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2013, Hardcover ISBN 978-1-60918-230-4 7" x 10", 494 Pages, $65.00 DISCOUNT PRICE: $55.25

www.guilford.com/p/hayes3

Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis A Regression-Based Approach

Andrew F. Hayes

“This decidedly readable, informative book is perfectly suited for a range of audiences, from the novice graduate student not quite ready for SEM to the advanced statistics instructor. Even the seasoned quantitative methodologist will benefit from Hayes's years of accumulated wisdom as he expertly navigates this burgeoning—and at times inconsistent—literature. This book is particularly well suited for graduate-level courses. Hayes brings conditional process analysis to life with such passion that even the most 'stat-o-phobic' will become convinced that they too can master SPSS (or SAS) process. The thoughtful use of real-life examples, accompanied by SPSS and SAS syntax and output, makes the book highly accessible.”

—Shelley Brown, PhD, Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Canada

“A welcome contribution. This book's accessible language and diverse set of examples will appeal to a wide variety of substantive researchers looking to explore how or why, and under what conditions, relationships among variables exist. Hayes has a unique ability to effectively communicate technical material to nontechnical audiences. He facilitates application of several cutting-edge statistical models by providing practical, well-oiled machinery for conducting the analyses in practice. I can use this book to enhance my graduate-level mediation class by extending the course to include more coverage on differentiating mediation versus moderation and on conditional process models that simultaneously evaluate both effects together.”

—Amanda Jane Fairchild, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina

“Mediation and moderation are two of the most widely used statistical tools in the social sciences. Students and experienced researchers have been waiting for a clear, engaging, and comprehensive book on these topics for years, but the wait has been worth it—this book is an absolute winner. With his usual clarity, Hayes has written what will become the default resource on mediation and moderation for many years to come.”

—Andy Field, PhD, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, United Kingdom

“Hayes provides an accessible, thorough introduction to the analysis of models containing mediators, moderators, or both. The text is easy to follow and written at a level appropriate for an introductory graduate course on mediation and moderation analysis. The book is also an extremely useful resource for applied researchers interested in analyzing conditional process models. One strength is the inclusion of numerous examples using real data, with step-by-step instructions for analysis of the data and interpretation of the results. This book's largest contribution to the field is its replacement of the confusing terminology of mediated moderation and moderated mediation with the clearer and broader term conditional process model.”

—Matthew Fritz, PhD, Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

This engaging book explains the fundamentals of mediation and moderation analysis and their integration as “conditional process analysis.” Procedures are described for testing hypotheses about the mechanisms by which causal effects operate, the conditions under which they occur, and the moderation of mechanisms. Relying on the principles of ordinary least squares regression, Andrew Hayes carefully explains the estimation and interpretation of direct and indirect effects, probing and visualization of interactions, and testing of questions about moderated mediation. Examples using data from published studies illustrate how to conduct and report the analyses described in the book. Of special value, the book introduces and documents PROCESS, a macro for SPSS and SAS that does all the computations described in the book. The author's website (www.afhayes.com) offers free downloads of PROCESS plus data files for the book's examples.

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b 1

e Y

b 2

b 3

Model 1

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Conditional effect of X on Y = b1 + b3M

b 2

e Y

b 1

b 3

Model 2

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Conditional effect of X on Y = b1 + b4M + b5W

b 4

b 5

b 2

e Y

1 M

b 1

b 3

Model 3

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Conditional effect of X on Y = b1 + b4M + b5W+ b7MW

b 4

b 5

XMW

MW b

b 7

M i

e Y

Model 4

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai bi

a i bi

M i

e M

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

*Model 4 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

M i

e Y

Model 5

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai bi

a i bi

M i

e M

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W

*Model 5 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

c1'

c2'

c3'

e Y

Model 6

(2 mediators)

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Indirect effect of X on Y through Mi only = ai bi

e M1

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

YX c'

a 1

a 2 b1

b 2

d 21

e M2

Indirect effect of X on Y through M1 and M2 in serial = a1 d21 b2

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Model 6

(3 mediators)

