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1. Human Capital Expansion

Economic growth is the increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In other words, it is an increased production of the region studied. GDP is calculated by the total of final products and services from a region in a determined period. The concept of Economic Development is connected to population’s improvement and well-being. The Economic Development is measured by indicators of education, health, poverty, life expectancy and others. Currently, the Human Development Index (HDI) is the criteria more utilized to compare development in different economies. It is a comparative measure used to rank countries by their level of human development and to separate the developed (high human development) development (medium and high human development) and undeveloped (low human development). (TODARO; SMITH, 2009, ch.1 and ch.2). The HDI varies between 0 and 1. A rough analogy, the HDI bad would be 0 and the HDI paradise 1. Some countries from Northern Europe have HDI close to 0.95 it is almost the paradise, while many African Countries have less than 0.6. (HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT, 2009)

The economic development of a country is the process of capital accumulation and incorporation of technical progress to labor and capital that leads to increased productivity, wages, and the average standard of living. The general economic development is the increase in per capita income because it measures about the general increase in productivity; whereas the comparative levels of economic development are often measured by income in PPP (Purchasing Power Parity). (FURTADO, 1967)

Economic development implies a capitalist society where there are organized businessmen and workers, wages and profits, capital accumulation and technological progress, coordinating a market economic system and a state regulating the market and complementing their coordinator action. The increase in productivity or output per worker occurs in the production of same goods through the systematic reduction of the amount of simple work used, and through the manpower transfer to sectors with higher technological content or greater value added per capita. This second form of increased productivity is very important because that is how a country manages to leverage its workers, technician, administrators and communicators more skilled or educated.

On the supply side, economic growth depends on education, technological development and the accumulation of capital in machinery and processes more productive. However, as the offer does not automatically create the demand, utilization of human resources depends on the demand side, a satisfactory to the differential between the entrepreneurs expected profit rate and interest rate which in turn depends primarily on interest rate and a moderate rate competitive exchange that create investments opportunities.

There may be circumstances, in which the growth of income per capita does not involve such changes, so do not make up economic development. There are countries whose per capita income grows due to the exploitation of a natural resource that this country is well endowed, but no structural changes in economy.

If a country has very little economic growth and human capital, it tends to stop growing. Economic growth, when unaccompanied by evolution in the human side, short-lived. Countries that have high economic growth and low human capital cannot get a balance in high level. The tendency is these countries end the period with low growth and low human capital.

Countries that have set up their strategies to focus on the human side in relation to the economic side had satisfactory results. According to DHR 2009, Japan and East Asia were pioneers in applying in a development of human capital by education that was followed by China and Malaysia.

These findings are important for the countries. The focus on human development can help the economic growth. If a country wants to be a great power tomorrow, it needs to improve the quality of education, in its human capital.

2. Social and Economic Benefits of Educating Girls

The investment in Human Capital provides an increase in productivity, also causing an improvement in income distribution profile in the long term. An increase in investment in education is usually accompanied by increased spending on health and good nutrition, which later it will result in higher socio-economic performance of the country. The most evident results are; increased productivity; increased mobility of the workforce for dynamic sectors, lower demographic pressure, by reducing the fertility rate. (TODARO; SMITH, 2009; ch.8)

Countries can develop faster when all people men and women can participate equally in the society. Applying in a human capital mean apply in people. According Carvalho, 1981, considering the investments in human capital targeted to women, they can produce results superior to those targeted to men. The reason is: increased education for women results in a greater contribution to the generation of professionals in health and nutrition, as well as providing a reduction in fertility rate, which has a direct impact on population size and improving per capita income of the community (CARVALHO, 1981, p.54)

Women when educated, they take care better about their health and their family health, in special children. Educated mothers send to their children good hygiene habits and guide their life’s children with more security. They educate better the children, help at school reducing repetition and dropout. And this attitude helps future generation. Between these children are girls but also boys.

An important impact on income per capita appears related to the size of family in the country. The national surveys and the World Bank show that an increase in the level of education, particularly in women who play the role of head of family, is associated with the improvement of health, nutrition and income of the family. In countries with high inequality, from the high concentration of income, especially among ethnic groups and in rural areas, it is preferable to investment in human capital targeted to the poor, as well as increasing social welfare as a result of improved per capita income is also growing productivity of the workforce. The major limitation of this possibility is associated with the aging time required for the gestation of investment in human capital. Few results of these investments have an immediate effect on productivity, income distribution and poverty reduction, although capable of producing high rates of return. In this scenario, investment in human capital through training seems to be an exception because there are strong indications that his return occurs within a much shorter, though it is carrying out a careful analysis of the effects of training, from region to region. (WORLD BANK, 2011). According to Schultz (1994), the families of educated women have less risk in being in poverty situation.

According to a World Bank study conducted in Burkina Faso, Kenya and Tanzania, women farmers and business can improve their income in 10 to 20% if they could receive the same inputs and education as the men. According to United Nations for food and agriculture, women utilize resources and income to improve food consumption and familiar health, which help to reduce the child malnutrition and improve the general well-being to their family than men do.

In Bangladesh the program that literate women had as a result 80 per cent of the participants capable in reading, writing what help the country advance in many other stages, according to National Director of ADRA in Bangladesh Elidon Bardhi. He also said that it was not just a female question; this issue affects the whole community. So, these women increase their household income about 20 per cent through income generation activity.

3. Environmental Sustainability

The term “sustainable rural development” has been used recently to describe the quality improvement of living and rural land use and agricultural activities with the preservation and restoration. It defines the development actions that meet present needs without compromising the sustainability conditions of future generations.

Consider its principles: The principles of sustainable development are based on need, above all essential needs, primarily those of the poorest, and limitations that technology and social organization impose on the environment, restricting the ability to meet present and future needs.

