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TERROR FROM THE RIGHT

PLOTS, CONSPIRACIES AND RACIST RAMPAGES SINCE OKLAHOMA CITY

a special report from the southern poverty law center’s intelligence project

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TERROR FROM THE RIGHT At 9:02 a.m. on April 19, 1995, a 7,000-pound truck bomb, constructed of ammo- nium nitrate fertilizer and nitromethane racing fuel and packed into 13 plastic barrels, ripped through the heart of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. The explosion wrecked much of downtown Oklahoma City and killed 168 people, including 19 children in a day-care center. Another 500 were injured. Although many Americans initially suspected an attack by Middle Eastern radicals, it quickly became clear that the mass murder had actually been carried out by domestic, right-wing terrorists.

The slaughter engineered by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, men steeped in the conspiracy theories and white-hot fury of the American radical right, marked the opening shot in a new kind of domestic political extremism — a revolutionary ideology whose practitioners do not hesitate to carry out attacks directed at entirely innocent victims, people selected essentially at random to make a political point. After Oklahoma, it was no longer sufficient for many American right-wing terrorists to strike at a target of political significance — instead, they reached for higher and higher body counts, reasoning that they had to eclipse McVeigh’s attack to win attention.

What follows is a detailed listing of major terrorist plots and racist rampages that have emerged from the American radical right in the years since Oklahoma City. These have included plans to bomb government buildings, banks, refineries, utilities, clinics, synagogues, mosques, memorials and bridges; to assassinate police officers, judges, politicians, civil rights figures and others; to rob banks, armored cars and other criminals; and to amass illegal machine guns, missiles, explosives and biological and chemical weapons. Each of these plots aimed to make changes in America through the use of political violence. Most contemplated the deaths of large numbers of people — in one case, as many as 30,000, or 10 times the number murdered on Sept. 11, 2001.

Here are the stories of nearly 100 plots, conspiracies and racist rampages since 1995 — plots and violence waged against a democratic America.

MEDIA AND GENERAL INQUIRIES

Mark Potok or Heidi Beirich

LAW ENFORCEMENT INQUIRIES

Joseph Roy Sr., Chief Investigator

Southern Poverty Law Center 400 Washington Avenue Montgomery, AL 36104

(334) 956-8200

www.splcenter.org www.intelligenceproject.org www.intelligencereport.org

This booklet was prepared by the staff of the Intelligence Project of the Southern Poverty Law Center and is provided free of charge to law enforcement

officials, journalists, scholars and others. Contributors include Heidi Beirich, Andrew Blejwas, Anthony Griggs, Jenna McDermit, Mark Potok, Evelyn Schlatter

and Laurie Wood. The Southern Poverty Law Center is supported entirely by private donations. No government funds are involved. ©2012 Southern Poverty Law Center. All rights reserved.

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THE PLOTS 1995

July 28, 1995� Antigovernment extremist Charles Ray Polk is arrested after trying to purchase a machine gun from an undercover police officer, and is later indicted by federal grand jury for plotting to blow up the

Internal Revenue Service building in Austin, Texas. At the time of his arrest, Polk is trying to purchase plastic explosives to add to the already huge arse- nal he’s amassed. Polk is sentenced to almost 21 years in federal prison and released in October 2009.

<< Oct. 9, 1995� Saboteurs derail an Amtrak passenger train near Hyder, Ariz., killing one person and injuring about 70 others. Several antigovernment messages, signed by the “Sons of Gestapo,” are left behind. The perpetrators remain at large.

NOv. 9, 1995� Oklahoma Constitutional Militia leader Willie Ray Lampley, his wife Cecilia and another man, John Dare Baird, are arrested as they pre- pare explosives to bomb numerous targets, including the Southern Poverty Law Center, gay bars and abortion clinics. The three, along with another sus- pect arrested later, are sentenced to terms of up to 11 years in 1996. Cecilia Lampley is released in 2000, while Baird and Willie Lampley — who wrote letters from prison urging others to violence — are freed in 2004 and 2006, respectively.AP

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<< Dec. 18, 1995� An Internal Revenue Service (IRS) employee discovers a plas- tic drum packed with ammonium nitrate and fuel oil in a parking lot behind the IRS building in Reno, Nev. The device failed to explode a day earlier when a three-foot fuse went out prematurely. Ten days later, tax protester Joseph Martin Bailie is arrested. Bailie is eventually sentenced to 36 years in federal prison, with a release date of 2027. An accomplice, Ellis Edward Hurst, is released in 2004.

1996 JaN. 18, 1996� Peter Kevin Langan, the pseudonymous

“Commander Pedro” who leads the underground Aryan Republican Army, is arrested after a shootout with the FBI in Ohio. Along with six other suspects arrested around the

same time, Langan is charged in connection with a string of 22 bank robberies in seven Midwestern states between 1994 and 1996. After pleading guilty and agree- ing to testify, co-conspirator Richard Guthrie commits suicide in his cell. Two others, Kevin McCarthy and Scott Stedeford, enter plea bargains and do testify against their co-conspirators. Eventually, Mark Thomas, a leading neo-Nazi in Pennsylvania, pleads guilty for his role in helping organize the robberies and agrees to testify against Langan and other gang members. Shawn Kenny, another suspect, becomes a federal informant. Langan is sentenced to a life term in one case, plus 55 years in another. McCarthy is released from prison in 2007, while Stedeford’s release date is set in 2022. Thomas receives eight years and is released in early 2004.

april 11, 1996� Antigovernment activist and self-described “survivalist” Ray Hamblin is charged with illegal possession of explosives after authorities find 460 pounds of the high explosive Tovex, 746 pounds of ANFO blasting agent and 15 homemade hand grenades on his property in Hood River, Ore. Hamblin is sentenced to almost four years in federal prison, and is released in March 2000.

<< april 12, 1996� Apparently inspired by his reading of a neo-Nazi tract, Larry Wayne Shoemake kills one black man and wounds seven other people, including a reporter, during a racist shooting spree in a black neighborhood in Jackson, Miss. As police close in on the abandoned restaurant he is shoot- ing from, Shoemake, who is white, sets the restaurant on fire and kills him- self. A search of his home finds references to “Separation or Annihilation,” an essay on race relations by neo-Nazi National Alliance leader William Pierce, along with an arsenal of weapons that includes 17 long guns, 20,000 rounds of ammunition, and countless military manuals.

april 26�, 1996� Two leaders of the Militia-at-Large of the Republic of Georgia, Robert Edward Starr III and William James McCranie Jr., are charged with manufacturing shrapnel-packed pipe bombs for distribution to militia mem- bers. Later in the year, they are sentenced to terms of up to eight years. Another

BuSteD Joseph Martin Bailie is led away in handcuffs after being arrested for trying to bomb an IRS building in Nevada.

In Mississippi, a law enforcement official examines the arsenal left behind by racist killer Larry Wayne Shoemake.

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Militia-at-Large member, Troy Allen Kayser (alias Troy Spain), is arrested two weeks later and accused of training a team to assassinate politicians. Starr is re- leased from prison in 2003, while McCranie gets out in 2001. Kayser, convicted of conspiracy, is released in early 2002.

July 1, 1996� Twelve members of an Arizona militia group called the Viper Team are arrested on federal conspiracy, weapons and explosive charges after allegedly surveilling and videotaping government buildings as potential targets. All 12 plead guilty or are convicted of various charges, drawing sentences of up to nine years in prison. The plot participants are all released in subsequent years. Gary Curds Baer, who drew the heaviest sentence after being found with 400 pounds of ammonium nitrate, a bomb component, is freed in May 2004.

<< July 27, 1996� A nail-packed bomb goes off at the Atlanta Olympics, which are seen by many extremists as part of a Satanic “New World Order,” killing one person and injuring more than 100 others. Investigators will later con- clude the attack is linked to the 1997-1998 bombings of an Atlanta-area abor- tion clinic, an Atlanta gay bar and a Birmingham, Ala., abortion facility. Suspect Eric Robert Rudolph — a reclusive North Carolina man tied to the anti-Semitic Christian Identity theology — flees into the woods of his native state after he is identified in early 1998 as a suspect in the Birmingham attack, and is only cap- tured five years later. Eventually, he pleads guilty to all of the attacks attributed to him in exchange for life without parole.

July 29, 1996� Washington State Militia leader John Pitner and seven others are arrested on weapons and explosives charges in connection with a plot to build pipe bombs to resist a feared invasion by the United Nations. Pitner and four others are convicted on weapons charges, while conspiracy charges against all eight end in a mistrial. Pitner is later retried on that charge, con- victed and sentenced to four years in prison. He is released in 2001.

Oct. 8, 1996� Three “Phineas Priests” — racist and anti-Semitic Christian Identity terrorists who feel they’ve been called by God to undertake violent attacks — are charged in connection with two bank robberies and bombings at the two banks, a Spokane newspaper and a Planned Parenthood office. Charles Barbee, Robert Berry and Jay Merrell are eventually convicted and sentenced to life terms. Brian Ratigan, a fourth member of the group arrest- ed separately, draws a 55-year term; he is scheduled for release in 2045.

<< Oct. 11, 1996� Seven members of the Mountaineer Militia are arrested in a plot to blow up the FBI’s national fingerprint records center, where 1,000 peo- ple work, in West Virginia. In 1998, leader Floyd “Ray” Looker is sentenced to

tHe price OF terrOr A badly injured man moments after Eric Rudolph’s bomb rips through the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.

Ten weeks later, authorities arrested Floyd “Ray” Looker and six others in a plot to bomb the FBI’s national fingerprint facility.

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18 years in prison, with a release date of 2012. Two other defendants are sentenced on explo- sives charges and a third draws a year in prison for providing blueprints of the FBI facility to Looker, who then sold them to a government informant who was posing as a terrorist.

