chapter 1

Murder is intriguing. We only need to look around to see that people find murder

interesting. An incredible number of popular books, television programs, and films

have as their focus the killing of one human being by another. The norm in the U.S.

news business is “if it bleeds, it leads.” Leadoff stories on nightly newscasts and the

leading stories of both local and national papers are often about murder. Some homi-

cide cases receive national and even international attention, such as the murder of

Laci Peterson and her unborn son Conner at the hands of her husband Scott

Peterson. Although some cases disappear quickly from the headlines, others, such as

the murders of Jon Benét Ramsey and the “Black Dahlia” and the murders by “Jack

the Ripper,” continue to garner airtime.

If popular culture is not enough to demonstrate that homicide is interesting,

professors who offer courses on homicide could testify that it certainly attracts stu-

dents. Across the United States, an open seat is rarely to be found in courses about

homicide. It seems that no matter how high the course limits are set, the seats fill with

students who have a variety of majors. Moreover, many of these students have been

educating themselves about murder for years through true crime novels, Internet

sites, and television newsmagazines. They have signed up for the course ready to

learn the truth about homicide and, in all likelihood, the grisly details of it all.

What is the fascination with such a terrible phenomenon? Perhaps it is the sense

of mystery—being clever and solving the case holds an appeal. Maybe it is linked to a

sense of our own immortality and the fear of our deaths. For some, the fascination

may be the inexplicableness of homicide. How could one person kill another? Still for

others it is dark and intriguing because it is foreign and removed from the reality of

their lives. Tragically, for others, it is the reality of murder that brings on or intensifies

an interest in the subject. There is a need to understand why a loved one was mur-

dered or even how someone we know could commit such a horrendous act.

1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

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2 The Murder Book: Examining Homicide

Homicide is also an academic interest for scholars in various disciplines, includ-

ing criminal justice, criminology, history, political science, psychology, public health,

and sociology. In this book, the work of many scholars in these various disciplines are

brought together in what is intended to be a fairly comprehensive overview of the

scholarly study of murder. The goal is to provide a broad and rigorous academic treat-

ment of homicide that is accessible and interesting to upper-division undergraduate

students and lower-division graduate students enrolled in courses about homicide

specifically or crime generally. This book takes students beyond what they learn about

murder through popular media presentations on murder. Those who read this text

will be exposed to the scientific study of different types of homicide, theories about

homicide, and homicide law, as well as details about how homicide cases are worked

by investigators and how murder cases are dealt with in the courts. Extraordinary

murders featured in other popular texts are included as examples in this book, as are

lesser known homicide incidents. Many cases are included throughout the book to

make the reading interesting to students but also to clarify the scholarly work

on homicide.

The manifest goal of this book, as I have noted, is to provide a broad treatment of

the academic study of homicide. But I also hope that those who read this text will

become more critical of media representations of homicide. Much false information

about homicide exists in popular culture. This text is an academic treatment of the

topic. The information presented here comes from studies completed by academic sci-

entists in the biological and social science fields and, where appropriate, from criminal

justice practitioners. The goal of much of this research is to prevent homicide or at

least to reduce the occurrence of thousands of needless deaths each year. The aim is

not sensationalism, and as such, the scholarly work on homicide, especially taken as a

whole, gains us a more realistic view of what is, admittedly, an intriguing subject.

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK

Although the chapters are independent enough so they may be read in most any

order, the intention was to provide a general foundation for the study of homicide by

explaining definitions, data sources, and theories before moving on to specific types

of homicide. Then, in the latter chapters, the text turns to what may be called a crim-

inal justice view of murder where homicide investigation, the courts, victimization

studies, and efforts at stopping murder are covered. In all, 18 chapters are included.

Chapter 2 provides relevant definitional and legal distinctions among the differ-

ent types of homicide, including the differences among murder, manslaughter, justi-

fiable homicide, and vehicular homicide. Chapter 3 includes an in-depth description

of sources commonly used in homicide studies, including the FBI’s Supplementary

Homicide Reports, the National Center for Health Statistics mortality files, and the

newer National Incident-Based Reporting System as well as other data sources that

criminologists use to study homicide. Common homicide typologies used by crimi-

nologists in their studies of homicide are also included in Chapter 3. In Chapter 4,

U.S. data on homicide overall and as related to sex, race, age, and place are reported.

Attention is also given to cross-national comparisons and historical patterns.

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A Word or Two Before You Turn to the Other Chapters 3

Chapter 5 is the first of two theoretical chapters and covers early criminological

explanations for homicide, including biological explanations (classical and positivist

theories) as well as psychological explanations, including antisocial personality dis-

order and psychopathy. Chapter 6 is an overview of social and cultural explanations

for homicide. It includes a variety of perspectives as they pertain to explanations of

homicide, including deterrence and rational choice theories, social disorganization

and anomie, differential association theory and social control theories, culture of

violence, culture of honor and feminist explanations including possible ties between

violence and gender or masculinity. A discussion of several correlates of homicide

(i.e., class, race, gender, and alcohol use) and the relevance of social stratification are

also included in this second theory chapter.

