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Hickey, Serial Murderers and Their Victims, 7th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11

Chapter 1 Introduction: The Phenomenon of Serial Murder

Learning Objectives

• To understand the many myths surrounding the phenomenon of serial murder and how society perpetuates those myths

• To explore the definition of homicide and the various classifications s of murder in American society

• To explore the extent of mass and serial murder in the United States

• To examine the definitions and differences between mass and serial murder

• To evaluate case studies of mass and serial murder as they relate to the reality and frequency of multiple homicide in modern society

The Journey into Forensics Has a Unique Path for Each of Us

Crime scene investigations Competency to stand trial Termination of parental rights Solving crimes Psychopathy Sex offenders and sexual predators Post-conviction assessments Expert witness Classification of criminals Jury selection Hostage negotiations Eye Witness credibility Mapping criminal behavior Juvenile offenders Workplace violence prevention Sex offenders – assessment and treatment Neuropsychology and forensic practice Criminal and victim profiling

Prediction of violent behavior Elder abuse Directing criminal investigations Correctional psychology Psychological autopsies Police psychology Terrorism/Homeland Security Interviewing suspects Detection of Malingering Jury understanding and behavior Competence: death penalty; Miranda rights; sentenced as an adult Mitigation in criminal offenses Criminal insanity Probation and parole evaluations Threat assessment and risk management Forensic anthropology and body farms Homicide: mass and serial murder

Defining Murder

A murder

• requires an illegal taking of another's life

• is specifically formed around intent

• is determined by provocation, cooling off periods and what a reasonable person would be expected to do under the circumstances that led to the killing

First Degree Murder

• Often includes felony murder, or murder committed while in the course of committing another felony (i.e., killing someone while robbing a bank.)

• May involve poisoning, lying in wait, torture, or use of explosives.

United States Homicide Rates, 1987–2012 (Murder and Nonnegligent Manslaughter)

Year Number of Murders Rate per 100,000 Population 1987 20,096 8.3 1991 24,703 9.8 1995 21,606 8.2 1999 15,522 5.7 2003 16,528 5.7 2007 16,929 5.6 2010 14,748 4.8 2012 14,827 4.7

HOMICIDE FACTS 2012

• The United States homicide rate is lower than most non-developed nations; countries such as the Congo (30.8 per 100,000), Cote d’Ivoire (56.9 per 100,000), Jamaica (52.1 per 100,000), and El Salvador (66 per 100,000), but considerably higher than many other developed nations: Germany (0.8 per 100,000), the United Kingdom and Australia (1.2 per 100,000), Italy (1 per 100,000), China (1.1 per 100,000), Japan (0.5 per 100,000), Iraq (2 per 100,000) and Afghanistan (2.4 per 100,000). In terms of homicide of 200 surveyed nations the United States ranks approximately at 100.

Capital Cases

From a judicial point of view the most serious of murders are those that are capital cases involving premeditated murder, or the willful, intentional killing of another person(s).

Non Capital Types of Killing

• Justifiable homicide is sometimes referred to as “no fault” homicide, and usually involves the killing of someone under necessity or duty. These killings lack criminal intent. This can include various forms of defense of family, self or others.

• Manslaughter can be either voluntary manslaughter that involves the killing another person(s) in the heat of passion, in the commission of another felony or in self-defense.

• Involuntary manslaughter is sometimes referred to as negligent homicide and involves the killing of another person(s) while committing a non-felony offense such as reckless driving (also referred to as vehicular manslaughter).

Other Types of Homicides (1 of 2)

• Neonaticide: killing of a newborn within the first 24 hours of his or her life.

• Infantcide: Killing of an infant child who is less than one year of age.

• Siblicide: typical in survival behavior of animal groups the term is also used to refer to the killing of an individual by a sibling or siblings or facilitated by the parent(s).

• Fraticide: killing of one’s brother or sister. Often used in terms of military fratricide or the act of killing a relative(s) or countrymen; killing of own military forces such as “friendly fire” incidents.

Other Types of Homicides (2 of 2)

• Prolicide: killing one’s own children including infanticide and killing of a fetus in utero. Commonly referred to as filicide which usually refers to the killing of a minor, including a step-child.