1997 JaN. 16�, 1997 >> Two anti-personnel bombs — the second clearly de- signed to kill arriving law

enforcement and rescue workers — explode outside an abortion clinic in Sandy Springs, Ga., a suburb of Atlanta. Seven people are injured. Letters signed by the “Army of God” claim re- sponsibility for this attack and another, a month later, at an Atlanta gay bar. Authorities later learn that these attacks, the 1998 bombing of a Birmingham, Ala., abortion clinic and the 1996 Atlanta Olympics bombing, were all carried out by Eric Robert Rudolph, who is captured in 2003 after five years on the run. Rudolph avoids the death penalty by pleading guilty in exchange for a life sentence, but simul- taneously releases a defiant statement defending his attacks.

JaN. 22, 1997 Authorities raid the Martinton, Ill., home of former Marine Ricky Salyers, an alleged Ku Klux Klan member, discovering 35,000 rounds of heavy ammunition, armor piercing shells, smoke and tear gas grenades, live shells for grenade launchers, artillery shells and other military gear. Salyers was discharged earlier from the Marines, where he taught demoli- tions and sniping, after tossing a live grenade (with the pin still in) at state police officers serving him with a search warrant in 1995. Following the 1997 raid, Salyers, an alleged member of the underground Black Dawn group of extremists in the military, is sentenced to serve three years for weapons vio- lations. He is released from prison in 2000.

MarcH 26�, 1997 Militia activist Brendon Blasz is arrested in Kalamazoo, Mich., and charged with making pipe bombs and other illegal explosives. Prosecutors say Blasz plotted to bomb the federal building in Battle Creek, the IRS building in Portage, a Kalamazoo television station and federal ar- mories. But they recommend leniency on his explosives conviction after Blasz, a member of the Michigan Militia Corps Wolverines, renounces his

antigovernment beliefs and cooperates with them. He is sentenced to more than three years in federal prison and released in late 1999.

april 22, 1997 Three Ku Klux Klan members are arrested in a plot to blow up a natural gas refinery outside Fort Worth, Texas, after local Klan leader Robert Spence gets cold feet and goes to the FBI. The three, along with a fourth arrested later, expected to kill a huge number of people with the blast — authorities later say as many as 30,000 might have died — which was to serve, incredibly, as a di- version for a simultaneous armored car robbery. Among the victims would have been children at a nearby school. All four plead guilty to conspiracy charges and are sentenced to terms of up to 20 years. Spence enters the Witness Protection Program. Carl Jay Waskom Jr. is released in 2004, while Shawn and Catherine Adams, a couple, are freed in 2006. Edward Taylor Jr. is released in early 2007.

BODY COUNT The use of secondary bombs, such as the one that injured seven people at a Georgia abortion clinic, is typically meant to kill police officers and emergency personnel arriving at the scene of a terrorist attack.

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<< april 23, 1997 Florida police arrest Todd Vanbiber, a member of the neo-Nazi National Alliance’s Tampa unit and the shadowy League of the Silent Soldier, after he accidentally sets off pipe bombs he was building, blasting shrapnel into his own face. He is accused of plotting to use the bombs on the approach to Disney World to divert attention from a planned string of bank robberies. Vanbiber pleads guilty to weapons and explosives charges and is sentenced to more than six years in federal prison. He is released in 2002. Within two years, Vanbiber is posting messages on neo-Nazi Internet sites boasting that he has built over 300 bombs successfully and only made one error, and describing mass murderer Timothy McVeigh as a hero.

<< april 27, 1997 After a cache of explosives stored in a tree blows up near Yuba City, Calif., police arrest Montana Freemen supporter William Robert Goehler. Investigators looking into the blast arrest two Goehler associates, one of them a militia leader, after finding 500 pounds of explosives — enough to level three city blocks — in a motor home parked outside their residence. Six others are ar- rested on related charges. Goehler, with previous convictions for rape, burglary and assault, is sentenced to 25 years to life in prison. He is later accused of stab- bing his attorney with a shank and charged with attacking prison psychologists.

May 3, 1997 Antigovernment extremists set fire to the IRS office in Colorado Springs, Colo., causing $2.5 million in damage and injuring a firefighter. Federal agents later arrest five men in connection with the arson, which is conceived as a protest against the tax system. Ringleader James Cleaver, former national director of the antigovernment Sons of Liberty group, is accused of threatening a witness and eventually sentenced to 33 years in prison, with a release date of 2030. Accomplice Jack Dowell receives 30 years and is scheduled to be freed in 2027. Both are ordered to pay $2.2 million in restitution. Dowell’s cousin is ac- quitted of all charges, while two other suspects, Ronald Sherman and Thomas Shafer, plead guilty to perjury charges in connection with the case.

July 4, 1997 Militiaman Bradley Playford Glover and another heavily armed an- tigovernment activist are arrested before dawn near Fort Hood, in central Texas, just hours before they planned to invade the Army base and slaughter foreign troops they mistakenly believed were housed there. In the next few days, five other people are arrested in several states for their alleged roles in the plot to in- vade a series of military bases where the group believes United Nations forces are massing for an assault on Americans. All seven are part of a splinter group from the Third Continental Congress, a kind of militia government-in-waiting. In the end, Glover is sentenced to two years on Kansas weapons charges, to be followed by a five-year federal term in connection with the Fort Hood plot. The others draw lesser terms. Glover is released in 2003, the last of the seven to get out.

tHe HarD BOyS Neo-Nazi Todd Vanbiber got a face full of shrapnel when the bomb he was building to attack approaches to Florida’s Disney World went off in his hands.

In California, William Robert Goehler (far right) was arrested with 500 pounds of petrogel explosives. Goehler associated with movement hard-liners like James “Bo” Gritz (third from left) and Randy Weaver (center).

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Dec. 12, 1997 A federal grand jury in Arkansas indicts three men on racketeer- ing charges for plotting to overthrow the government and create a whites-only Aryan People’s Republic, which they intend to grow through polygamy. Chevie Kehoe, Daniel Lee and Faron Lovelace are accused of crimes in six states, in- cluding murder, kidnapping, robbery and conspiracy. Kehoe and Lee will also face state charges of murdering an Arkansas family, including an 8-year-old girl, in 1996. Kehoe ultimately receives a life sentence on that charge, while Lee is sentenced to death. Lovelace is sentenced to death for the murder of a suspect- ed informant, but because of court rulings is later resentenced to life without parole. Kehoe’s brother, Cheyne, is convicted of attempted murder during a 1997 Ohio shootout with police and sentenced to 24 years in prison, despite his helping authorities track down his fugitive brother in Utah after the shootout. Cheyne went to the authorities after Chevie began talking about murdering their parents and showing sexual interest in Cheyne’s wife. Cheyne’s sentence was reduced to 11 years in 2000 because some evidence had not been turned over prior to the trial. He was released from prison in June 2008.

1998 JaN. 29, 1998 >> An off-duty police officer is killed and a nurse terribly maimed when a nail-packed, remote- control bomb explodes outside a Birmingham, Ala., abortion facility, the New Woman All Women clinic.

Letters to media outlets and officials claim responsibility in the name of the “Army of God,” the same entity that took credit for the bombings of a clinic and a gay bar in the Atlanta area. The attack also will be linked to the fatal 1996 bombing of the Atlanta Olympics. Eric Robert Rudolph, a loner from North Carolina, is first identified as a suspect when witnesses spot his pick- up truck fleeing the Birmingham bombing. But he is not caught until 2003. He ultimately pleads guilty to all four attacks in exchange for a life sentence.

FeB. 23, 1998 Three men with links to a Ku Klux Klan group are arrested near East St. Louis, Ill., on weapons charges. The three, along with three other men arrested later, formed a group called The New Order, patterned on a 1980s terror group called The Order (a.k.a. the Silent Brotherhood) that carried out assassinations and armored car heists. New Order members plotted to assassi- nate a federal judge and civil rights lawyer Morris Dees, blow up the Southern Poverty Law Center that Dees co-founded and other buildings, poison water supplies and rob banks. Wallace Weicherding, one of the men, came to a 1997 Dees speech with a concealed gun but turned back rather than pass through a metal detector. In the end, all six plead guilty or are convicted of weapons charges, drawing terms of up to seven years in federal prison. New Order lead- er Dennis McGiffen is released in 2004, the last of the six to regain his freedom.

TRAIL OF DEATH Serial bomber Eric Robert Rudolph (right) was finally identified when witnesses spotted his truck fleeing the scene of an attack on an Alabama abortion clinic (below) that left one police officer dead and a nurse maimed. But he wasn’t captured until five years later, and only then finally led police to his remaining cache of dynamite (above).

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MarcH 18, 1998 Three members of the North American Militia of Southwestern Michigan are arrested on firearms and other charges. Prosecutors say the men conspired to bomb federal buildings, a Kalamazoo television station and an interstate highway interchange, kill federal agents, assassinate politicians and attack aircraft at a National Guard base — attacks that were all to be funded by marijuana sales. The group’s leader, Ken Carter, is a self-described member of the neo-Nazi Aryan Nations. Carter pleads guilty, testifies against his former comrades, and is sentenced to five years in prison. The others, Randy Graham and Bradford Metcalf, go to trial and are ultimately handed sentences of 50 and 40 years respectively. Carter is released from prison in 2002.

May 29, 1998 A day after stealing a water truck, three men shoot and kill a Cortez, Colo., police officer and wound two other officers as they try to stop the suspects during a road chase. After the gun battle, the three — Alan Monty Pilon,

Robert Mason and Jason McVean — disappear into the canyons of the high desert. Mason is found a week later, dead of an apparently self-inflicted gunshot. The skeletal remains of Pilon are found in 1999 and show that he, too, died of a gunshot to the head, another apparent suicide. McVean is not found, but most authorities assume he died in the desert. Many officials believe the three men intended to use the water truck in some kind of terrorist attack, but the nature of their suspected plans is never learned.