There is a concern about the question of urban explosion and the impact that the industrial capitalist model imposes to the environment. Thus, the analysis of social environmental context in contemporary society shows that the impact of human actions on the environment is becoming increasingly complex, both in quantitative and in qualitative terms. (MEDEIROS, 1997). The natural resources are limited and it does not match to a technologic level and to the pattern of consumption of the modern society.

One of the major challenges facing the society refers to environmental protection and people’s access to assets and resources, as well as the possibility of a socio special development in cities, considering mainly part of society that comes from rural areas.

According to Cavalcante (1995), the sustainable development is understood one that “meets the needs on the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. (p.33). This approach refers to the search for a new development model tied to the defense of improving the quality of life and preservation of planet’s resources in order to seek to reconcile environmental protection methods, social equity and economic efficiency, thereby promoting the economic and social inclusion of individuals to the circuits of production, consumption and citizenship.

According Sachs (1997), the urban and environmental issues need be redirected, since it is the key elements in pursuit of development on a sustainable basis. the author also proposes a number of important initiatives for the formulation of an alternative development project, based on the tripod: social equity, ecological prudence and economic efficiency. To this end, he lists five dimensions of sustainability as follow: social, economic, ecological, spatial and culture. In specific case of spatial sustainability, it proposes a configuration more balanced urban-rural, with breakdown of activities.

5. Economic Planning

The effectiveness of economic planning in socialist countries is, therefore, this instrument of economic planning is widely used in countries targeted by the state. It serves solely to handle the claims of economic policy that the state wishes. This approach to economic organization of a country has greater efficiency in socialist countries, ie Russia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and many others in this block. The capitalist countries have also used this method, but planning under capitalism, especially in developing countries, has not given results expected by policy makers in these countries. Thus, these nations have not achieved the expected development by their rulers.

For the capitalist countries, or as they are commonly characterized mixed economy countries, economic planning, or even social, it's hard to accomplish, in view of the freedom of each economic agent to participate in the productive structure in the open. Here prices are determined by the market, or at least presumed to be true. The freedom of the economic agent can choose what he wants, just as produce, you are assured, however, the state imposes a law that makes mass production a bit cautious in determining its price, not to cause major problems. One of these economic problems are the concentrations that give rise to cartels or oligopolies, which begin to disrupt the economic system, and then begin the imbalances that cause inflation, unemployment, high interest rates and recession.

The economic planning is nothing more than a program of economic activities, such as the agricultural sector, the upgrader, and services that contrast with an effective demand willing to supply the domestic economic needs. In a capitalist system, or mixed, as is featured in today and was economic planning is done in the offices of government officials, without any discussion and overview of the desire of economic agents, such as those of families, businesses, and the very government. In addition, there is a popular access to such a program, considering that reality is mutable, because adjustments are needed for the program of work, and this is the main cause of economic planning does not have its efficiency in third world countries .

In summary, we have for each country, an urgent need for the application of a policy of economic planning, or as he is usually in an economic and social planning for a better development of economic activity and well-being for all interchangeably. So, one thing is certain, without the economic and social planning, there are no conditions of economic activity will develop in an equitable and socially efficient, but if the opposite happens, the result is always expected, mismatches, imbalances and widespread bankruptcies.

8. East Asia, example of development done right

The economic expansion of a considerable number of Asian Countries after II World War is an example of most successful in the history of industrialization and rapid growth for a period of time. (MEDEIROS, 1997)

The more orthodox vision is represented by a document “The East Asian Miracle”, published by the Mundial Bank, in 1993, which the remarkable economic performance these nations was due the follow reasons: high rates of savings and investment, thus allowing the acquisition of advanced technology, rapid export growth, macroeconomic stability (inflation and containment of budget deficits), strong capital investment human (which led to a high quality of human resources), increasing employment and real wages (and hence poverty alleviation and better income distribution.

High rates of savings and investment, thus allowing the acquisition of advanced technology), rapid export growth (handcuffed to this end exchange rates), macroeconomic stability (inflation and containment of budget deficits), strong capital investment human (which led to a high quality of human resources), increasing employment and real wages, and hence poverty alleviation and better income distribution. (THE EAST ASIAN MIRACLE, 1993)

The study also observed a favorable tendency of government intervention in East Asian countries. Other less orthodox interpretations stressed the crucial role of governments in the “economic miracle” in East and Southeast Asia. Rodrik (1994), a critical analysis of the World Bank, emphasizes the actions of government in to these countries that planning for growth through strategic interventionist measures.

Local industries have been the subject of protectionism by the state, thus getting a captive internal market, ensuring high profits that allowed them to high rates of investment, better quality products and also the conquest of foreign markets, while in bound to meet certain objectives related to export (SINGH, 1997).

Bibliography

Gusztav Nemes, 2005. "Integrated rural development - The concept and its operation," IEHAS Discussion Papers 0506, Institute of Economics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

Human Development Index 2009. Human Development Report. hdr.undp.org (2009-10-05). Página visitada em 2009-10-05.

LIPTON M. 1977. 'Why poor people stay poor: urban bias in world development.'(Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1977)

SCHULTZ, Paul, 1994. Human Capital Investiment in Women e Men: Micro and Macro Evidente of Economic Returns, San Francisco: ICS Press

SEN, Amartya, 1999. Desenvolvimento Economico. Liberdade. Sao Paulo.

TODARO, Michael P.; SMITH, Stephen C. 2009. Economic Development. 10 ed. United States of America: Addison Wesley.

Furtado, Celso (1967) Teoria e Política do Desenvolvimento Econômico. São Paulo:

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�very nice job! Thanks for doing the final over.