M1 M3

e M

e Y

e M

c '

b 1

b 2

b 3

a 1 a

a 3

d 21

d 32

d 31

Indirect effect of X on Y through Mi only = ai bi

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

Indirect effect of X on Y through M1 and M2 in serial = a1 d21 b2 Indirect effect of X on Y through M1 and M3 in serial = a1 d31 b3

Indirect effect of X on Y through M1, M2, and M3 in serial = a1 d21 d32 b3

Indirect effect of X on Y through M2 and M3 in serial = a2 d32 b3

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Model 6

(4 mediators)

M3M2

a 1

Indirect effect of X on Y through Mi only = ai bi

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

Indirect effect of X on Y through M1 and M2 in serial = a1 d21 b2 Indirect effect of X on Y through M1 and M3 in serial = a1 d31 b3

Indirect effect of X on Y through M1, M2, M3, and M4 in serial = a1 d21 d32 d43 b4

Indirect effect of X on Y through M2 and M3 in serial = a2 d32 b3

e M

M3M2

e M

e Y

a 2 a

a 4

c '

b 3

b 4

b 2

b 1

d 32

d 21

d43

d 31

d 41

Indirect effect of X on Y through M1 and M4 in serial = a1 d41 b4

Indirect effect of X on Y through M2 and M4 in serial = a2 d42 b4 Indirect effect of X on Y through M3 and M4 in serial = a3 d43 b4 Indirect effect of X on Y through M1, M2, and M3 in serial = a1 d21 d32 b3 Indirect effect of X on Y through M1, M2, and M4 in serial = a1 d21 d42 b4 Indirect effect of X on Y through M1, M3, and M4 in serial = a1 d31 d43 b4 Indirect effect of X on Y through M2, M3, and M4 in serial = a2 d32 d43 b4

M i

e Y

Model 7

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)bi

a1i bi

M i

e M

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

*Model 7 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

a2i

a3i

M i

e Y

Model 8

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)bi

a1i bi

M i

e M

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W

*Model 8 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

a2i

a3i

c1'

c2'

c3'

M i

e Y

Model 9

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ) bi

a1i bi

M i

e M

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

*Model 9 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

a2i

a3i

XW XZ

a4i a5i

M i

e Y

Model 10

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ) bi

a1i bi

M i

e M

*Model 10 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

a2i

a3i

XW XZ

a4i

a5i

c1'

c2'

c3'

c4' c5'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z

e Y

1 X

Model 11

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

XWZ

e M

M i

a1i

a2i

a3i

a4i

a5i

b i

a6i a7i

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) bi

*Model 11 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

M i

e Y

1 X

Model 12

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

XWZ

e M

M i

a1i

a2i

a3i

a4i

a5i

b i

a6i a7i

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) bi

*Model 12 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

c1'

c2'

c3'

c4'

c5'

c6'

c7'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ

M i

e Y

M i

Model 13

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

XWZ

e M

M i

a1i

a2i

a3i

a4i

a5i

b i

a6i a7i

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) bi

*Model 13 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

c1'

c2'

c3'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W

M i

e Y

Model 14

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai (b1i + b3iV)

a i

b1i

M i

e M

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

*Model 14 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

MiV

b3i

M i

e Y

Model 15

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai (b1i + b2iV)

a i

b1i

M i

e M

*Model 15 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

b2i

MiV

c1'

c3'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'V

c2'

M i

e Y

Model 16

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai (b1i + b4iV + b5iQ)

a i

b1i

M i

e M

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

*Model 16 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

MiV

b4i

MiQ

b5i

M i

e Y

Model 17

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai (b1i + b2iV + b3iQ)

a i

b1i

M i

e M

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'V + c5'Q

*Model 17 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

MiV

Q MiQXQ

b2i b3i

c1'

c2'

c3'

c4'

c5'

e Y

M i

Model 18

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

e M

M i

a i

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai (b1i + b4iV + b5iQ + b7iVQ)

