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Hardware

Identify the major hardware components of a computer system.

Discuss strategic issues that link hardware design to business strategy.

Describe the various types of computers.

Differentiate the various types of input and output technologies and their uses.

Describe the design and functioning of the central processing unit.

Describe the main types of primary and secondary storage.

[ LEARNING OBJECTIVES]

Introduction

Strategic Hardware Issues

Types of Computers

Input and Output Technologies

The Central Processing Unit

[ CHAPTER OUTLINE ]

Student PowerPoints for note taking

WileyPLUS Learning Space

E-Book

Author video lecture for each chapter section

Practice quizzes

Flash Cards for vocabulary review

Additional “What’s in IT for Me?” cases

Video interviews with managers

Lab Manuals - Microsoft Office 2010 & 2013

[ WEB RESOURCES]

Introduction

TG 1.1

Hardware Consists of the Following:

Central Processing Unit

Primary Storage

Secondary Storage

Input Technologies

Output Technologies

Communication Technologies

Hardware: the physical equipment used for the input, processing, output, and storage activities of a computer system. Decisions about hardware focus on three interrelated factors: appropriateness for the task, speed, and cost.

Central Processing Unit (CPU): Manipulates the data and controls the tasks performed by the other components.

Primary Storage: Temporarily stores data and program instructions during processing.

Secondary Storage: Stores data and programs for future use.

Input Technologies: Accept data and instructions and convert them to a form that the computer can understand.

Output Technologies: Present data and information in a form people can understand.

Communication Technologies: Provide for the flow of data from external computer networks (e.g., the Internet and intranets) to the CPU, and from the CPU to computer networks.

Strategic Hardware Issues

TG 1.2

Successful hardware exploitation comes from addressing:

Rapid price reductions and performance advancements in Hardware

Need for new hardware infrastructures

How to manage new work styles enabled by mobile devices?

How to handle the employee bring-your-own-device (BYOD) phenomenon.

Types of Computers

TG 1.3

Servers

Supercomputers

Mainframe computers

Clients

Microcomputers (desktop PCs)

Laptops

Tablets

Wearable Clients (e.g., Apple Watch)

Supercomputers: the fastest computers available at any given time. Due to the high cost they are generally used by large organizations to execute computationally demanding tasks involving very large datasets (military, scientific research, national weather service, etc.).

Mainframe Computers: computers at the high end of the performance and reliability scales. Today’s mainframes perform at teraflop (trillions of floating point operations per second) speeds and can handle millions of transactions per day.

Midrange Computers: (or minicomputers) are larger midrange computers that are relatively small, inexpensive, and compact computers that perform the same functions as mainframe computers, but to a more limited extent.

Servers

Microcomputers: also known as personal computers (or PCs) are the smallest and least expensive category of general-purpose computers.

Clients

Desktop PC: the familiar microcomputer system that has become a standard tool for business and the home. A desktop generally includes a central processing unit—which you will learn about later—and a separate but connected monitor and keyboard.

Thin-client systems: are desktop computer systems that do not offer the full functionality of a PC. Compared to PCs, or fat clients, thin clients are less complex, particularly because they do not have locally installed software. When thin clients need to run an application, they access it from a server over a network instead of from a local disk drive.

Laptop and Notebook Computers: small, easily transportable, lightweight microcomputers that fit comfortably into a briefcase.

Netbooks: a very small, lightweight, low-cost, energy-efficient, portable computer. Netbooks are generally optimized for Internet-based services such as Web browsing and e-mail.

Tablet Computers: a complete computer contained entirely in a flat touchscreen that users operate via a stylus, digital pen, or fingertip instead of a keyboard or mouse.

Wearable Computers: miniature computers that people wear under, with, or on top of their clothing.

Microcomputers

Desktop PC’s

Thin-Client / Fat Client Systems

Laptop and Notebook Computers

Netbooks

Tablet Computers

FIGURE TG 1.1 Laptop, notebook, and tablet computers.

It’s Personal: Purchasing a Computer

Major Considerations for Purchasing a Personal Computer

What do you plan to do with your computer?

Where do you plan to use your computer?

How long do you need service from this computer?

