Health Sciences Test

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Question 1

Evaluate the following sources and decide whether you should use them in graduate level academic writing. Rank them in order of highest quality to lowest quality. Provide short discussion on your response including popular vs. scholarly, primary vs. secondary source, and whether it is credible. 1. CDC NNDSS: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/data-and-statistics.html 2. Article in Journal of Infectious Diseases (https://academic.oup.com/jid) 3. https://www.nature.com/news 4. https://www.cancer.org/ 5. https://blog.feedspot.com/science_blogs/ 6. https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news

Question 2

A communicable disease

Question 2 options:

	is a disease that is spread from person to person
	is synonymous with infectious disease
	is not spread through air
	only refers to viral diseases

Question 3

Every year in the U.S. there are dozens of cases of a specific disease. How would you categorize this disease in the U.S.?

Question 3 options:

	pandemic
	epidemic
	endemic
	sporadic

Question 4

Match the disease with the type of transmission

Question 4 options:

	measles
	Ebola
	malaria
	SARS
	cholera

1.	vectorborne
2.	airborne
3.	droplet
4.	direct contact
5.	fecal-oral

Question 5

Discuss the difference between a sensitive and specific case definition for a disease. Give examples of when each is used.

Question 6

Which statement about vaccines is TRUE?

Question 6 options:

	Dead or protein-based vaccines can cause the disease they are made to prevent.
	Vaccines can only be used to prevent viral diseases.
	Vaccines are used to treat diseases.
	Vaccines stimulate production of memory T and B cells to protect from future infections.

Question 7

Most microorganisms cause disease.

Question 7 options:

	True
	False

Question 8

The terms "Infection" and "Disease" are synonymous.

Question 8 options:

	True
	False

Question 9

Match the major type of microorganism with the true statement

Question 9 options:

	simple, invertebrate animals that are difficult to treat because drugs that kill them are frequently very toxic to human cells
	Obligate intracellular pathogens (meaning they need to infect a host cell to replicate)
	Can be unicellular (yeast) or multicellular, Eukaryotic organisms
	unicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes acquired through contaminated food or water or by the bite of an infected arthropod such as a mosquito
	Unicellular prokaryotes that can be treated with antibiotics

1.	Bacteria
2.	viruses
3.	fungi
4.	protozoa
5.	helminths

Question 10

Virulence

Question 10 options:

	refers to the proportion of infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease
	refers to the proportion of exposed persons who become infected
	refers to the proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal
	refers to persons who are infectious but have subclinical disease

Question 11

Critical characteristic(s) of a surveillance system include

Question 11 options:

	representation
	all answers are correct
	sensitivity
	timeliness

Question 12

Describe the steps in an outbreak investigation.

Question 13

EWARN

Question 13 options:

	is a system designed by the CDC for use in the U.S. after natural disasters
	is a substitute surveillance system that permanently replaces the national surveillance system
	reports monthly data aggregated by health facilities for research purposes
	fills a gap during the acute phase of an emergency when the routine systems are disrupted

Question 14

Discuss how a national surveillance plan should set a list of diseases as priority for surveillance. Do not discuss specific disease but discuss the attributes that make the disease worth monitoring through surveillance.

Question 15

What are the four diseases requiring notification to WHO in all circumstances under the IHR (2005)?

Question 15 options:

	measles, SARS, pertussis, meningitis
	smallpox, poliovirus, Ebola, SARS
	smallpox, wild type poliovirus, new subtype of human influenza, and SARS
	vaccine-derived poliovirus, measles, H1N1 influenza virus, SARS

Question 16

In the case study of EWARN after the 2008 earthquake in Haiti, what was the key conclusion?

Question 16 options:

	The system is timely, cost-effective and limits the overload of a manual weekly reporting system.
	There were issues of IT compatibility with other national databases which may have a negative impact on long term integration into routine surveillance systems
	It was widely appreciated, understood and enjoys widespread compliance, due in part to the regular inperson visits of the surveillance officers to the health-care facilities.
	The system was hampered by under-reporting, inconsistency of case definitions, lack of baseline data, fluid population movements, technological errors, lack of trained personnel and missing data.

Question 17

A rapid health assessment must be conducted as soon as possible after an emergency in order to control communicable diseases. The rapid health assessment team should include ALL EXCEPT

Question 17 options:

	a water and sanitation/environmental health specialist
	a governmental official
	a nutritionist
	a public health expert/epidemiologist

Question 18

Good site planning after an emergency is key to preventing communicable diseases. The site plan should include

Question 18 options:

	basic clinical services
	control of disease vectors
	A good site plan will include all of the answers
	mass vaccination against specific diseases
	clean water and proper sanitation

Question 19

The diseased living are a far greater hazard than the deceased, because most pathogens do not survive long in dead bodies.

Question 19 options:

	True
	False

Question 20

After a natural disaster certain communicable diseases are at higher risk. Match the disease associated with the potential conditions after a natural disaster

Question 20 options:

	food contamination
	lack of sanitation and latrines
	increase in vectors
	urine contaminated flood waters
	crowding

1.	Acute respiratory infections
2.	malaria
3.	cholera
4.	leptospirosis
5.	shigellosis

Question 21

A disaster is defined as

Question 21 options:

	interrupts normal function of a community
	All of the answers are part of the definition
	affected population cannot fully cope with effects of the disaster
	normal function cannot be resumed without external assistance