*Model 18 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

MiV

MiQ

MiVQ

b1i

b4i

b5i

b6 b7i

*Model 19 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

e Y

M i

Model 19

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

e M

M i

a i

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai (b1i + b2iV + b3iQ + b4iVQ)

MiV MiQ MiVQ

b1i

b2i b3i b4i

XVQ

c1'

c2'

c3'

c4'

c5'

c6' c7'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'V + c5'Q + c7'VQ

e Y

M i

Model 20

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

e M

M i

a i

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai (b1i + b3iV + b4iQ + b6iVQ)

*Model 20 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

MiV

MiQ MiVQ

b1i

b4i b5i b6i

c1'

c2'

c3'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'V

M i

Model 21

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b3iV)

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

*Model 21 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

e Y

a1i

M i

e M

a2i

a3i

MiVV

b1i

b2 b3i

M i

Model 22

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b3iV)

*Model 22 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

e Y

a1i

M i

e M

a2i a3i

MiVV

b1i

b2 b3i

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W

c1'

c2'

c3'

M i

Model 23

Conceptual Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b3iV)

*Model 23 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

e Y

Statistical Diagram

a1i b1i

M i

e M

a2i

MiV

a3i

Z XZ

a4i a5i b2

b3i

M i

Model 24

Conceptual Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b3iV)

*Model 24 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5' Z

e Y

Statistical Diagram

a1i b1i

M i

e M

a2i

MiV

a3i

Z XZ

a4i a5i

b3i

c1'

c2'

c3'

c4' c5'

e Y

1 X

Model 25

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

XWZ

e M

M i

a1i

a2i

a3i

a4i

a5i

b 1i

a6i a7i

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b3iV)

*Model 25 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

M i V

M i

b 3ib2

e Y

1 X

Model 26

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

XWZ

e M

M i

a1i

a2i

a3i

a4i

a5i

a6i a7i

*Model 26 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

c1'

c2'

c3'

c4'

c5'

c6'

c7'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ

M i

M i VV

b 3ib2

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b3iV)

b 1i

e Y

1 X

Model 27

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

XWZ

e M

M i

a1i

a2i

a3i

a4i

a5i

a6i a7i

*Model 27 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

c1'

c2'

c3'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W

M i

M i VV

b 3ib2

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b3iV)

b 1i

M i

e Y

Model 28

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b2iV)

b1i

M i

e M

*Model 28 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

c1'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'V

M i VV

a1i

a2i

a3i c3' c2' b2i

M i

e Y

Model 29

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b2iV)

b1i

M i

e M

*Model 29 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

c1'

c2'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'V

M i VV

a1i

a2i

a3i

c4'

c3' b2i

c5'

M i

Model 30

Conceptual Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b2iV)

*Model 30 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'V

e Y

Statistical Diagram

a1i b1i

M i

e M

a2i

MiV

a3i

a4i

a5i

b2i

c1'

c2' c3'

M i

Model 31

Conceptual Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b2iV)

*Model 31 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'V

e Y

Statistical Diagram

a1i b1i

M i

e M

a2i

MiV

a3i

a4i

a5i

b2i

c1'

c2'

c3'

c4'

c5' c7'c6'

*Model 32 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

e Y

M i

Model 32

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

e M

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b2iV)

MiVXV

b1i

b2i

XWZ

c1'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'V

M i

a1i

a2i

a3i

W V

a4i

a5i

a6i a7i c2' c3'

*Model 33 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

e Y

M i

Model 33

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

e M

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b2iV)

MiVXV

b1i

b2i

XWZ

c1'

c2'

c3'

c4'

c6'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ + c9'V

M i

a1i

a2i

a3i

W V

a4i

a5i

a6i a7i

c5'

c7' c8' c9'

*Model 34 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

e Y

M i

Model 34

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

e M

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b2iV)

MiVXV

b1i

b2i

XWZ

c1'

c2'

c3'

c4' c5'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W + c5'V

M i

a1i

a2i

a3i

W V

a4i

a5i a6i a7i

e Y

M i

Model 35

Statistical Diagram

e M

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ)