July 1, 1998 Three men are charged with conspiracy to use weapons of mass destruction after threatening President Clinton and other federal of- ficials with biological weapons. Officials say the men planned to use a cactus thorn coated with a toxin like anthrax and fired by a modified butane lighter to carry out the murders. One man is acquitted of the charges and Johnie Wise — a 72-year-old man who attended meetings of the separatist Republic of Texas group —is sentenced to more than 24 years in prison. Another con- spirator, Jack Abbott Grebe Jr., is released from prison in September 2010.

July 30, 1998 South Carolina militia member Paul T. Chastain is charged with weapons, explosives and drug violations after allegedly trying to trade drugs for a machine gun and enough C-4 plastic explosive to demolish a five-room house. The next year, Chastain pleads guilty to an array of charges, including threatening to kill Attorney General Janet Reno and FBI Director Louis Freeh. He is sentenced to 15 years in federal prison and released in 2011.

<< Oct. 23, 1998 Dr. Barnett Slepian is assassinated by a sniper as he talks with his wife and children in the kitchen of their Amherst, N.Y., home. Identified as a suspect shortly after the murder, James Charles Kopp flees to Mexico, driven and disguised by friend Jennifer Rock, and goes on to hide out in Ireland and France. Two fellow anti-abortion extremists, Loretta Marra and Dennis Malvasi, make plans to help Kopp secretly return. Kopp, also sus- pected in the earlier sniper woundings of four physicians in Canada and up- state New York, is arrested in France as he picks up money wired by Marra and Malvasi. He eventually admits the shooting to a newspaper reporter — claiming that he only intended to wound Slepian — and is sentenced to life in prison plus 10 years. In 2003, Marra and Malvasi are sentenced to time served after pleading guilty to federal charges related to harboring a fugitive.

1999 JuNe 10, 1999 Officials arrest Alabama plumber Chris Scott Gilliam, a member of the neo-Nazi National Alliance, after he attempts to purchase 10 hand gre- nades from an undercover federal agent. Gilliam, who

months earlier paraded in an extremist T-shirt in front of the Southern

eND OF tHe liNe Neo-Nazi Ken Carter, a member of a Michigan militia, is led away after pleading guilty to conspiracy charges in a wide-ranging murder plot.

James Kopp (above, right) was finally arrested in France three years after assassinating Dr. Barnett Slepian, an abortion provider, in front of his children. Kopp shaved his beard before pleading guilty and being sentenced to 25 years in prison.

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Poverty Law Center’s offices in Montgomery, tells agents he planned to send mail bombs to targets in Washington, D.C. Agents searching his home find bomb-making manuals, white supremacist literature and an assault rifle. Gilliam pleads guilty to federal firearms charges and is sentenced to 10 years in prison. He is released in early 2008.

July 1, 1999 >> A gay couple, Gary Matson and Winfield Mowder, are shot to death in bed at their home near Redding, Calif. Days later, after track- ing purchases made on Mowder’s stolen credit card, police arrest brothers Benjamin Matthew Williams and James Tyler Williams. At least one of the pair, Matthew Williams (both use their middle names), is an adherent of the anti-Semitic Christian Identity theology. Police soon learn that the brothers two weeks earlier carried out arson attacks against three synagogues and an abortion clinic in Sacramento. Both brothers, whose mother at one point re- fers in a conversation to her sons’ victims as “two homos,” eventually admit their guilt — in Matthew’s case, in a newspaper interview. Matthew, who at one point badly injures a guard in a surprise attack, commits suicide in 2002. Tyler, who pleads guilty to an array of charges in the case, is given two sen- tences amounting to 50 years to be served consecutively.

July 2, 1999 >> Infuriated that neo-Nazi leader Matt Hale has just been de- nied his law license by Illinois officials, follower Benjamin Nathaniel Smith begins a three-day murder spree across Illinois and Indiana, shooting to death a popular black former college basketball coach and a Korean doctoral student and wounding nine other minorities. Smith kills himself as police close in during a car chase. Hale, the “Pontifex Maximus,” or leader, of the World Church of the Creator, at first claims to barely know Smith. But it quickly emerges that Hale has recently given Smith his group’s top award and, in fact, spent some 16 hours on the phone with him in the two weeks before Smith’s rampage. Conveniently, Hale receives a registered letter from Smith just days after his suicide, informing Hale that Smith is quitting the group because he now sees violence as the only answer.

aug. 10, 1999 >> Buford Furrow, a former member of the neo-Nazi Aryan Nations who has been living with the widow of slain terrorist leader Bob Mathews, strides into a Jewish community center near Los Angeles and fires more than 70 bullets, wounding three boys, a teenage girl and a woman. He then drives into the San Fernando Valley and murders Filipino-American mailman Joseph Ileto. The next day, Furrow turns himself in, saying he in- tended to send “a wake-up call to America to kill Jews.” Furrow, who has a history of mental illness, eventually pleads guilty and is sentenced to two life terms without parole, plus 110 years in prison.

MurDer FOr tHe MOveMeNt Brothers Matt and Tyler Williams shot a gay couple to death and burned synagogues.

Illinois officials’ refusal to grant neo-Nazi leader Matt Hale (right) a law license provoked a deadly rampage by a Hale follower.

In California, former Aryan Nations member Buford Furrow shot children at a Jewish community center and murdered a Filipino- American postal worker.

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NOv. 5�, 1999 FBI agents arrest James Kenneth Gluck in Tampa, Fla., after he wrote a 10-page letter to judges in Jefferson County, Colo., threatening to “wage biological warfare” on a county justice center. While searching his home, police find the materials needed to make ricin, one of the deadliest poisons known. Gluck later threatens a judge, claiming that he could kill 10,000 people with the chemical. After serving time in federal prison, Gluck is released in early 2001.

Dec. 5�, 1999 Two California men, both members of the San Joaquin Militia, are charged with conspiracy in connection with a plot to blow up two 12-million-gallon propane tanks, a television tower and an electrical sub- station in hopes of provoking an insurrection. In 2001, the former militia leader, Donald Rudolph, pleads guilty to plotting to kill a federal judge and blow up the propane tanks, and testifies against his former comrades. Kevin Ray Patterson and Charles Dennis Kiles are ultimately convicted of several charges in connection with the conspiracy. They are expected to be released from federal prison in 2021 and 2018, respectively.

Dec. 8, 1999 Donald Beauregard, head of a militia coalition known as the Southeastern States Alliance, is charged with conspiracy, providing materi- als for a terrorist act and gun violations in a plot to bomb energy facilities and cause power outages in Florida and Georgia. After pleading guilty to several charges, Beauregard, who once claimed to have discovered a secret map detailing a planned UN takeover mistakenly printed on a box of Trix ce- real, is sentenced to five years in federal prison. He is released in 2004, a year after accomplice James Troy Diver is freed following a similar conviction.

2000 MarcH 9, 2000 Federal agents arrest Mark Wayne McCool, the one-time leader of the Texas Militia and Combined Action Program, as he allegedly makes plans to attack the Houston federal building. McCool, who was

arrested after buying powerful C-4 plastic explosives and an automatic weapon from an undercover FBI agent, earlier plotted to attack the federal building with a member of his own group and a member of the antigovernment Republic of Texas, but those two men eventually abandoned the plot. McCool, however, remained convinced the UN had stored a cache of military materiel in the building. In the end, he pleads guilty to federal charges that bring him just six months in jail.

april 28, 2000 >> Immigration attorney Richard Baumhammers, himself the son of Latvian immigrants, goes on a rampage in the Pittsburgh area against non-whites, killing five people and critically wounding a sixth. Baumhammers had recently started a tiny white supremacist group, the Free Market Party,

that demanded an end to non-white immigration into the United States. In the end, the unemployed attorney, who is living with parents at the time of his murder spree, is sentenced to death.

2001 MarcH 1, 2001 As part of an ongoing probe into a white supremacist group, federal and local law en- forcement agents raid the Corbett, Ore., home of Fritz Springmeier, seizing equipment to grow marijuana and

weapons and racist literature. They also find a binder notebook entitled “Army of God, Yahweh’s Warriors” that contains what officials call a list of targets, including a local federal building and the FBI’s Oregon offices. Springmeier, an associate of the anti-Semitic Christian Patriots Association, is eventually charged with setting off a diversionary bomb at an adult video store in Damascus, Ore., in 1997 as part of a bank robbery carried out by

raMpage Pittsburgh attorney Richard Baumhammers opened fire one April day on any non-whites he could find. In the end, he murdered (clockwise from upper right) Garry Lee, Anita Gordon, Thao Pham (shown with his wife and son), Anil Thakur and one other man. A sixth person was critically injured.

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accomplice Forrest Bateman Jr. Another 2001 raid finds small amounts of bomb materials and marijuana in Bateman’s home. Eventually, Bateman pleads guilty to bank robbery and Springmeier is convicted of the same charges. Both are sentenced to nine years. Springmeier is released in March 2011 and Bateman is released in September 2011.

april 19, 2001 >> White supremacists Leo Felton and girlfriend Erica Chase are arrested following a foot chase that began when a police officer spotted them trying to pass counterfeit bills at a Boston donut shop. Investigators quickly learn Felton heads up a tiny group called Aryan Unit One, and that the couple, who had already obtained a timing device, planned to blow up black and Jewish landmarks and possibly assassinate black and Jewish lead- ers. They also learn another amazing fact: Felton, a self-described Aryan, is secretly biracial. Felton and Chase are eventually convicted of conspiracy, weapons violations and obstruction, and Felton is also convicted of bank rob- bery and other charges. Felton, who previously served 11 years for assaulting a black taxi driver, is sentenced to serve more than 21 years in federal prison, while his one-time sweetheart draws a lesser sentence and is released in 2007.

