test #1 review test and mark the correct questions
maria9226
test1.docx2.5 / 2.5 pts
To express a polygenic trait:
genes must interact with the environment.
penetrance must occur.
several genes must act together.
multiple mutations must occur in the same family.
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A colleague asks why people who have neurofibromatosis will show varying degrees of the disease. Which genetic principle would explain this variation?
Penetrance
Dominance
Expressivity
Recessiveness
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Epigenetics is the field of science that evaluates:
copy number variant development.
mechanism of activation and deactivation of genes.
single nucleotide polymorphism development.
changes in underlying DNA sequence.
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What is the diagnosis of a 13-year-old female who has a karyotype that reveals an absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome present? Her features include a short stature, widely spaced nipples, reduced carrying angle at the elbow, and sparse body hair.
Turner syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Down syndrome
Cri du Chat
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A 5-year-old male presents with mental retardation and is diagnosed with Fragile X syndrome. When the parents ask what caused this, the nurse practitioner responds with:
translocation of the Philadelphia chromosome.
expansion of cytosine-guanine-guanine (CGG) repeats 200.
mutation in the transmembrane conductance regulator.
nondisjunction of chromosome 21.
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A couple has three offspring: one child has an autosomal dominant disease trait and the other two children do not have the trait. The father is affected by the autosomal dominant disease, but the mother does not have the disease gene. What is the recurrence risk of this autosomal dominant disease for their next child?
33%
Unable to determine
25%
50%
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A mutation of the breast carcinoma 1 and 2 (BRCA1 and BRCA2) gene associated with cancer of the breast and ovaries will result in cell:
gain of tumor suppressor function.
accelerated hyperplasia.
loss of tumor suppressor function.
increase in protein transcription.
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A patient will be receiving stem cells obtained from a donor's blood (allogenic transplant) for leukemia (abnormal white blood cells). These stem cells are categorized as multipotent because they can make:
differentiated cells that can become any cell.
multiple types of cells in the body.
all types of blood cells.
only white blood cells.
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__________ syndrome occurs in males when there is an extra X chromosome.
Turner
XYY
Klinefelter
Triple X
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Enzymes that use oxidation to convert food materials into energy are found in sausage-shaped structures called:
secretory vesicles.
mitochondria.
ribosomes.
Golgi apparatus.
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A patient has pancreatic cancer and has a RAS proto-oncogene mutation. This oncogene affects cells by:
suppressing cellular growth and division.
destroying cellular repair mechanisms.
turning off protein transcription.
allowing the cell to gain function such as proliferation.
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A __________ gene is one that produces an effect only in the homozygous state.
hemizygous
recessive
dominant
sex-linked
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Children with PKU must avoid phenylalanine in the diet. Phenylalanine is most likely a component of:
protein.
sugar.
fat.
carbohydrate.
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During which phase of the cell cycle are there “checkpoints” where damaged DNA is fixed?
Interphase
Anaphase
Prophase
Metaphase
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Low serum albumin levels (hypoalbuminemia) can cause edema because:
hydrostatic pressure decreases.
osmotic pressure increases.
oncotic pressure increases.
oncotic pressure decreases.
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Which of the following are characteristic of malignant cells?
Anaplastic, proliferate, and nonfunctioning
Well differentiated and nonfunctioning
Some differentiation, evade apoptosis, and functioning
Anaplastic, encapsulated, and functioning
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What is a possible reason for increased risk for chromosomal abnormalities with older maternal age?
Ova are continuously produced thereby increasing the chance of creating defective ova.
The older ova are more likely to have errors during meiosis.
Older ova are more likely to have p53 gene mutations.
Ova meiosis is complete by the time a girl is born thereby making them less likely to divide properly.
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Which of the following types of gangrene is usually a result of arterial occlusion?
Dry
Wet
Necrosis
Gas
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Single nucleotide polymorphisms are best described as:
variations on a single DNA base pair.
a number of copies on a particular gene that varies.
disease-causing genetic mutations.
base pairs that alter gene expression.
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A normal male and a female carrier for red–green color blindness want to have children. Given that red–green color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait, what information should be given to the parents?
25% males affected
Females mostly affected; no males affected
Males mostly affected; females mostly carriers
50% females affected
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DNA that is transmitted from parents to offspring mainly comes from the:
ribosomes.
nucleus.
mitochondria.
nucleolus.
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A mechanism involved in the development of autoimmune disorders includes:
antibody and complement deposition in tissues.
delayed processing of antigens with subsequent antibody production.
peripheral and central tolerance failure.
targeting of the major histocompatibility complex.