*Model 35 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

MiV MiQ

b1i

b4i

b5i

M i

Conceptual Diagram

a1i

a2i

a3i

M i

Model 36

Conceptual Diagram

*Model 36 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

e Y

M i

Statistical Diagram

e M

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ)

b1i

b2i b3i

a1i

a2i

a3i

MiV MiQXV XQ

c1'

c2'

c3'

c5'

c4'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'V + c5'Q

Model 37

Conceptual Diagram

M i

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ + b7iVQ)

*Model 37 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

e Y

M i

Statistical Diagram

e M

b1i

b6 b7i

a1i

a2i

a3i

VQ MiVQ

MiV MiQ

b4i b5i

Model 38

Conceptual Diagram

M i

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ + b4iVQ)

*Model 38 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

e Y

M i

Statistical Diagram

e M

b1i

a1i

a2i

a3i

VQ MiVQMiV MiQ

b2i b3i b4i

XVQXQ

c1'

c4'

c5'

c2'

c3'

c7'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'V + c5'Q + c7'VQ

c6'

Model 39

Conceptual Diagram

M i

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b3iV + b4iQ + b6iVQ)

*Model 39 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

e Y

M i

Statistical Diagram

e M

b1i

b6i

a1i

a2i

a3i

VQ MiVQMiV MiQ

b2 b3i b4i b5

c1'

c2'

c3'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'V

e Y

M i

Model 40

Statistical Diagram

e M

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ)

*Model 40 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W

MiV MiQ

b1i

b4i b5i

M i

Conceptual Diagram

a1i

a2i

a3i

c1'

c2'

c3'

M i

Model 41

Conceptual Diagram

*Model 41 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

e Y

M i

Statistical Diagram

e M

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ)

b1i

b2i b3i

a1i

a2i

a3i

MiV MiQXV XQ

c1'

c2'

c3'

c7'

c6'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W + c6'V + c7'Q

c4'

c5'

Model 42

Conceptual Diagram

M i

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ + b7iVQ)

*Model 42 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W

e Y

M i

Statistical Diagram

e M

b1i

b6i b7i

a1i

a2i

a3i

VQ MiVQMiV MiQ

b2i

b3i

b4i b5i

c1'

c2'

c3'

Model 43

Conceptual Diagram

M i

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ + b4iVQ)

*Model 43 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

e Y

M i

Statistical Diagram

e M

b1i

a1i

a2i

a3i

VQ MiVQMiV MiQ

b2i b3i b4i

XVQXQ

c1'

c6'

c7'

c4'

c5'

c9'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W + c6'V + c7'Q + c9'VQ

c8'

c2'

c3'

Model 44

Conceptual Diagram

M i

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b3iV + b4iQ + b6iVQ)

*Model 44 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

e Y

M i

Statistical Diagram

e M

b1i

b6i

a1i

a2i

a3i

VQ MiVQMiV MiQ

b2 b3i b4i b5i

c1'

c4'

c5'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W + c5'V

c2'

c3'

M i

Model 45

Conceptual Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ)

*Model 45 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

Statistical Diagram

e Y

1 X

V XZ

e M

a1i

a2i

a3i

a4i

a5i

b 1i

M i V

M i

b 4ib2

M i Q

b 3 b5i

Model 46

Conceptual Diagram

M i

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ)

*Model 46 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

M i

Statistical Diagram

e M

b1i

a1i

a2i

a3i

MiV MiQWZ

XWZ

b2 b3 b4i b5i

a4i

a5i

a6i a7i

e Y

Model 47

Conceptual Diagram

M i

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ + b7iVQ)

*Model 47 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

e Y

M i

Statistical Diagram

e M

b1i

a1i

a2i

a3i

MiV MiQ

MiVQ

XZ b2 b3 b4i b5i

b6i b7i

a4i

a5i

Model 48

Conceptual Diagram

M i

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) .