Chapters 7 through 13 each focus on a particular type of homicide.

Confrontational homicide, defined as an altercation that grows out of a confrontation

of some sort, is the most common type of homicide and the subject of Chapter 7.

Chapter 8 on intimate partner homicide provides information on homicide between

former and current spouses and sexual partners including same-sex couples. Chapter 9

is about children who kill and includes sections on patricide (the killing of a parent),

gang killings, and school shootings. Chapter 10 looks at the killing of children by par-

ents, stepparents, and others. Mass and spree murder, including workplace violence,

family violence, terrorism, and corporate murders, are the subjects of Chapter 11.

Chapter 12 is about serial killing, and Chapter 13 looks at murder as hate crime.

Chapter 14 takes a criminal justice turn as it focuses on solving homicides, the

personnel and technology involved, and a realistic picture of how often homicides

are easily solved. The subject of Chapter 15 is homicide in court. It includes an

overview of defenses to criminal homicide including the insanity defense, as well as

detailed information from the trial of a serial killer that helps illuminate what is per-

mitted to be presented in court. Chapter 16 discusses the impact of homicide and

focuses on the impact murder has on victims’ families and the families of those who

kill (although sometimes these are the same people), on those who serve as jurors,

and on society in general.

In Chapter 17, the prevention of and punishment for homicide are discussed,

including controversial approaches such as capital punishment and gun control.

Finally, Chapter 18 is called the “Future of Homicide in the United States.” It serves as

a conclusion to this book at the same time it includes predictions for the future with

regard to homicide trends, criminal justice responses to homicide, and future studies

of homicide.

A WORD OR TWO BEFORE YOU TURN

TO THE OTHER CHAPTERS

I do not always follow the rules of scientific writing. Although this is an academic

text, I often address the reader as “you” and I often, as I am doing now, refer to myself

in the first person. I did reduce the use of the first person from earlier drafts of this

work where reviewers thought it might detract from the subject matter overall, but

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4 The Murder Book: Examining Homicide

I retained its use in other places for two reasons. First, students tell me that they learn

from me because I engage them and because I am approachable. Knowing this, it is

my intention that this book be engaging and approachable. I think the use of the first

person helps me to engage you more. I am talking to you. I am writing for you. My

second reason for using the first person is more political.

I believe it is important that we all realize someone writes what we read. Whether

you are reading a biology textbook, a management textbook, or the newspaper, there

is an author. Someone is the voice behind what you are reading. Information,

although factual, can never be completely unbiased. It is reported from some point of

view. When we do scientific studies, we work hard to avoid bias, and if we are good

scientists, we are aware of and report any possible biases or limits to our studies.

Nevertheless, individuals approach their subjects based on their place in the world.

I am trained as a criminologist in the sociological tradition, and I was educated at a

university that really valued quantifiable knowledge. As such, you will see that I give

much credence to rigorous scientific studies. Of course I think this is good. But you

should think critically as you process information that you learn in the world. Think

for yourself and be aware that textbooks do not just appear; they have authors and

those authors make decisions about what to include and what not to include. Writers

are influenced by their place in the world and their training, as well as by their

reviewers and editors. As such, I use the first person to help remind you that I am the

author and I am writing this text. It is not magically appearing as fact.

On a somewhat related note, my place in the world is in the United States, which

is true for many scholars who write about homicide. As such, much of what I know

and what other scholars know about homicide, we know about homicide in the

United States. However, scholars around the world study homicide, and scholarly

information is available about homicide in many parts of the world. The information

in each chapter of this book pertains mostly to the United States. However, I have

made an effort to include valuable studies from other parts of the world because

I think we can learn much in the United States when we make comparisons with

other countries. Limited to studies written in English, most comparative information

in this text is from other English-speaking countries such as Australia, Canada, and

the United Kingdom.

Finally, two last points about word use. First, although the technical definition of

“homicide” refers to the killing of one human by another and “murder” implies crim-

inal intent, the words homicide and murder are used interchangeably in this text. I do

this ideally to make the reading flow better for the reader. Second, like Heide in her

book Young Killers, I intentionally use the words reportedly and allegedly when

reporting cases that do not have a disposition at the time I am writing about them.

I believe innocence until proven guilty is an important part of the American legal

tradition that needs to be reinforced.

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Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.) >> /Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ << /AsReaderSpreads false /CropImagesToFrames true /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false /IncludeGuidesGrids false /IncludeNonPrinting false /IncludeSlug false /Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (4.0) ] /OmitPlacedBitmaps false /OmitPlacedEPS false /OmitPlacedPDF false /SimulateOverprint /Legacy >> << /AddBleedMarks false /AddColorBars false /AddCropMarks false /AddPageInfo false /AddRegMarks false /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK /DestinationProfileName () /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK /Downsample16BitImages true /FlattenerPreset << /PresetSelector /MediumResolution >> /FormElements false /GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false /IncludeProfiles false /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK /PreserveEditing true /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ] >> setdistillerparams << /HWResolution [2400 2400] /PageSize [612.000 792.000] >> setpagedevice