Input and Output Technologies

TG 1.4

Multimedia Technology

Input Devices

Output Devices

Input Devices

Human Data-Entry Devices

Gesture-Based Input

Source-Data Automation Input Devices

Input Devices – Human Data-Entry Devices

Keyboards

Mouse

Optical Mouse

Trackball

Pointing Stick

Touchpad

Graphics Tablet

Input Devices – Human Data-Entry Devices

Joystick

Touch Screen

Stylus

Digital Pen

Web Camera (Webcam)

Voice-Recognition

Input Devices – Gesture-Based Input

Gesture Recognition

Wii

Microsoft Kinect

Leap Motion Controller

Input Devices – Source Data Automation Devices

Automatic Teller Machine (ATM)

Magnetic Strip Reader

Point-of-sale Terminals

Barcode Scanners

Optical Mark Reader

Input Devices – Source Data Automation Devices

Magnetic Ink Character Reader

Optical Character Recognition

Sensors

Cameras

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

Output Devices

Monitors

Printers

Voice Output

Output Devices - Monitors

Monitors

Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT)

Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD)

Flexible Displays

Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLED)

Retinal Scanning Displays

Heads-up displays

Output Devices - Printers

Printers

Laser

Inkjet

Thermal

Plotters

Output Devices – Voice Output

Voice Output

Electronic Book Reader

Pocket Projector

The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

TG 1.5

Microprocessor

Control Unit

Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU)

How the CPU Works

Advances in Microprocessor Design

Computer Memory

PC Components/Cost Compared

How the CPU Works

Inputs come into the CPU from random access memory (RAM)

Data and instructions travel in the chip via electrical pathways called buses.

The Control Unit directs the flow of data and instructions within the chip

Central Processing Unit: performs the actual computation or “number crunching” inside any computer. It is a microprocessor (e.g., Intel’s Core i3, i5, and i7 chips with more to come) made up of millions of microscopic transistors embedded in a circuit on a silicon wafer or chip.

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How the CPU Works:

-- Inputs from software consisting of data and brief instructions about what to do with the data come into the CPU from random access memory (RAM).

-- Inputs are stored in registers until they are sent to the next step in the processing.

-- The Control Unit directs the flow of data and instructions within the chip.

-- The Arithmetic Processing Unit (ALU) receives the data and instructions from the registers and makes the desired computation.

-- The data in their original form and the instructions are sent to storage registers and then are sent back to a storage place outside the chip, such as the computer’s hard drive. Meanwhile, the transformed data go to another register and then on to other parts of the computer (e.g., to the monitor for display or to storage).

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Moore’s Law:

In 1965, Gordon Moore, a cofounder of Intel Corporation, predicted that microprocessor complexity would double approximately every 18 months. The advances predicted from Moore’s law arise mainly from the following changes:

• Producing increasingly miniaturized transistors.

• Placing multiple processors on a single chip. Chips with more than one processor are called multicore chips.

• Intel’s three-dimensional (3D) chips require less power than Intel’s current chips while improving performance.

How the CPU Works (Con’t)

The ALU receives the data and instructions from the registers and makes the desired computation

The data in their original for an the instructions are sent to storage registers and then are sent back to a storage place outside the chip.

FIGURE TG 1.2 Parts of a microprocessor.

FIGURE TG 1.3 How the CPU works.

Advances in Microprocessor Design

Moore’s Law

Producing increasingly miniaturized transistors

Placing multiple processors on one chip

April 2012, Intel launched next generation chips using a three-dimensional (3D) design

FIGURE TG 1.4 Primary memory compared with secondary storage.

Computer Memory

Memory Capacity

Primary Storage

Secondary Storage

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Memory Capacity

Hierarchy of terms used to describe computer memory capacity:

Bit: A binary unit. A "1" or "0".

Byte: a serious of eight bits representing an alphanumeric character.

Kilobyte: a kilobyte (KB) is approximately 1,000 bytes (1,024 bytes).

Megabyte: a megabyte (MB) is approximately 1 million bytes.

Gigabyte: a gigabyte (GB) is approximately 1 billion bytes.

Terabyte: A terabyte is approximately 1 trillion bytes.

Petabyte: A petabyte is approximately 1,000 terabytes.

Exabyte: An exabyte is approximately 1,000 petabytes.

Zettabyte: A zettabyte is approximately 1,000 exabytes.

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Primary Storage (Main Memory): Primary storage takes place in chips mounted on the computer’s main circuit board, called the motherboard. These chips are located as close as physically possible to the CPU chip.

Primary storage stores three types of information for very brief periods of time:

data to be processed by the CPU

instructions for the CPU as to how to process the data

operating system programs that manage various aspects of the computer’s operation

Four main types of primary storage:

Registers: part of the CPU. They have the least capacity, storing extremely limited amounts of instructions and data only immediately before and aft er processing.