Oct. 14, 2001 A North Carolina sheriff ’s deputy pulls over Steve Anderson, a for- mer “colonel” in the Kentucky Militia, on a routine traffic stop as he heads home to Kentucky from a white supremacist gathering in North Carolina. Anderson, who is an adherent of racist Christian Identity theology and has issued violent threats against officials for months via an illegal pirate radio station, pulls out a semi-automatic weapon and peppers the deputy’s car with bullets before driving his truck into the woods and disappearing for 13 months. Officials later find six pipe bombs in Anderson’s abandoned truck and 27 bombs and destructive devic- es in his home. In the end, Anderson apologizes for his actions and pleads guilty. He is sentenced on a variety of firearms charges to 15 years in federal prison.

Dec. 5�, 2001 Anti-abortion extremist Clayton Lee Waagner, who nine months earlier escaped from an Illinois jail while awaiting sentencing on weapons and carjacking charges, is arrested in Cincinnati, Ohio. Waagner’s odyssey began in September 1999, when he was stopped driving a stolen camper in Illinois and told police he was headed to Seattle to murder an abortion provider. He escaped in February 2001 and, while on the lam, mailed more than 550 hoax anthrax letters to abortion clinics and posted an Internet threat warning abortion clinic workers that “if you work for the murderous abortionist, I’m going to kill you.” Wagner is eventually sentenced to 30 years on the Illinois charges. In Ohio, he is sentenced to almost 20 years more, to be served consecutively, on various weapons and car theft charges related to his time on the run. In late 2003, he also is found guilty of 51 federal terrorism charges. He is scheduled to be released in 2046.

tHe StraNgeSt SupreMaciSt Leo Felton, who liked to pose for photos as an “Aryan” warrior, had a terrible secret. The self-described white supremacist, who tried to bomb black and Jewish landmarks in the Boston area, had a black father.

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Dec. 11, 2001 Jewish Defense League chairman Irving David Rubin and a follower, Earl Leslie Krugel, are arrested in California and charged with con- spiring to bomb the offices of U.S. Rep. Darrel Issa (R-Calif.) and the King Fahd Mosque in Culver City. Authorities say a confidential informant taped meetings with the two in which the bombings were discussed and Krugel said the JDL needed “to do something to one of their filthy mosques.” Rubin later commits suicide in prison, officials say, just before he is to go on trial in 2002. Krugel pleads guilty to conspiracy in both plots, and testifies that Rubin conspired with him. Krugel dies in prison in 2005.

2002 JaN. 4, 2002 Neo-Nazi National Alliance member Michael Edward Smith is arrested after a car chase in Nashville, Tenn., that began when he was spotted sitting in a car with a semi-automatic rifle pointed at Sherith Israel

Pre-School, run by a local synagogue. In Smith’s car, home and storage unit, offi- cials find an arsenal that includes a .50-caliber rifle, 10 hand grenades, 13 pipe bombs, binary explosives, semi-automatic pistols, ammunition and an array of military manuals. They also find teenage porn on Smith’s computer and evidence

that he carried out computer searches for Jewish schools and synagogues. In one of his E-mails, Smith wrote that Jews “perhaps” should be “stuffed head first into an oven.” Smith is sentenced to more than 10 years in prison and released in 2011.

<< FeB. 8, 2002 The leader of a militia-like group known as Project 7 and his girl- friend are arrested after an informant tells police the group is plotting to kill judg- es and law enforcement officers in order to kick off a revolution. David Burgert, who has a record for burglary and is already wanted for assaulting police officers, is found in the house of girlfriend Tracy Brockway along with an arsenal that includes pipe bombs and 25,000 rounds of ammunition. Also found are “intel sheets” with personal information about law enforcement officers, their spouses and children. Although officials are convinced the Project 7 plot was real, Burgert ultimately is convicted only of weapons charges, draws a seven-year sentence and is released in March 2010. Six others are also convicted of, or plead guilty to, weapons charges. Brockway gets a suspended sentence for harboring a fugitive, and is sent to prison for violating its terms. She is released in early 2008. On June 21, 2011, sheriff’s deputies outside Missoula, Mont., stop Burgert on a suspicious vehicle report. Burgert leads them on a pursuit and fires multiple rounds at the deputies before fleeing on foot. He is wanted on two counts of attempted murder for the shootout and his current whereabouts are unknown.

July 19, 2002 Acting on a tip, federal and local law enforcement agents ar- rest North Carolina Klan leader Charles Robert Barefoot Jr. for his role in an alleged plot to blow up the Johnson County Sheriff ’s Office, the sheriff himself and the county jail. Officers find more than two dozen weapons in Barefoot’s home. They also find bombs and bomb components in the home of Barefoot’s son, Daniel Barefoot, who is charged that same day with the ar- son of a school bus and an empty barn. The elder Barefoot — who broke away from the National Knights of the KKK several months earlier to form his own harder-line group, the Nation’s Knights of the KKK — is charged with weapons violations and later sentenced to more than two years. In 2003, Barefoot’s wife and three men, including Barefoot Sr., are charged with the murder of a former Klan member. In 2007, a judge rules Barefoot Sr. men- tally incompetent to stand trial for murder and commits him indefinitely to a mental hospital. Sharon Barefoot was released from prison in July 2009. Charles Barefoot Jr. is released from federal prison in September 2011.

aug. 22, 2002 Tampa area podiatrist Robert J. Goldstein is arrested after police, called by Goldstein’s wife after he allegedly threatened to kill her, find more than 15 explosive devices in their home, along with materials to make at least 30 more. Also found are homemade C-4 plastic explosives, gre- nades and mines, a .50-caliber rifle, semi-automatic weapons, and a list of

plOttiNg prOJect 7 David Burgert was arrested in Montana after officials uncovered a plot to murder state and local officials. Burgert and his girlfriend had collected detailed information on their targets and a huge arsenal of weapons.

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50 Islamic worship centers in the area. The most significant discovery is a three-page plan detailing plans to “kill all ‘rags’“ at the Islamic Society of Pinellas County. Eventually, two other local men are also charged in connec- tion with the plot, and Goldstein’s wife is arrested for possessing illegal de- structive devices. Goldstein pleads guilty to plotting to blow up the Islamic Society and is sentenced to more than 12 years in federal prison, with a re- lease date in 2013. His wife was released in 2006.

Oct. 3, 2002 Officials close in on long-time antigovernment extremist Larry Raugust at a rest stop in Idaho, arrest him and charge him with 16 counts of making and possessing destructive devices, including pipe bombs and pres- sure-detonated booby traps. He is accused of giving one explosive device to an undercover agent, and is also named as an unindicted co-conspirator in a plot with colleagues in the Idaho Mountain Boys militia to murder a federal judge and a police officer, and to break a friend out of jail. A deadbeat dad,

Raugust is also accused of helping plant land mines on property belonging to a friend whose land was seized by authorities over unpaid taxes. He eventu- ally pleads guilty to 15 counts of making bombs and is sentenced to federal prison. Raugust was released in early 2008.

2003 << JaN. 8, 2003 Federal agents arrest Matt Hale, the national leader of the neo-Nazi World Church of the Creator (WCOTC), as he reports to a Chicago court- house in an ongoing copyright case over the name of

his group. Hale is charged with soliciting the murder of the federal judge in the case, Joan Humphrey Lefkow, who he has publicly vilified as someone bent on the destruction of his group. (Although Lefkow originally ruled in WCOTC’s favor, an appeals court found that the complaint brought by an identically named church in Oregon was legally justified, and Lefkow re- versed herself accordingly.) In guarded language captured on tape record- ings, Hale is heard agreeing that his security chief, an FBI informant, should kill Lefkow. Hale is found guilty and sentenced to serve 40 years in federal prison; he is not expected to be released until 2037.

JaN. 18, 2003 James D. Brailey, a convicted felon who once was selected as “governor” of the state of Washington by the antigovernment Washington Jural Society, is arrested after a raid on his home turns up a machine gun, an assault rifle and several handguns. One informant tells the FBI that Brailey was plotting to assassinate Gov. Gary Locke, both because Locke was the state’s real governor and because he was Chinese-American. A second in- formant says that Brailey actually went on a “dry run” to Olympia, carry- ing several guns into the state Capitol building to test security. Eventually, Brailey pleads guilty to weapons charges and is sentenced to serve 15 months in prison. He is released in 2004.

FeB. 13, 2003 Federal agents in Pennsylvania arrest David Wayne Hull, impe- rial wizard of the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan and an adherent of the anti-Semitic Christian Identity theology, alleging that Hull arranged to buy hand grenades to blow up abortion clinics. The FBI says Hull also illegally in- structed followers on how to build pipe bombs. Hull, who published a news- letter in which he urged readers to write Oklahoma bomber Tim McVeigh

“to tell this great man goodbye,” is found guilty of weapons violations and sen- tenced to 12 years in federal prison. He is to be released in July 2012.

april 3, 2003 Federal agents arrest antigovernment extremist David Roland Hinkson in Idaho and charge him with trying to hire an assassin on two oc- casions in 2002 and 2003 to murder a federal judge, a prosecutor and an

MiSerieS OF tHe MOveMeNt Two supporters of imprisoned neo- Nazi leader Matt Hale attend a rally in his behalf.

In Pennsylvania, Klan leader David Hull tried to buy hand grenades to blow up abortion clinics but was arrested instead.