• Parricide: killing of a parent(s) or other relative. Patricide refers to the killing of one’s father while matricide is the killing of one’s mother

• Genocide: extermination of a specific racial, ethnic, religious or national group of people.

Defining Mass Murder

According to the FBI, killing four or more persons at one time is considered to be a mass murder.

Over half of all attempted and/or completed mass murders in the United States involve domestic homicides.

Profiles in Mass Murder

• Jared L. Loughner —Tucson, Arizona, 2011: shot 20 people, killing six

• Dr. Amy Bishop — Alabama, 2010: shot six faculty members, killing three

• Dr. Nidal M. Hasan — psychiatrist, Ft. Hood, Texas, 2009: shot over 40 military personnel, killing 13

• Omar Thornton — Connecticut, 2010: shot and killed 8 co-workers and himself

CHARLES WHITMAN: 16 Dead, 32 Wounded as well as His Wife and Mother

I do not quite understand what it is that compels me to type this letter. Perhaps it is to leave some vague reason for the actions I have recently performed. I do not really understand myself these days. I am supposed to be an average reasonable and intelligent young man. However, lately (I cannot recall when it started) I have been a victim of many unusual and irrational thoughts.

Charles Whitman

Holmes Mass Murder Classifications (1 of 2)

• Family Slayer or Annihilator—a person who kills his family and commits suicide.

• Murder for Profit—a person who kills in order to profit materially.

• Murderer for Sex—a person with the primary goal to sexually torture, rape, and murder their victims

• Pseudo-Commando—a person with an obsession for guns and a fantasy for murder.

• Set-and-Run Killer—a person who plans an escape route following the mass killing.

Holmes Mass Murder Classifications (2 of 2)

• Psychotic Killer—a person suffering from acute or chronic psychosis; someone legally insane: J. Kallinger

• Disgruntled Employee—a person who seeks revenge for real or imagined wrongs at the hands of coworkers or employers; “going postal”

• Disciple-Type Killer—a person who commits murder at the behest of a charismatic leader such as Charles Manson.

• Ideological Mass Murderer—a person, especially a cult leader, who is able to persuade others to kill themselves or each other: Jim Jones; Herff Applewhite; David Koresh.

• Institutional Mass Murderer—a person who commits mass murder as a crime of obedience when ordered to by his or her leader: genocides

Facts About Mass Murderers

• Appear to give little concern to his or her inevitable capture or death

• Some are killed by police during the attack

• Others kill themselves once they have completed the massacre

• Some offenders surrender to police or offer no resistance

Bifurcation in Mass Murder (1 of 2)

• Most mass murders usually occur at or around one distinct location such as a school, office building or a private residence.

• In some mass killings an offender begins his/her murders in one location and then moves to another building or address to continue the killing. This is referred to as bifurcation.

Bifurcation in Mass Murder (2 of 2)

• Public to public events that are deemed mass murders are extremely rare.

• Private to public mass murders, however, are much more likely to occur when mass murders events are bifurcated.

A Sampling of Bifurcated Mass Murders in the United States 1927-2014 (1 of 2)

1927 Andrew Kehoe 45 dead—58 wounded

1950 Ernest Ingenito 9 dead-1 wounded

1966 Charles Whitman 16 dead-32 wounded

1971 Douglas Dean 5 dead

1987 Ronald G. Simmons 16 dead- 4 wounded

1989 John M. Taylor 4 dead- 1 wounded

1991 Andrew Brooks Jr. 6 dead – 2 wounded

1991 Joseph M Harris 4 dead

1998 Kip Kinkle 4 dead-22 wounded

1999 Mark O. Barton 9 dead-13 wounded

1999 Lawrence M. Hensley 4 dead- 1 wounded

2005 Jeffrey Weise 10 dead-5 wounded

2006 Jennifer San Marco 7 dead

2009 Michael McLendon 11 dead-

2010 Christopher Speight 8 dead

2011 Rodrick S. Dantzler 7 dead—2 wounded

2011 Eduardo Sencion 5 dead—7 wounded

A Sampling of Bifurcated Mass Murders in the United States 19 27-2014 (2 of 2)

2012 Ian Lee Stawicki---- 6 dead

2012 Adam Lanza---- 29 dead

2013 Kurt R. Myers---- 4 dead, 2 wounded

2013 Christopher Dorner---- 4 dead, 3 wounded

2013 John Zawahri---- 5 dead, 4 wounded

2014 Ivan Lopez---- 4 dead, 16 wounded

Mass, Serial and Spree Murder (1 of 2)

• Mass murderers usually are apprehended or killed by police, commit suicide, or later surrender.