Cache memory: is a type of high-speed memory that enables the computer to temporarily store blocks of data that are used more often and that a processor can access more rapidly than main memory (RAM). Cache memory is physically located closer to the CPU than RAM.

Random Access Memory (RAM): is the part of primary storage that holds a software program and small amounts of data for processing.

Read-Only Memory (ROM): is the place—actually, a type of chip—where certain critical instructions are safeguarded. ROM is nonvolatile, so it retains these instructions when the power to the computer is turned off.

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Secondary Storage: Stores very large amounts of data for extended periods.

Secondary Storage Characteristics:

It is nonvolatile.

It takes more time to retrieve data from it than from RAM.

It is cheaper than primary storage

It can utilize a variety of media

Types of Secondary Storage:

Magnetic Tape: is kept on a large open reel or in a smaller cartridge or cassette. It is the cheapest storage medium, and it can handle enormous amounts of data. It is also the slowest method for retrieving data because all the data are placed on the tape sequentially.

Solid-State Drives (SSDs): are data storage devices that serve the same purpose as a hard drive and store data in memory chips. Whereas hard drives have moving parts, SSDs do not.

Optical Disks: can store a great deal of information, both on a routine basis and when combined into storage systems. Types of optical disks include compact disk (CD) read-only memory, digital video disk (DVD)(17GB), and dual-layer Blu-ray disks (50 GB).

Flash Memory Devices (or memory cards): nonvolatile electronic storage devices that contain no moving parts and use 30 times less battery power than hard drives. Flash devices are also smaller and more durable than hard drives. One popular flash memory device is the thumb drive (also called memory stick, jump drive, or flash drive).

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FIGURE TG 1.5 Traditional hard drives are less expensive, but solid-state drives are faster and are more reliable.

Computer Memory – Memory Capacity Hierarchy

Bit

Byte

Kilobyte

Megabyte

Gigabyte

------------------------------

Memory Capacity

Hierarchy of terms used to describe computer memory capacity:

Bit: A binary unit. A "1" or "0".

Byte: a serious of eight bits representing an alphanumeric character.

Kilobyte: a kilobyte (KB) is approximately 1,000 bytes (1,024 bytes).

Megabyte: a megabyte (MB) is approximately 1 million bytes.

Gigabyte: a gigabyte (GB) is approximately 1 billion bytes.

Terabyte: A terabyte is approximately 1 trillion bytes.

Petabyte: A petabyte is approximately 1,000 terabytes.

Exabyte: An exabyte is approximately 1,000 petabytes.

Zettabyte: A zettabyte is approximately 1,000 exabytes.

Computer Memory – Memory Capacity Hierarchy

Terabyte

Petabyte

Exabyte

Zettabyte

------------------------------

Memory Capacity

Hierarchy of terms used to describe computer memory capacity:

Bit: A binary unit. A "1" or "0".

Byte: a serious of eight bits representing an alphanumeric character.

Kilobyte: a kilobyte (KB) is approximately 1,000 bytes (1,024 bytes).

Megabyte: a megabyte (MB) is approximately 1 million bytes.

Gigabyte: a gigabyte (GB) is approximately 1 billion bytes.

Terabyte: A terabyte is approximately 1 trillion bytes.

Petabyte: A petabyte is approximately 1,000 terabytes.

Exabyte: An exabyte is approximately 1,000 petabytes.

Zettabyte: A zettabyte is approximately 1,000 exabytes.

Computer Memory – Primary Storage

Primary Memory (aka Main Memory)

Four Main Types of Primary Storage

Cache Memory

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Read-Only Memory (ROM)

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Primary storage stores three types of information for very brief periods of time:

data to be processed by the CPU

instructions for the CPU as to how to process the data

operating system programs that manage various aspects of the computer’s operation

Four main types of primary storage:

Registers: part of the CPU. They have the least capacity, storing extremely limited amounts of instructions and data only immediately before and aft er processing.

Random Access Memory (RAM): is the part of primary storage that holds a software program and small amounts of data for processing.

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Computer Memory – Secondary Storage

Magnetic Tape

Magnetic Discs

Solid State Drives (SSD)

Optical Storage Devices

Flash Memory

Types of Secondary Storage:

Solid-State Drives (SSDs): are data storage devices that serve the same purpose as a hard drive and store data in memory chips. Whereas hard drives have moving parts, SSDs do not.

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