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IRS agent involved in a tax case against him. Hinkson, a businessman who earned millions of dollars from his Water Oz dietary supplement company but refused to pay almost $1 million in federal taxes, is convicted in 2004 of 26 counts related to the tax case. In early 2005, a federal jury finds him guilty in the assassination plot as well. He is not expected to be released until 2040.

april 10, 2003 >> The FBI raids the Noonday, Texas, home of William Krar and storage facilities that Krar rented in the area, discovering an arsenal that includes more than 500,000 rounds of ammunition, 65 pipe bombs and re- mote-control briefcase bombs, and almost two pounds of deadly sodium cya- nide. Also found are components to convert the cyanide into a bomb capable of killing thousands, along with white supremacist and antigovernment ma- terial. Investigators soon learn Krar was stopped earlier in 2003 by police in Tennessee, who found several weapons and coded documents in his car that seemed to detail a plot. But Krar refuses to cooperate, and details of that alleged plan are never learned. He pleads guilty to possession of a chemical weapon and is sentenced to more than 11 years in prison, where he dies.

JuNe 4, 2003 Federal agents in California announce that former accountant John Noster, in prison since November 2002 for car theft, is under investiga- tion for plotting a major terrorist attack. Noster was first arrested as part of a car theft ring investigation, but officials who found incendiary devices in his stolen camper continued to probe his activities. Eventually, they find in vari- ous storage facilities three pipe bombs, six barrels of jet fuel, five assault weap- ons, cannon fuse, a large amount of ammunition and $188,000 in cash. Law enforcement officials, who describe Noster as an “antigovernment extremist,” allege at a press conference that he “was definitely planning” on an attack but do not elaborate. In addition to prison time in that case, Noster draws another five years in 2009, after pleading guilty to two weapons charges.

Oct. 10, 2003 Police arrest Norman Somerville after finding a huge weap- ons cache on his property in northern Michigan that includes six machine guns, a powerful anti-aircraft gun, thousands of rounds of ammunition, hun- dreds of pounds of gunpowder, and an underground bunker. They also find two vehicles Somerville calls his “war wagons,” and on which prosecutors later say he planned to mount machine guns as part of a plan to stage an auto accident and then massacre arriving police. Officials describe Somerville as an antigovernment extremist enraged over the death of Scott Woodring, a Michigan Militia member killed by police a week after Woodring shot and killed a state trooper during a standoff. Somerville eventually pleads guilty to weapons charges and is sentenced to six years in prison. He is released in August 2009.

2004 april 1, 2004 Neo-Nazi Skinhead Sean Gillespie vid- eotapes himself as he firebombs Temple B’nai Israel, an Oklahoma City synagogue, as part of a film he is pre- paring to inspire other racists to violent revolution. In

it, Gillespie boasts that instead of merely pronouncing the white-suprema- cist “14 Words” slogan (“We must secure the existence of our people and a future for White children”), he will carry out 14 violent attacks. A former member of the neo-Nazi Aryan Nations, Gillespie is found guilty of the at- tack and later sentenced to 39 years in federal prison, with an expected re- lease date of 2038.

May 24, 2004 During the attempted robbery of a Tulsa bank by Wade and Christopher Lay, a father-and-son pair of antigovernment extremists, secu- rity guard Kenneth Anderson is shot to death. Both robbers are wounded, and are arrested a short time after fleeing the bank. At trial, Wade Lay testifies that he and his son acted “for the good of the American people” and in an effort to “preserve liberty.” Other evidence shows the pair hoped to get money to pay for weapons that they intended to use to kill Texas officials who they be- lieved were responsible for the deadly 1993 standoff between the authorities

arMiNg FOr War Texas extremist William Krar was found with a terrifying arsenal — including components of a deadly sodium cyanide bomb.

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and religious cultists in Waco. In the end, Wade Lay is sentenced to death for first-degree murder, while his son is sentenced to life without parole.

Oct. 13, 2004 Ivan Duane Braden, a former National Guardsman discharged from an Iraq-bound unit after superiors noted signs of instability, is arrested after checking into a mental health facility and telling counselors about plans to blow up a synagogue and a National Guard armory in Tennessee. The FBI reports that Braden told agents that he planned to go to a synagogue wearing a trench coat stuffed with explosives and get himself “as close to children and the rabbi as pos- sible,” a plan Braden also outlined in notes found in his home. In addition, he in- tended to take and kill hostages at the Lenoir City Armory, before blowing the ar- mory up. Eventually, Braden, who also possessed neo-Nazi literature and report- edly hated blacks and Jews from an early age, pleads guilty to conspiring to blow up the armory. He is sentenced to prison, where his release is expected in 2017.

Oct. 25�, 2004 FBI agents in Tennessee arrest farmhand Demetrius “Van” Crocker after he tried to purchase ingredients for deadly sarin nerve gas and C-4 plastic explosives from an undercover agent. The FBI reports that Crocker, who local officials say was involved in a white supremacist group in the 1980s, tells the agent that he admires Hitler and hates Jews and the government. He also says “it would be a good thing if somebody could deto- nate some sort of weapon of mass destruction on Washington, D.C.” Crocker is convicted of trying to get explosives to destroy a building and imprisoned until an expected release in 2030.

2005 << May 20, 2005� Officials in New Jersey arrest two men they say asked a police informant to build them a bomb. Craig Orler, who has a history of burglary arrests, and Gabriel Carafa, said to be a leader of the neo-Nazi World

Church of the Creator and a member of a racist Skinhead group called The Hated, are charged with illegally selling 11 guns to police informants. Carafa gave one informant 60 pounds of urea to use in building him a bomb, but never said what the bomb was for. Police say they moved in before the alleged bomb- ing plot developed further because they were concerned about the pair’s ac- tivities. They taped Orler saying in a phone call that he was seeking people in Europe to help him go underground. Orler is sentenced to more than 10 years in prison. Carafa draws a seven-year sentence and is released in April 2011.

JuNe 10, 2005� Daniel J. Schertz, a former member of the North Georgia White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, is indicted in Chattanooga, Tenn., on federal weap- ons charges for allegedly making seven pipe bombs and selling them to an un- dercover informant with the idea that they would be used to murder Mexican

tattOO yOu Neo- Nazi Gabriel Carafa was a member of a group called The Hated, but his own body told the story of who really hated.

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and Haitian immigrant workers. The informant says Schertz demonstrated how to attach the pipe bombs to cars, then sold him bombs that Schertz expect- ed to be used against a group of Haitians and, separately, Mexican workers on a bus headed to work in Florida. Schertz eventually pleads guilty to six charges

— including teaching how to make an explosive device; making, possessing and transferring destructive devices; and possessing a pistol with armor-piercing bullets — and is sentenced to 14 years in prison. He is to be released in 2017.

2006 MarcH 19, 2006� U.S. Treasury agents in Utah arrest David J. D’Addabbo for allegedly threatening Internal Revenue Service employees with “death by firing squad” if they continued to try to collect taxes from him and

his wife. D’Addabbo, who was reportedly carrying a Glock pistol, 40 rounds of ammunition and a switchblade knife when he was seized leaving a church service, allegedly wrote to the U.S. Tax Court that anyone attempting to col- lect taxes would be tried by a “jury of common people. You then could be found guilty of treason and immediately taken to a firing squad.” In August D’Addabbo pleads guilty to one charge of threatening a government agent in exchange for the dismissal of three other charges of threatening IRS agents. He is sentenced to time served and released the same year as his arrest.

2007 << april 26�, 2007 Five members of the Alabama Free Militia are arrested in north Alabama in a raid by fed- eral and state law enforcement officers that uncovers a cache of 130 homemade hand grenades, an improvised

grenade launcher, a Sten Mark submachine gun, a silencer, 2,500 rounds of ammunition and almost 100 marijuana plants. Raymond Kirk Dillard, the founder and “commander” of the group, pleads guilty to criminal conspiracy, illegally making and possessing destructive devices and being a felon in pos- session of a firearm. Other members of the group — Bonnell “Buster” Hughes, James Ray McElroy, Adam Lynn Cunningham and Randall Garrett Cole— also plead guilty to related charges. Although Dillard, who complained about the collapse of the American economy, terrorist attacks and Mexicans taking over the country, reportedly told his troops to open fire on federal agents if ever confronted, no shots are fired during the April raid, and the “command- er” even points out booby-trap tripwires on his property to investigators. Dillard draws the harshest sentence, with his release scheduled for May 2012. Cole is released in December 2009; Cunningham is released in June 2009; Hughes is released in January 2009; and McElroy is released in August 2010.

2008 JuNe 8, 2008 Six people, most of them tied to the mi- litia movement, are arrested in rural north-central Pennsylvania after officials find stockpiles of assault rifles, improvised explosives and homemade weapons,

at least some of them apparently intended for terrorist attacks on U.S. offi- cials. Agents find 16 homemade bombs during a search of the residence of Pennsylvania Citizens Militia recruiter Bradley T. Kahle, who allegedly tells authorities that he intended to shoot black people from a rooftop in Pittsburgh and also predicts civil war if Barack Obama or Hillary Clinton are elected president. A raid on the property of Morgan Jones results in the sei- zure of 73 weapons, including a homemade flame thrower, a machine that supposedly shot bolts of electricity, and an improvised cannon. Also arrested and charged with weapons violations are Marvin E. Hall, his girlfriend Melissa Huet and Perry Landis. Landis, who is to be sentenced in late 2009, allegedly tells undercover agents he wanted to kill Gov. Ed Rendell. Hall is sentenced in January 2010 to time served with three years of probation. Huet is trying to get the charges against her—helping a convicted felon pos- sess a firearm—dismissed. A U.S. district judge ruled in her favor, but a fed- eral appeals court reversed that decision in January 2012. The case is sent back to U.S. district court for a further ruling.

aug. 24, 2008 White supremacists Shawn Robert Adolf, Tharin Robert Gartrell and Nathan D. Johnson are arrested in Denver during the Democratic

arMiNg FOr arMageDDON Authorities seized an arsenal of weapons from the Alabama Free Militia and arrested (clockwise from bottom center) leader Raymond Dillard, Randall Cole, Adam Cunningham, James McElroy and Bonnell Hughes.