(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ + b7iVQ)

*Model 48 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

e Y

M i

Statistical Diagram

e M

b1i

a1i

a2i

a3i

MiV MiQWZ

MiVQ

XWZ

b2 b3 b4i b5i

b6i b7i

a4i

a5i

a6i a7i

M i

Model 49

Conceptual Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ)

*Model 49 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

Statistical Diagram

e Y

1 X

V XZ

e M

a1i

a2i

a3i

a4i

a5i

b 1i

M i V

M i

b 4i

b 2

M i Q

b 3 b5i

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = + c1' + c4'W + c5' Z

c1'

c2'

c4'

c5'

c3'

M i

Model 50

Conceptual Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ)

*Model 50 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

Z Q

M i

Statistical Diagram

e M

b1i

a1i

a2i

a3i

XV MiV MiQXQ

XZ b2i b3i

a4i

a5i

e Y

c1'

c2' c3' c4' c5'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'V + c5'Q

M i

Model 51

Conceptual Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ)

*Model 51 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

M i

Statistical Diagram

e M

b1i

a1i

a2i

a3i

MiV MiQ

XZ b4i b5i

a4i

a5i

e Y

c1'

c2'

c3'

c4'

c5'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ

WZ XWZ

b2 b3

a6i a7i

c6'

c7'

M i

Model 52

Conceptual Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ)

*Model 52 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

M i

Statistical Diagram

e M

b1i

a1i

a2i

a3i

XV XQ

b2i b3i

a4i

a5i

c1'

c2' c3' c4' c5'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'V + c5'Q

WZ XWZ

a6i a7i

MiV MiQ

e Y

M i

Model 53

Conceptual Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ + b7iVQ)

*Model 53 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

M i

Statistical Diagram

e M

b1i

a1i

a2i

a3i

MiV MiQ

XZ b4i b5i

a4i

a5i

e Y

c1'

c2'

c3'

c4'

c5'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z

b2 b3

MiVQ VQ

b6 b7i

M i

Model 54

Conceptual Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ + b4iVQ)

*Model 54 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

M i

Statistical Diagram

e M

b1i

a1i

a2i

a3i

MiV MiQ

XZ b2i b3i

a4i

a5i

c1'

c2' c3'

c4'

c6'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'V + c5'Q + c7'VQ

MiVQ VQ

b4i

XQXV XVQ

e Y

c5' c7'

M i

Model 55

Conceptual Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) .

(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ + b7iVQ)

*Model 55 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

Statistical Diagram

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ

M i

e M

b1i

a1i

a2i

a3i

MiV MiQ

XZ b4i b5i

a4i

a5i

c1'

c2'

c3'

c4'

c5'

WZ XWZ

b2 b3

a6i a7i

c6'

c7'

VQ MiVQ

b6 b7i

e Y

M i

Model 56

Conceptual Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) .

(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ + b4iVQ)

*Model 56 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

Statistical Diagram

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = (c1' + c4'V + c5'Q + c7'VQ)

M i

e M

b1i

a1i

a2i

a3i

MiV MiQ

b4i

a4i

a5i

c1'

WZ XWZ

a6i a7i

MiVQ

e Y

XV XQ

XVQ

c2' c3' c4' c5' c6'

c7' b2i b3i

M i

Model 57

Conceptual Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) .

(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ + b4iVQ)

*Model 57 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

Statistical Diagram

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = (c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ + c10'V + c11'Q + c13'VQ)

M i

e M

b1i

a1i

a2i

a3i

MiV MiQ

b4i

a4i

a5i

c1'

c2'

c3'

c4'

c5'

WZ XWZ

a6i a7i

c6'

c7'