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A 20-year-old woman was just diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus. What are strategies she needs to learn to prevent exacerbations?
Avoiding exercise
Limiting dairy intake
Wearing sunscreen and minimizing sun exposure
Avoiding use of nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory medications
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A 20-year-old man just took a home human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody test. He states that it was positive. What is the next step?
An ELISA or Western blot will be done.
A p24 antigen test will be done.
A viral RNA will be done.
A CD4 count will be obtained to confirm.
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It is most important to take special precautions with a __________ because of an increased susceptibility to infection as a result of medical therapy.
58-year-old man 5 years after a myocardial infarction taking aspirin daily
58-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis taking corticosteroids daily
38-year-old man with diabetes mellitus taking insulin
38-year-old woman receiving immunotherapy for allergies
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Organisms that multiply by invading host cells and can reside in neurons are:
parasites.
fungi.
viruses.
bacteria.
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Which of the following is an immunoglobin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity reaction?
Organ or tissue damage resulting from deposition of antigen–antibody complexes in the organs or tissues of an affected person
A transfusion reaction resulting from an infusion of incompatible blood into a person who has preexisting antibodies directed against the transfused cells
A penicillin reaction characterized by fall in blood pressure and respiratory distress after an injection of penicillin in a person who has become sensitized to penicillin as a result of a previous penicillin injection
An area of swelling and tenderness in the skin after an intradermal injection of protein material derived from the tubercle bacillus
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When the immunoglobulin crosses the placenta, the fetus receives:
cell-mediated immunity.
innate immunity.
passive immunity.
acquired immunity.
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The arthritis in systemic lupus erythematosus is generally:
asymmetrical and worsens with activity.
migratory and symmetrical.
monoarticular and improves with rest.
worse with sun exposure.
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A patient who has seasonal allergic rhinitis is having a flare up and is complaining of sneezing and a watery, runny nose (rhinorrhea). The patient is prescribed an antihistamine. The expected effect of this medication is to:
promote blood flow to the area to remove inflammatory mediators.
increase vascular permeability to allow for improved drainage.
promote smooth muscle contraction thereby improving drainage.
decrease vascular permeability to decrease rhinorrhea.
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A 28-year-old man is suspected of having acute retroviral syndrome. He is trying to determine when he got infected. He was most likely infected:
within the past month.
anywhere between 3 and 6 months ago.
A timeframe cannot be determined.
more than 12 months ago.
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The major disadvantage of passive immunization is that it:
induces short-term protection.
interferes with active immunization.
is ineffective.
is expensive.
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Which of the following is true about inflammation?
It requires previous exposure.
It is the second level of response to injurious agents.
It exists in almost all chronic illness in the body.
It is a specific response to an insult.
It only lasts for short periods of time.
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Patients will develop active immunity when they:
receive preformed antibodies.
have T cells that become immune B cells.
receive immunoglobulins.
Have natural exposure to an antigen or receive an immunization.
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In addition to a positive antinuclear antibody test, which of the following diagnostic test findings is consistent with a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus?
Low erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Positive anti-double stranded DNA
Negative anti-Smith antibodies
High C3 and C4 complement levels
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A woman just returned from hiking and she is concerned she has Lyme disease. A positive result in which of the following antibody test results would indicate she has an acute infection?
Immunoglobulin M
Immunoglobulin A
Immunoglobulin E
Immunoglobulin G
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How does the human immunodeficiency virus enter the CD+ membrane?
The virus GP120 fuses with the cell CXCR4.
The virus converts its genetic material from RNA to DNA.
The virus releases integrase onto the cell membrane.
The virus releases buds onto the host cell.
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In which of the following scenarios should there be a suspicion for primary immunodeficiency?
A 3-year-old who has had two middle ear infections in one year.
A 1-year-old who is hospitalized for pneumonia
A 6-year-old who has two colds in a year
A 3-month-old with a respiratory infection that is persistent
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The chronic inflammatory response can occur because:
interferons are ineffective and allow replication.
vascular permeability and edema are prolonged.
neutrophil and histamine effects are prolonged.
organisms can live in granulomas.
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A mother brings in her child for a measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine and wants to know why more than one shot has to be given for this vaccine to be effective. It is explained to the mother that the vaccine is:
live, and often more than one dose is necessary for effectiveness.
inactive, and therefore two doses are required for activation.
made of a carbohydrate, which is ineffective in one dose.
a toxoid, and the immune system destroys the first therefore more doses are necessary.