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National Convention on weapons charges and for possession of amphetamines. Although police say they talked about assassinating presidential candidate Barack Obama, they are not charged in connection with that threat because of- ficials see their talk as drug-fueled boasting. Police report the three had high- powered, scoped rifles, wigs, camouflage clothing and a bulletproof vest, along with the crystal methamphetamine. Gartrell is released from prison in June 2009, and Johnson is freed in March 2010. Adolf, who was already wanted on unrelated theft charges, draws a longer sentence.

Oct. 24, 2008 >> Two white supremacists, Daniel Cowart and Paul Schlesselman, are arrested in Tennessee for allegedly plotting to assassi- nate Barack Obama and murder more than 100 black people. Officials say Schlesselman and Cowart, a probationary member of the racist skinhead group Supreme White Alliance, planned to kill 88 people, then behead an- other 14. (Both numbers are significant in white supremacist circles. H is the eighth letter of the alphabet, so double 8s stand for HH, or “Heil Hitler.” The number 14 represents the “14 Words,” a popular racist saying.) The pair are indicted on charges that include threatening a presidential candidate, possessing a sawed-off shotgun, taking firearms across state lines to commit crimes, planning to rob a licensed gun dealer, damaging religious property, and using a firearm during the commission of a crime. In 2010, Cowart is sentenced to 14 years and Schlesselman is sentenced to 10 years.

Dec. 9, 2008 Police responding to a shooting at a home in Belfast, Maine, find James G. Cummings dead, allegedly killed by his wife after years of domestic abuse. They also find a cache of radioactive materials, which Cummings was apparently using to try to build a radioactive “dirty bomb,” along with literature on how to build such a deadly explosive. Police also discover a membership application filled out by Cummings for the neo-Nazi National Socialist Movement. Friends say that Cummings had a collection of Nazi memorabilia. The authorities say Cummings was reportedly “very upset” by the election of Barack Obama.

Dec. 16�, 2008 Kody Ray Brittingham, a lance corporal in the U.S. Marine Corps, is arrested with four others on attempted robbery charges. A search of his barracks room at Camp Lejeune, N.C., allegedly turns up white su- premacist materials and a journal written by Brittingham containing plans to kill Barack Obama. Brittingham is indicted for threatening the president- elect of the United States, a crime that carries a maximum penalty of five years in federal prison and a fine of up to $250,000. Brittingham is sentenced in 2010 to 100 months in prison.

aSSaSSiNatiON plOt Daniel Cowart and another neo-Nazi skinhead allegedly planned to murder 102 black Americans and assassinate Barack Obama. When they were arrested, the men had painted their car with racist slogans and a red swastika on its hood.

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2009 JaN. 21, 2009 >> On the day after Barack Obama is in- augurated as the nation’s first black president, Keith Luke of Brockton, Mass., is arrested after allegedly shooting three black immigrants from Cape Verde, kill-

ing two of them, as part of a racially motivated killing spree. The two mur- ders are apparently only part of Luke’s plan to kill black, Latino and Jewish people. After being captured by police, he reportedly says he planned to go to an Orthodox synagogue near his home that night and “kill as many Jews as possible.” Police say Luke, a white man who apparently had no contact with white supremacists but spent the previous six months reading racist websites, told them he was “fighting for a dying race.” Luke also says he formed his racist views in large part after watching videos on Podblanc, a racist video-sharing website run by longtime white supremacist Craig Cobb. Luke, who is charged with murder, kidnapping and aggravated rape and is awaiting trial, etched a swastika into his own forehead, apparently using a jail razor.

april 4, 2009 >> Three Pittsburgh police officers — Paul Sciullo III, Stephen Mayhle and Eric Kelly — are fatally shot and a fourth, Timothy McManaway, is wounded after responding to a domestic dispute at the home of Richard Andrew Poplawski, who had posted his racist and anti-Semitic views on white supremacist websites. In one post, Poplawski talks about wanting a white supremacist tattoo. He also reportedly tells a friend that America is controlled by a cabal of Jews, that U.S. troops may soon be used against American citizens, and that he fears a ban on guns is coming. Poplawski later allegedly tells investigators that he fired extra bullets into the bodies of two of the officers “just to make sure they were dead” and says he “thought I got that one, too” when told that the fourth officer survived. More law en- forcement officers are killed during the incident than in any other single act of violence by a domestic political extremist since the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. Poplawski is convicted of three counts of first-degree murder in 2011 and sentenced to death.

april 25�, 2009 Joshua Cartwright, a Florida National Guardsman, alleged- ly shoots to death two Okaloosa County, Fla., sheriff ’s deputies — Burt Lopez and Warren “Skip” York — at a gun range as the officers attempt to arrest Cartwright on domestic violence charges. After fleeing the scene, Cartwright is fatally shot during a gun battle with pursuing officers. Cartwright’s wife later tells investigators that her husband was “severely disturbed” that Barack Obama has been elected president. He also reportedly believed the U.S. government was conspiring against him. The sheriff tells reporters that Cartwright had been interested in joining a militia group.

SHOOtiNg SpreeS After allegedly murdering two African immigrants, Keith Luke showed up in court with a swastika carved into his forehead.

Richard Poplawski was accused of killing three police officers, drawing scores of back- up officers to his Pittsburgh home.

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May 31, 2009 >> Scott Roeder, an anti-abortion extremist who was involved with the antigovernment “freemen” movement in the 1990s, allegedly shoots to death Kansas late-term abortion provider George Tiller as the doctor is serving as an usher in his Wichita church. Adherents of “freemen” ideology claim they are “sovereign citizens” not subject to federal and other laws, and often form their own “common law” courts and issue their own license plates. It was one of those homemade plates that led Topeka police to stop Roeder in April 1996, when a search of his trunk revealed a pound of gunpowder, a 9-volt battery wired to a switch, blasting caps and ammunition. A prosecu- tor in that case called Roeder a “substantial threat to public safety,” citing Roeder’s refusal to acknowledge the court’s authority. But his conviction in the 1996 case is ultimately overturned. In the Tiller case, Roeder is convicted of first-degree murder in January 2010 and is sentenced to life in prison.

JuNe 10, 2009 >> Eighty-eight-year-old James von Brunn, a longtime neo-Nazi, walks up to the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum and allegedly shoots to death security guard Stephen Johns before he is himself shot and critically wounded by other officers. Von Brunn, who earlier served six years in connection with his 1981 attempt to kidnap the members of the Federal Reserve Board at the point of a sawed-off shotgun, has been active in the white supremacist movement for more than four decades. As early as the early 1970s, he worked at the Holocaust- denying Noontide Press, and in subsequent decades, he comes to know many of the key leaders of the radical right. A search of von Brunn’s car after the museum attack turns up a list of other apparent targets, including the White House, the Capitol, the National Cathedral and The Washington Post. A note allegedly left by von Brunn in his car reads: “You want my weapons; this is how you’ll get them

… the Holocaust is a lie … Obama was created by Jews. Obama does what his Jew owners tell him to do. Jews captured America’s money. Jews control the mass media.” Von Brunn is charged with murder and dies in 2010 while awaiting trial.

JuNe 12, 2009 >> Shawna Forde — the executive director of Minutemen American Defense (MAD), an anti-immigrant vigilante group that conducts

“citizen patrols” on the Arizona-Mexico border — is charged with two counts of first-degree murder for her alleged role in the slayings of a Latino man and his 9-year-old daughter in Arivaca, Ariz. Forde allegedly orchestrated the May 30 home invasion because she believed the man was a narcotics trafficker and wanted to steal drugs and cash to fund her group. Authorities say the mur- ders, including the killing of the child, were part of the plan. Also arrested and charged with murder are the alleged triggerman, MAD Operations Director Jason Eugene “Gunny” Bush, and Albert Robert Gaxiola, 42, a local member of MAD. Authorities say that Bush had ties to the neo-Nazi Aryan Nations in Idaho, and that Forde has spoken of recruiting its members. Forde is sentenced

to death in February 2011 and Bush is sentenced to death in April 2011. Gaxiola is sentenced to life in prison.

JuNe 25�, 2009 Longtime white supremacist Dennis Mahon and his brother Daniel are indicted in Arizona in connection with a mail bomb sent in 2004 to a diversity office in Scottsdale that injured three people. Mahon, formerly tied to the neo-Nazi White Aryan Resistance (WAR) group, allegedly left a phone message at the office saying that “the White Aryan Resistance is growing in Scottsdale. There’s a few white people who are standing up.” In a related raid, agents search the Indiana home of Tom Metzger, founder of WAR, but he is not arrested. On the same day, white supremacist Robert Joos is arrested in rural Missouri, apparently because phone records show that Dennis Mahon’s first call after the mail bombing was to Joos’ cell phone. Joos is charged with being a felon in possession of firearms and is sentenced in May 2010 to 6.5 years in prison. Dennis Mahon is found guilty of three bombing charges in February 2012 and faces a maximum 60 years in prison and a $250,000 fine. Daniel Mahon is acquitted of the one charge against him.

MurDer FOr tHe MOveMeNt James von Brunn (above, right) was accused of shooting a Washington, D. C., museum security guard.

Shawna Forde (left), leader of a nativist group, was charged with planning the murder of a Latino family, including 9-year-old Brisenia Flores.

Scott Roeder (above, center) allegedly assassinated an abortion provider in Kansas.

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Oct. 28, 2009 Luqman Ameen Abdullah, identified by authorities as a member of a black Muslim group hoping to create an Islamic state within U.S. borders, is shot dead at a warehouse in Dearborn, Mich., after he fires at FBI agents trying to arrest him on conspiracy and weapons charges. The FBI says Abdullah encouraged violence against the United States, adding that 10 other group members are being sought.