MiVQ

e Y

XV XQ

XVQ

c8' c9' c10' c11' c12'

c13' b2i b3i

e Y

Model 58

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW) (b1i + b3iW)

a1i b1i

M i

e M

*Model 58 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

M i

a2i

MiW

b3i

a3i

e Y

Model 59

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW) (b1i + b2iW)

a1i b1i

M i

e M

*Model 59 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

c1'

a2i

MiW

b2i

a3i

M i

c3'

c2'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W

e Y

Model 60

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW+ a5iZ) (b1i + b3iW)

a1i b1i

M i

e M

*Model 60 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

a2i

MiW

b3i

a3i

M i

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

Z XZ

a4i a5i

e Y

Model 61

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW+ a5iZ) (b1i + b2iW)

a1i b1i

M i

e M

*Model 61 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

c1'

a2i

MiW

b2i

a3i

M i

c3'

c2'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W

Z XZ

a4i a5i

e Y

Model 62

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW+ a5iZ) (b1i + b3iW)

a1i b1i

M i

e M

*Model 62 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

a2i

MiW

b3i

a3i

M i

Z XZ

a4i a5i

c1'

c2' c3'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'Z

e Y

Model 63

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW+ a5iZ) (b1i + b2iW)

a1i b1i

M i

e M

*Model 63 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

a2i

MiW

a3i

M i

Z XZ

a4i a5i

b2i

c1'

c2'

c3'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z

c4' c5'

e Y

Model 64

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW) (b1i + b4iW + b5iV)

a1i b1i

M i

e M

*Model 64 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

a2i

b4i

a3i

M i

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

MiV

b3 b5i

MiW

Model 65

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

*Model 65 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

M i

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W

e Y

a1i b1i

M i

YX c1'

a2i

b3i

a3i

c3'

c2'

MiV

b2 b4i

e M

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW) (b1i + b3iW + b4iV)

MiW

Model 66

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

*Model 66 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

M i

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'V

e Y

a1i b1i

M i

YX c1'

a2i

a3i

c2'

MiV

b4i

e M

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW) (b1i + b3iW + b4iV)

XV MiW

b3i c3'

Model 67

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

*Model 67 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

M i

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c3'W + c5'V

e Y

a1i b1i

M i

YX c1'

a2i

a3i c2'

MiV

b3i

e M

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW) (b1i + b2iW + b3iV)

XV MiW

b2i c5'

c3'

c4'

*Model 68 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

e Y

M i

Model 68

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

e M

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b3iW)

MiW

b1i

b3i

XWZ

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

M i

a1i

a2i

a3i

a4i

a5i

a6i a7i

*Model 69 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

e Y

M i

Model 69

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

e M

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b2iW)

MiW

b1i

b2i

XWZ

c1'

c2'

c3'

c4'

c5'

c6'

c7'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ

M i

a1i

a2i

a3i

a4i

a5i

a6i

a7i

*Model 70 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

e Y

M i

Model 70

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

e M

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b4iW + b5iV + b7iWV)

MiW MiV MiWV

b1i

b4i b5i

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

M i

W V

a1i

a2i a3i

b7ib6

*Model 71 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

e Y

M i

Model 71

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

e M

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a3iW)(b1i + b2iW + b3iV + b4iWV)

MiW MiV MiWV

b1i

b2i b3i

b4i

XWV

c1'

c2'

c3'

c4'

c5'

c6'

c7'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'V + c7'WV

M i

W V

a1i

a2i

a3i

*Model 72 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

e Y

M i

Model 72

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

e M

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) .

(b1i + b4iW + b5iZ + b7iWZ)

MiW MiZ MiWZ

b1i

b4iXW

XWZ

Direct effect of X on Y = c'

M i

a1i

a2i

a3i

a4i

a5i

a6i a7i

b5i

b7i

*Model 73 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel

e Y

M i

Model 73

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

e M

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ) .

(b1i + b2iW + b3iZ + b4iWZ)

MiW MiZ MiWZ

b1i

b2i b3i

b4i

XWZ

c1'

c2'

c3'

c4'

c5'

c6'

c7'

Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ

M i

a1i

a2i

a3i

a4i

a5i

a6i

a7i

M i

e Y

Model 74

Conceptual Diagram

Statistical Diagram

Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = ai (b1i + c2i'X)

a i

b1i

M i

e M

*Model 74 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel. PROCESS does not produce

a table of conditional direct effects for model 74. With only one mediator, use model 1 to

generate the conditional direct effects, specifying M as moderator.

XMi

c1'

c2i'

Conditional direct effect of X = c1' + c2i'M