• Reactions to mass murder are often media intense, focused and of short duration while cases of serial murder may extend over several years.

• Serial killers usually make special efforts to elude detection. They may continue to kill for weeks, months, or years before being stopped.

Mass, Serial and Spree Murder (2 of 2)

• A mass murderer kills groups of people usually within a few minutes or hours, whereas the serial killer individualizes his or her murders over days, weeks, months or years.

• In cases of spree murder investigators and researchers cannot agree on how to adequately define the cooling off period that allegedly occurs between killings.

• As of 2008 experts have collectively agreed that the concept of spree murder be eliminated and that such offenders be included with other cases of serial murder (FBI, 2008).

Definition for Serial Murder

The unlawful killing of two or more victims by the same offenders in separate events (FBI, 2008, p. 12).

Serial Murderer Myths (1 of 2)

• Serial killers have a prototype

• Nearly all white

• All male

• Insane or psychopaths

• Driven to kill due to sexual abuse

• Highly intelligent

• Lust killers

Serial Murderer Myths (2 of 2)

• Kill alone

• Cannot stop killing

• Highly mobile

• Most have a desire to be caught

• Dozens of victims and all die violent deaths

Serial Murderer Facts (1 of 3)

• In recent years the majority of serial killers are black

• Nearly 17% are female

• Insanity is a legal term: only 2-4 percent are legally insane

• Most serial killers are of average intelligence

• Some killers are motivated by material gain

• Many kill due to rejection and abandonment in childhood

Serial Murderer Facts (2 of 3)

• Most kill under 8 victims

• Most kill in a local area

• Some have several years between murders

• About 1 in 4 have one or more killing partners

• Some victims are poisoned

• Some learn from experience and avoid detection while others are caught and imprisoned only to be released and kill again

Serial Murderer Facts (3 of 3)

• Some serial killers are true psychopaths while others possess psychopathic traits. Several high body count serial killers who have been PCL-R evaluated do not qualify as psychopaths.

• Serial killers vary in race, ethnicity, religion, nationality, age, gender, SE S, IQ, education.

Primary Motivations in Serial Murder

• Anger

• Criminal enterprise

• Financial gain

• Ideology

• Power thrill

• Sexual

• Psychosis

Typologies

• New typologies raise issues of motivation and etiology, and may overlap one another.

• Some typologies generate more explanations and understanding than others.

• The FBI organized-disorganized dichotomy has proven to be a stepping stone to more advanced profiling techniques as researchers delve inside the minds of serial murderers.

Holmes Typologies of Serial Murderers

• Visionary

• Mission-Oriented

• Hedonistic

• Power/Control-Oriented

Related Movies

• Citizen X

− Story of Andrei Chikatilo, Russian serial killer and cannibal.

• Deliberate Stranger

− Story of Ted Bundy, American serial killer.

• The Deadly Tower

− Story of Charles Whitman, mass murderer at the University of Texas, Austin.

• The Boston Strangler

− Story of Albert DeSalvo.

• Natural Born Killers

− Story of two persons in a pathological, symbiotic, murderous relationship.

Related Websites

• Federal Bureau of Investigation, Serial Murder www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/serial-murder

• Slate, Blood Loss: The Decline of the Serial Killer www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/crime/2011/01/blood_loss.ht ml

• Australian Institute of Criminology, Serial Murder www.aic.gov.au/documents/9/1/8/%7B9182A5C7-A457-4B97-814E- E9A7820E9B0C%7Dti25.pdf

http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/serial-murder

http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/crime/2011/01/blood_loss.html

http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/9/1/8/%7b9182A5C7-A457-4B97-814E-E9A7820E9B0C%7dti25.pdf