2010 FeB. 18, 2010 Joseph Andrew Stack, who had earlier attended meetings of radical anti-tax groups in California, sets fire to his own house and then flies his single-engine plane into an Austin, Texas, building

housing IRS offices. Stack and an IRS manager are killed, and 13 others are injured. Stack leaves a long online rant about the IRS and the tax code, politi- cians and corporations.

MarcH 25�, 2010 A man later identified as Brody James Whitaker opens fire on two Florida state troopers during a routine traffic stop on I-75 in Sumter County. Whitaker flees, crashing his vehicle and continuing on foot. He is ar- rested two weeks later in Connecticut, where he challenges the authority of a judge and declares himself a “sovereign,” not American, citizen. Sovereigns typically believe that police have no right to regulate road travel. Whitaker is later extradited to Florida to face charges of assaulting and fleeing from a police officer and is sentenced to life in prison in January 2012.

<< MarcH 27-28, 2010 Nine members of the Hutaree Militia are arrested in raids in Michigan, Ohio and Indiana and charged with seditious conspir- acy and attempted use of weapons of mass destruction. The group, whose website said it was preparing for the imminent arrival of the anti-Christ, al- legedly planned to murder a Michigan police officer, then use bombs and homemade missiles to kill other officers attending the funeral, all in a bid to set off a war with the government. Joshua Clough pleads guilty to a weapons charge in December 2011. A federal judge dismisses charges against seven members of the group during a trial in March 2012, saying their hatred of law enforcement did not amount to a conspiracy. Militia leader David Stone and his son Joshua Stone plead guilty to gun charges two days after the trial. Another member, Jacob Ward, awaits a separate trial.

april 15�, 2010 Matthew Fairfield, who is president of a local chapter of an antigovernment “Patriot” organization called the Oath Keepers, is indicted on 28 explosives charges, 25 counts of receiving stolen property and one count of possessing criminal tools. Authorities searching his home discover a napalm bomb built by Fairfield, along with a computer carrying child pornography.

Militia rOuND up Nine members of the Michigan-based Hutaree Militia are arrested in a major cop-killing plot. AP

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Fairfield later pleads guilty to explosives charges, but still faces trial on other counts. Fairfield is sentenced in May 2011 to 16 years on the explosives charg- es. In September 2011, four years are added for obstruction of justice, to run concurrently with the longer sentence. Prosecutors drop the child pornogra- phy charges in exchange for Fairfield’s guilty plea to obstruction.

april 30, 2010 >> Darren Huff, an Oath Keeper from Georgia, is arrested and charged with planning the armed takeover of a Madisonville, Tenn., courthouse and “arrest” of 24 local, state and federal officials. Authorities say Huff was angry about the April 1 arrest there of Walter Francis Fitzpatrick III, a leader of the far-right American Grand Jury movement that seeks to have grand juries indict President Obama for treason. Several others in the antigovernment “Patriot” movement accuse Huff of white supremacist and anti-Semitic attitudes in Internet postings. He is sentenced in May 2012 to four years in federal prison.

May 10, 2010 Sandlin Matthew Smith detonates a pipe bomb at a rear en- trance to a mosque in Jacksonville, Fla., while worshippers are inside. Armed with a fuzzy videotape, authorities only identify Smith, based on talking to witnesses to whom he admits the attack, a year later. They track Smith, a bus driver from Julington Creek, Fla., to a campsite near Fairview, Okla., where he resists arrest with a gun and is killed. A search of Smith’s two homes turns up explosive materials.

May 20, 2010 >> A father and son team of “sovereign citizens” who believe police have no right to regulate road travel murder West Memphis, Ark., po- lice officers Robert Brandon Paudert, 39, and Thomas William “Bill” Evans, 38, during a routine traffic stop on an I-40 exit ramp. The incident begins when Jerry Kane, 45, starts to argue with the officers over his bogus vehicle paperwork and then pushes Evans into a roadside ditch. Kane’s 16-year-old son then kills both officers with an AK-47 before the pair flees. Authorities catch up with them about 45 minutes later. In the ensuing shootout, two more officers are badly wounded and both Kanes are killed. The pair had been traveling the country offering seminars in bogus sovereign techniques for avoiding foreclosure and related matters.

JuNe 8, 2010 A bomb packed into a soda can is planted outside Osage Baptist Church in Carroll City, Ark., where a polling station for a Democratic Senate primary runoff between Sen. Blanche Lincoln and Lt. Gov. Bill Halter is located. The device does not explode, although authorities say it was capa- ble of causing death or serious bodily injury. Officials later receive a tip from contractors hired to clean out the foreclosed home of self-described “Patriot”

Mark Krause, where they find bomb-making materials, manuals, and materi- als related to antigovernment militias. Krause, who earlier posted antigovern- ment messages to MySpace, eventually is arrested in Seattle. Krause’s bomb charges are dropped in a plea deal, but he is convicted on gun charges related to unregistered weapons in his possession. Krause is sentenced in June 2011 to two years in prison and three years of supervised release.

July 18, 2010 An unemployed parolee with two bank robbery convictions, apparently enraged at liberals and what he sees as the “left-wing agenda” of Congress, allegedly opens fire on California Highway Patrol troopers who pull him over in Oakland. No one is killed, but two troopers are slightly in- jured and Byron Williams is shot in the arms and legs. Williams allegedly later tells authorities that he was on his way to attack offices of the American Civil Liberties Union and the Tides Foundation, a liberal organization that, although little known to most Americans, has been repeatedly pilloried on air by Fox News host Glenn Beck. In August 2010, Williams pleads not guilty to charges that include four counts of attempted murder against a peace of- ficer, three felony counts of being a felon in possession of a firearm, and one

attackiNg autHOrity Darren Huff (above) planned an armed takeover of a Tennessee courthouse.

Jerry (right) and his son Joe Kane killed two West Memphis, Ark., police officers during a traffic stop.

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count of being in possession of ammunition. Williams is awaiting trial and faces the possibility of life in prison.

July 21, 2010 Attorney Todd Getgen is shot to death at a gun range in Cumberland County, Penn., and his weapon, a silenced AR-15 rifle, is stolen. Authorities arrest prison guard Raymond Peake nine days later, saying Peake was trying to accumulate weapons for an unnamed organization that intended to overthrow the government. Fellow prison guard Thomas Tuso is also arrest- ed for allegedly helping Peake hide Getgen’s custom-built weapon. Peake and Tuso are currently awaiting trial. Peake faces the death penalty if convicted.

aug. 30, 2010 White supremacist Wayde Lynn Kurt is arrested in Spokane, Wash., on federal gun and forgery charges. Authorities later release audio re- cordings to support their allegation that he was planning a terrorist attack he called his “final solution,” which included killing President Obama. Wayde, a convicted felon who is associated with neo-Nazis and Odinists, is sentenced in May 2012 to 13 years in prison on firearms and false identification convictions after federal prosecutors sought and received a “terrorism enhancement” to his sentence.

Sept. 2, 2010 A pipe bomb is thrown through the window of a closed Planned Parenthood clinic in Madera, Calif., along with a note that reads,

“Murder our children? We have a ‘choice’ too.” The note is signed ANB, ap- parently short for the American Nationalist Brotherhood. Six months later, law enforcement officials arrest school bus driver Donny Eugene Mower, who allegedly also threatened a local Islamic Center and has the word

“Peckerwood,” a reference to a white supremacist gang, tattooed on his chest. Mower reportedly confesses to the attack. Mower is sentenced in January

2012 to five years in prison and three years of supervised release. He must also pay $26,000 in restitution.

Sept. 7, 2010 The FBI arrests 26-year-old Justin Carl Moose, a self-de- scribed “freedom fighter” and “Christian counterpart to Osama bin Laden,” for allegedly planning to blow up a North Carolina abortion clinic. After ear- lier receiving tips that Moose was posting threats of violence against abortion providers and information about explosives on his Facebook page, the FBI set up a sting operation to capture him. Moose later pleads guilty to distribut- ing information on manufacturing and use of an explosive and is sentenced to 30 months in prison. Moose is scheduled for release in November 2012.

Sept. 19, 2010 An antigovernment extremist with ties to the separat- ist Republic of Texas organization allegedly opens fire on an oil company worker and two sheriff ’s deputies who show up at White’s property in West Odessa, Texas, to access an oil well to which the company has rights. Victor White, 55, allegedly wounds all three men before they retreat, and a 22-hour standoff follows. White eventually surrenders and is charged with three counts of attempted capital murder of a peace officer, one count of attempt- ed capital murder, and aggravated assault.

2011 JaN. 14, 2011 Federal agents in Arizona arrest Jeffery Harbin, a member of the neo-Nazi National Socialist Movement, for allegedly building homemade grenades and pipe bombs that he apparently intended to supply

to anti-immigration groups patrolling the Mexican border. A prosecutor says that Harbin constructed the devices, using model rocket engines and aluminum power, “in such a way as to maximize human carnage.” Harbin is indicted on two counts of possessing a destructive device and a third of transporting destructive devices. Jeffery Harbin is the son of Jerry Harbin, a Phoenix-area activist with past ties to the neo-Nazi National Alliance and the racist Council of Conservative Citizens. Harbin pleads guilty in September 2011 and is sentenced to 24 months in prison.

<< JaN. 17, 2011 Bomb technicians defuse a sophisticated improvised ex- plosive device (IED) found in a backpack along the Spokane, Wash., route of a Martin Luther King Jr. Day parade with 1,500 marchers. Using forensic clues found in the dismantled bomb, officials about two months later iden- tify and arrest Kevin William Harpham, a long-time neo-Nazi. Harpham had posted more than 1,000 messages to the neo-Nazi Vanguard News Network since 2004, when he was a member of the neo-Nazi National Alliance. Harpham also had contributed to the white supremacist Aryan Alternative

BOMBiNg DiverSity Kevin Harpham placed a powerful bomb on a Martin Luther King Jr. Day parade route.

