive or negative, that we assign to ourselves

· People with low-self-esteem tend to engage in social comparison more frequently

· Self-Consciousness: The degree to which one is aware of themselves and their actions

· People who are more self-conscious tend to engage in social comparison more frequently

· Downward Vs. Upward Comparison

· Downward social comparison: Comparing the self with someone who is perceived to be worse off.

· Creates positive effects

· Upward Social Comparison: Comparing the self with someone who is perceived to be better off.

· Often creates negative effects

· Can be about self-enhancement

· Social Comparison on Instagram

· Social comparison orientation (SCO): the inclination to compare one’s accomplishments, situation, and experiences with that of others

· Higher SCO was related to more:

· Instagram interactions

· Instagram browsing

· Higher SCO was not related to more:

· Instagram broadcasting

· Validation Online

· Many people get much of their validation eternally

· External Validation: When we rely on others for recognition and acceptance rather than relying on our internal understanding of our worth.

· We want others to tell us we are smart, attractive, funny, Worthy, etc.

· We strive for the attention and approval of others

· The number of Facebook likes people get its positively related to their self-esteem (Burrow & Rainone, 2013)

Online Celebrity & Notoriety 3/30/18

· Online celebrity/internet celebrity: someone who has become famous by means of the internet

· YouTuber’s

· Bloggers

· Instagramers

· People in memes, viral videos etc.

· Meme (from Merriam-webster)

· Meme: an amusing or interesting items (such as a captioned picture or video) or genre of items that is spread widely online especially through social media

· Viral video: any clip of animation or film that is spread rapidly through online sharing.

· 3 kinds of viral videos

· unintentional viral videos: videos that the creators never intended to go viral. These videos may have been posted by the creator or shared with friends, who then spread the content

· Humorous viral video: videos that have been created specifically to entertain people. If a video is funny enough, it will spread.

· Promotional viral video: videos that are designed to go viral with a marketing message to raise brand awareness. Promotional viral videos fall under viral marketing practices

· Types of YouTube celebrities

· Vloggers

· Comedians/sketch artists

· Pranksters/stunt artists

· Musician/singers

· Gamers

· Makeup/beauty gurus

· Activists

· Highest- Paid YouTube stars

· Pewdiepie 2016

· Advertising on YouTube

· Companies pay to be featured on the channels of popular YouTubers

· E.g. Evan fong gets paid up to $450,000 for a brand to appear in his videos

· Sponsors pay to be mentioned, discusses and reviewed

· Product inter

· Youtubers also make money

Privacy & Safety in the new media society 4/2/18

· Sharing isn’t New!

· We always shared

· But in a new media context, we share:

· More content

· On a larger scale

· Social media has come to play a large role in how we share today

· Share more frequently, easily, & quickly

· Why do we share online?

· Reasons people share information online:

· To bring entertaining/Valuable content to others

· To define ourselves to others

· To grow/nourish relationships

· For self-fulfillment

· To market causes/brands

· Should we be held accountable?

· Oline pricavy: how do we get here

· Printing press on reporting on peoples life

· 1880 taking picture without you knwing then the phone after west 7 union. Collecting information

· privacy’s is the flow of information

· Some new tech privacy issues

· Consumer online privacy

· Social networking privacy

· Cell phone privacy

· Email privacy

· Electronic communication act (2986) intended to create “a fair balance between the privacy expectations of citizens and legitimate needs of law enforcement.”

· Privacy issues & Areas

· Airport security (e.g. electronic device searches)

· Surveillance technologies

· Cybersecurity / cyber threats

· Hacking

· Hacking = breaking into computer systems

· To retrieve information, to cause damage, etc.

· “Hacktivism” - free speech, human rights, FOI

· Notable hacks in recent times:

· Equifax

· Target

· Sony e-mails

· “Celebgate” or “The fappening”

· Ashley Madison

· Snapchat

4/9/18 communication & Virtual Community 3rd exam starts here

· Virtual Community

· Web of personal connections that tranced time and distance to create meaningful new social formation (Rheingold, 1993)

· Communites make us feel connected in the world

· Baym: there are 5 elements of community that we find in online groups and online communities

· 1. Sense of space

· offline communites are rooted in a sense of space

· online groups are not tied to geographic space, but people often consider the online space “Shared” Place

· some spaces are even built to resmbel the ofline world (e.g. Videogames, Virtual words)

· 2. Shared Pratice

· People in communities share “habitual and usually unconscious practice” (p. 86)

· Speech communities share ways of using language, expectations, etc.

· Norms are displayed, reflected and shaped in/by the shared behavior

· 3.Shared Resources and support

· communities tend to allow the supportive exchange of resource

· social capital: the resources accumulated through relationships among people (Coleman, 1998)

· Can include actual resources (e.g. Money) or virtual resources (e.g. status)

· We can find support in both online and offline communities

· There are multiple types of social support, including:

· 1. Emotional

· expressions of empathy love trust caring

· 2. Instrumental

· Tangible aid and service

· 3.Informational

· Advice, suggestions, information

· 4. Shared Identities

· communities tend to think of their groups as having an identity (social identity)

· In Boston ‘’we” do X

· People taken on specific roles in a community (e.g. advice giver, novice, troll, etc.)