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newspaper. He is indicted on one count of attempted use of a weapon of mass destruction and one count of possessing an IED. Later, federal hate crime charges are added. Harpham is sentenced in December 2011 to 32 years in prison.

March 10, 2011 Six members of the antigovernment Alaska Peacemakers Militia, including its leader Francis Schaeffer Cox, are arrested and charged with plotting to kill or kidnap state troopers and a Fairbanks judge. The group already has a large cache of weapons, including a .50-caliber machine gun and grenades and a grenade launcher. Cox earlier identified himself as a

“sovereign citizen.” The militia members are awaiting trial.

May 14, 2011 Three masked men break into the Madrasah Islamiah, an Islamic center in Houston, and douse prayer rugs with gasoline in an ap- parent attempt to burn the center down. Images of the men are captured on surveillance cameras, but they are not identified. The fire is put out before doing major damage.

May 25, 2011 A man with a long history of menacing abortion clinics is ar- rested on weapons charges after he accidentally shoots a pistol through the door of a Madison, Wis., motel room. Ralph Lang, 63, tells police he planned to kill a doctor and workers at a nearby Planned Parenthood clinic. Lang is awaiting trial.

aug. 24, 2011 Cody Seth Crawford, 24, is arrested on federal charges accusing him of the Nov. 28, 2010, arson of the Salman Alfarisi Islamic Center in Corvallis, Ore. The firebombing occurred two days after a for- mer Oregon State University student was arrested in a plot to detonate a car bomb during Portland’s annual tree-lighting. Crawford had ranted about Muslims and described himself as a Christian warrior during previ- ous run-ins with police.

Oct. 5, 2011 >> White supremacist ex-convict David “Joey” Pedersen, 31, and his girlfriend, Holly Ann Grigsby, 24, are arrested in California af- ter a murderous rampage in three states. Grigsby tells police that she and Pedersen “were on their way to Sacramento to kill more Jews.” The first killed were Pedersen’s father and stepmother in Everett, Wash. Another man was killed in Lafayette, Ore., because the pair thought he was Jewish. An African-American man was found shot to death in Eureka, Calif. Pederson earlier served time for threatening to kill the federal judge who handled the Ruby Ridge case of white separatist Randy Weaver. Pederson pleads guilty in

March 2012. He will receive a mandatory life sentence without possibility of parole. Grigsby pleads not guilty and awaits trial.

NOv. 1, 2011 Four members of an unnamed North Georgia militia are ar- rested in an alleged plot to bomb federal buildings, attack cities including Atlanta with deadly ricin, and murder law enforcement officials. The men

— Frederick Thomas, 73, Samuel J. Crump, 68, Dan Roberts, 67, and Ray H. Adams, 65 — allegedly discussed dispersing ricin powder in a series of cities,

“taking out” a list of officials to “make the country right again,” and scout- ing buildings in Atlanta to bomb. Authorities say the plot was inspired by an online novel, Absolved, written by longtime Alabama militiaman Mike Vanderboegh. Thomas, the accused ringleader, and Roberts plead guilty in April 2012 to charges of conspiring to possess explosives and firearms.

april 17, 2012 Joseph Benjamin Thomas and Samuel James Johnson of Mendota Heights, Minn., are indicted on federal weapons and drug charges following a federal investigation into their alleged plans to form a white su- premacist group called the “Aryan Liberation Movement” and commit vio- lence against minorities, leftists and government officials. Prosecutors allege that Thomas planned to attack the Mexican consulate in St. Paul on May 1 with a truck loaded with barrels of oil and gas that he would set on fire, be- lieving that the attack would stir debate on immigration amnesty prior to the 2012 elections. An affidavit unsealed in federal court reveals that Johnson, a former leader of the neo-Nazi National Socialist Movement in Minnesota with past convictions for armed crimes, was trying to recruit others to his cause and scouted for a training compound in Illinois and Minnesota. Johnson pleads not guilty and awaits trial.

killiNg spree David “Joey” Pedersen and Holly Ann Grigsby go on a murder spree against Jews and minorities in three states.

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KU KLUX KLAN 152 NEO-NAZI 170 WHITE NATIONALIST 146 RACIST SKINHEAD 133 CHRISTIAN IDENTITY 55 NEO-CONFEDERATE 32 BLACK SEPARATIST 140 GENERAL HATE 190

HATE GROUPS BY STATE

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ACTIVE HATE GROUPS 1018

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Hate Groups active in the United StateS in 2011

Alabama 32 Alaska 1 Arizona 17 Arkansas 26 California 84 Colorado 15 Connecticut 5 Delaware 5 District of Columbia 13 Florida 55

Georgia 65 Idaho 18 Illinois 28 Indiana 20 Iowa 4 Kansas 3 Kentucky 14 Louisiana 27 Maine 6 Maryland 18

Massachusetts 10 Michigan 26 Minnesota 12 Mississippi 41 Missouri 26 Montana 10 Nebraska 7 Nevada 12 New Hampshire 4 New Jersey 47

New Mexico 4 New York 37 North Carolina 34 North Dakota 3 Ohio 32 Oklahoma 13 Oregon 15 Pennsylvania 34 Rhode Island 1 South Carolina 27

South Dakota 3 Tennessee 39 Texas 45 Utah 4 Vermont 1 Virginia 34 Washington 16 West Virginia 15 Wisconsin 8 Wyoming 2

A Project of the Southern Poverty Law Center

LESLIE GEORGE LORD, 45 New Hampshire State Police (Colebrook) • August 9, 1997

SCOTT EDWARD PHILLIPS, 32 New Hampshire State Police (Colebrook) • August 19, 1997

BRUCE VANDERJAGT, 47 Denver, Colo., Police Department • November 12, 1997

ROBERT “SANDE” SANDERSON, 34 Birmingham, Ala., Police Department • May 13, 1998

DENNIS WARREN FINCH, 52 Traverse City, Mich., Police Department • May 13, 1998

DALE DEWAIN CLAXTON, 45 Cortez, Colo., Police Department • May 29, 1998

JAMES ARLAND ROWLAND JR., 30 Palmer, Alaska, Police Department • May 15, 1999

RICKY LEON KINCHEN, 35 Fulton County, Ga., Sheriff’s Department • March 17, 2000

JOHN C. BOHACH, 35 Reno, Nev., Police Department • August 22, 2001

ERIC BRADFORD TAYLOR, 31 Massillon, Ohio, Police Department • August 9, 2002

DAVID FRANK MOBILIO, 31 Red Bluff, Calif., Police Department • November 19, 2002

KEVIN MICHAEL MARSHALL, 33 Michigan State Police (Fremont) • July 7, 2003

DONALD MCMURRAY OUZTS, 63 Abbeville County, S.C., Magistrate’s Office • December 8, 2003

DANNY WILSON, 37 Abbeville County, S.C., Sheriff’s Office • December 8, 2003

ROBERT WALTER HEDMAN, 49 Otero County, N.M., Sheriff’s Department • December 18, 2004

HENRY “HANK” NAVA JR., 39 Fort Worth, Tex., Police Department • February 4, 2006

JAMES W. SELL, 63 Gassville, Ark., Police Department • February 4, 2006

LEE STEWART NEWBILL, 49 Moscow, Idaho, Police Department • May 19, 2007

STEPHEN ANDERSON, 60 Salt Lake City, Utah, Department of Corrections • June 25, 2007

JOHN R. SMITH, 40 Bastrop, La., Police Department • August 10, 2007

CHARLES D. “CHUCK” WILSON JR., 34 Bastrop, La., Police Department • August 10, 2007

RONALD HARRISON, 56 Hillsboro County, Fla., Sheriff’s Office • August 15 2007

WILLIAM ROBERT HAKIM, 51 Oregon State Police • Dec. 12, 2008

THOMAS PAUL TENNANT, 51 Woodburn, Ore., Police Department • Dec. 12, 2008

PAUL SCIULLO III, 37 Pittsburgh, Pa., Police Department • April 4, 2009

STEPHEN MAYHLE, 29 Pittsburgh, Pa., Police Department • April 4, 2009

ERIC KELLY, 41 Pittsburgh, Pa., Police Department • April 4, 2009

BURT LOPEZ, 45 Okaloosa County, Fla., Sheriff’s Office • April 25, 2009

WARREN “SKIP” YORK, 45 Okaloosa County, Fla., Sheriff’s Office • April 25, 2009

STEPHEN T. JOHNS, 39 U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum Security • June 10, 2009

THOMAS WILLIAM “BILL” EVANS, 38 West Memphis, Ark., Police Department • May 20, 2010

ROBERT BRANDON PAUDERT, 39 West Memphis, Ark., Police Department • May 20, 2010

IN MEMORIAM

In the years since the Oklahoma City federal building was bombed in 1995, 32 law enforcement officers have been murdered by domestic right-wing political extremists. These officers — one constable, one correctional officer, one security guard, four state troopers, six sheriff ’s deputies, and 19 police officers — are among thousands of men and women killed in the line of duty since the nation’s founding. Each of their deaths was a unique tragedy.

THE SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER is a nonprofit organization that combats hate, intolerance and discrimination through education and litigation. Its Intelligence Project, which prepared this booklet and also produces the quarterly investigative magazine Intelligence Report, tracks the activities of hate groups and monitors militia and other extremist antigovernment activity. Its Teaching Tolerance project and Web site, Tolerance.org, help foster respect and understanding in the classroom and in communities around the country. Its litigation arm files lawsuits against hate groups for the violent acts of their members.

A Project of the Southern Poverty Law Center 400 Washington Avenue Montgomery, AL 36104 www.splcenter.org