· The most common role in online communities = lurkers

· Lurker: someone who reads content but never posts

· 5. Interpersonal Relationships

· people can form one-on-one relationships in communities, both online and off

· friendships and sometimes romances are common within communities

· 6. Networks

· Messages / communication is often shared primarily with those in the specific network

· Offline: Community Newsletter, school bulletin, Etc.

· Even Offline communities use the internet to share messages that are private between themselves

Loneliness in the new media society 4/11/2018

· The self & Loneliness

· Lacking social networks can cause isolation and lowliness

· Lowliness”: the unpleasant experience that occurs when a persons network of social relations is deficient in some important way (Perlman & peplau, 1981, p.31

· The self has a strong overarching to belong

· Need to belong = need to form and maintain relationships

· Belongingness

· Composed of 3 aspects:

· 1. Companionship

· 2. Affiliation

· 3. Connectedness

· Loneliness & Facebook

· Lonely people are more likely to use Facebook to compensate for a lack of online relationships (skues et al..2012)

· FB can be a good method for coping with feelings of isolation (Sheldon et al..2011)

· It enables peer acceptance

· It enables relationship development

· It can boost self-esteem

· Social Connectedness

· Social connectedness is related to one’s opinions of self in relation to others.

· It is about emotional distance between the self and other people (friends and society)

· Strong social connectedness can create positive effects, like happiness and satisfaction with life.

· Social connectedness & Facebook

· Fb social connectedness was different than offline social connectedness

· Fb social connectedness was associated with:

· Lower Depression

· Lower Anxiety

· Greater sense of well-being

· Facebook uses might provide on “alternative form of social connection”

· Loneliness & image- Based social media

· Using image-based social media was associated with a decrease in loneliness

· Using image-based social media was associated with an increase in happiness

· SWL also increased with the use of more image-based social media sites

· Text-Based social media did little to boost happiness, connection, SWL (satisfaction with Life)

· Social Capital

· Social capital: the resources accumulated through relationships among people (Coleman, 1998)

· Social networks have value- can bring us money, status, information support, etc.

· Based upon the norm of reciprocity

· Types: Bonding, Bridging, Maintained

· Is Facebook making Us lonely

· Option 1: Displacement

· Media use replaces our involvement with and connections to other people (called the displacement effect)

· Option 2:

· Media platforms offer more opportunity for involvement with and connections to other people

Relational formation in the new Media Society 4/13/18

· Relational formation

· Refers to the manner in which we meet individuals and start relationships with them

· Where did people used to meet romantic partners 50 years ago?

· Where would YOU meet a romantic partner if you were single and looking?

· New Media and relationships

· Strengthen or weakens?

· Microcoordination

· New media allows us to coordinate more easily

with friends, family. Coworkers and romantic partners

· Micro coordination in the moment planning through mobile communications

· We constantly send texts, e-mails, snaps pics, etc. while on the go!

· What are some examples!

· Relational Maintenance

· Relational maintenance: the work we do to keep our relationships ongoing and healthy

· How do we do this using technology?

· Sherry Trukle : Alone Together (Ted Talk)

· Trukle argues that even through technology is supposed to bring us closer together, it is alienating us

· 1. We are hiding from each other

· 2. We sacrificing conversations for more connection

· 3. We expect more from technology and less from each other

· 4. We want the illusion of companionship without the demands of friendships

· 5. The feeling that “no one is listening” makes us want to spend time with machines

· 6. We share in order to “be”

· Write it down

· Are we really “alone together” Does technological advancement aimed to increase connectivity actually makes us more alienated

· How does social media, texting, and other communication affect your own relationships a) positively, and b) Negatively

· Is it possible to have a relationship today without ever using technology to communicate?

Family Communication in the New Media Society 4/20/18

· What is a Family

· Family identities are defined by communication.

· Family is a network of people who:

· Share their lives over long periods of time

· Are bound by marriage, blood, or commitment

· Consider themselves as family

· Share a significant history and anticipated future

· Maintaining family relationships

· Relational maintenance is important for families

· 3 important strategies:

· positivity

· Assurances

· Self-disclosure

· How much of this is done through a phone?

· The family and Technology

· Push and pull towards cyberspace & away from the family

· Less time together

· Less talking when together

· Parents can see much what kids do online

· Parental surveillance

· But not always aware of what they do in private communication

· There might be a digital divide between generations

· “Digital Natives” Vs. Digital “immigrants” (Prensky)

· people may not want to be “friends” with their relatives

· less choice

· More ongoing/constant communication & calendar syncing

· Documenting Parenthood

· 74% share too much information about a child on social media

· 51% offered personal info that could identify a child’s location

· 56% gave embarrassing information about a child

· 21% shared inappropriate photos of a child