Essay
Dexter Led
teague7_ppt_ch11_Accessible.pptx11: Sexual Health
Your Health Today, 7th Edition
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
1
Sexual Anatomy and Functioning
Male and female sex organs arise from the same undifferentiated tissue during the prenatal period
Hormones influence the development of male or female organs
Male and female sex organs are similar, and their purpose and functions are complementary
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Figure 11.1 Female sexual and reproductive anatomy.
(a) External organs; (b) internal organs.
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Figure 11.2 Male sexual and reproductive anatomy.
(a)External organs; (b) internal organs.
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Sexual Response
Sex drive, also known as sexual desire or libido, is a biological urge for sexual activity
Testosterone is the principle hormone responsible for the sex drive in both men and women
Produced by the testes in males and by the adrenal glands in both sexes
People typically seek to satisfy the sex drive through physical stimulation and release, either with a partner or through masturbation
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Sexual Arousal
Sexual arousal on the physiological level involves vasocongestion and myotonia
Vasocongestion: the inflow of blood to tissues in the erogenous areas
Myotonia: the voluntary or involuntary muscle tension that occurs in response to sexual stimulation
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The Human Sexual Response Model
Excitement stage: arousal
Plateau stage: leveling off of arousal immediately before orgasm
Orgasm stage: rhythmic contraction in the genital area and a sensation of intense pleasure
Resolution stage: return of the body back to an unexcited, relaxed stage
Men enter a refractory period, lasting from minutes to hours
Women do not experience a refractory period, and can experience multiple orgasms
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Figure 11.3 The human sexual response model (female).
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Figure 11.3 The human sexual response model (male).
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Orgasm
Orgasm: physiological reflex usually felt as waves of intense pleasure accompanied by contractions in the penis, vagina, or uterus
Also influenced by physical, emotional, psychological, interpersonal, and environmental factors
Can be localized or generalized throughout the body
About a third of women reach orgasm via intercourse, but many women need direct stimulation of the clitoris to reach orgasm
Some people pretend to reach orgasm
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Figure 11.4 Factors inhibiting women’s orgasm during intercourse.
Access the text alternative for these images
Source: Yarber, W., Sayad, B., & Strong, B. (2016). Human sexuality: Diversity in contemporary America. New York: McGraw-Hill.
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Sexual Development and Health Across the Lifespan (1 of 2)
Biology of sexual and reproductive development is directed by hormones:
Androgens: male sex hormones secreted by the testes
Estrogens and progestins: produced by ovaries
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Sexual Development and Health Across the Lifespan (2 of 2)
Stages of sexual development:
In boys, voice deepens, facial hair grows, and onset of ejaculation occurs at puberty
In girls, breasts develop, body fat increases, and menarche—onset of menstruation—occurs at puberty
Menses: flow of menstrual blood; the menstrual period
Menopause: cessation of menstruation
Men do not experience as dramatic a change in reproductive capacity in midlife as women
These biological changes have only a marginal effect on sexual interest and activity
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Sexuality and Disability
Most people with disabilities can have a rewarding sex life
As an example, a person with a spinal cord injury may not be able to have an orgasm, but he or she may be able to have intercourse, experience sensuous feelings in other parts of the body, or have a child
As in any relationship, the key is nurturing emotional as well as sexual intimacy
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Common Forms of Sexual Expression
Rather than thinking in terms of “normalcy,” social scientists think of behavior as typical or less typical
Typical forms of sexual behavior and expression:
Celibacy and abstinence
Erotic touch (foreplay)
Kissing
Self-stimulation (autoerotic behaviors; masturbation)
Oral-genital stimulation (cunnilingus; fellatio)
Anal intercourse
Vaginal intercourse (coitus)
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Atypical Sexual Behaviors and Paraphilias (1 of 3)
Atypical sexual behaviors are practiced by consenting partners
Paraphilias are practiced by an individual
Most have victims and are illegal, and many are classified as mental disorders
Treatment focuses initially on reducing the danger to the patient and potential victims, and then on strategies to suppress the behavior
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Atypical Sexual Behaviors and Paraphilias (2 of 3)
Examples of atypical sexual behaviors:
Sexting
Enacting sexual fantasies
Sex toys
Phone sex
Bondage and discipline
Sensory deprivation
Examples of paraphilias:
Making obscene phonecalls
Exhibitionism
Voyeurism
Telephone scatologia
Sexual sadism/masochism
Pedophilia
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Atypical Sexual Behaviors and Paraphilias (3 of 3)
Sexual addiction is a compulsive, out-of-control sexual behavior that results in severe negative consequences
Sexual anorexia involves an intense fear of sexual contact or intimacy, a preoccupation with sexual matters, rigid and judgmental attitudes toward sex, and shame and self-hatred over sex
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Sexual Dysfunctions
Sexual dysfunction: disturbance in sexual drive, performance, or satisfaction that may occur at any point in the sexual response cycle
Most forms are treatable
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Female Sexual Dysfunctions
Common sexual dysfunctions in women:
Pain during intercourse (vaginismus)
Kegel exercises may be recommended
Sexual desire disorder and sexual discrepancy
Female sexual arousal disorder
Orgasmic dysfunction
One approach to treatment is testosterone replacement therapy
Another is Addyi, approved in 2015, which affects the neurotransmitter balance
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Male Sexual Dysfunctions
Common sexual dysfunctions in men:
Pain during intercourse
Sexual desire disorder
Erectile dysfunction (ED)
Ejaculation dysfunction (premature ejaculation)
Treatment often relies on testosterone and other medications; correcting unhealthy lifestyles and working on relationships is also important
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Protecting Your Sexual Health
Safer sex practices prevent the exchange of body fluids during sex
“Outercourse” involves sex acts such as kissing and rubbing or stroking that do not involve genital contact or penetration
Another key to safeguarding your sexual health is communicating with your partner or prospective partner about sex
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Using Condoms
Condom (or male condom) fits over the erect penis and provides a barrier against infection or pregnancy
Female condom is inserted into the vagina and covers more of the genital area
Spermicidal foam may also be used
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) pills taken in combination with condoms are used for people at high risk for HIV
Dental dams should be used during oral sex
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A New Generation of Condoms
Primary advances have been the change to latex condoms and the inclusion of a reservoir tip
Inconsistent use of condoms is a problem
Non-use of condoms is a major contributor to increased HIV infections among gay men
College students are more likely to have unprotected sex as they progress from freshmen to seniors
Gates Foundation is funding development of a new generation of condoms with the aim of increasing their use and their effectiveness
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Communicating About Sex
Communication is another key to safeguarding your health
Questions to ask:
Are you having sex with anyone else?
Have you ever had an STI?
How many sexual partners have you had? As far as you know, did any of them ever have an STI?
When was the last time you were tested for STIs? Would you be willing to get tested along with me?
Are you willing to use condoms?
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Sex and Culture: Issues for the 21st Century
Hooking up: casual sexual contact between nondating partners without an expectation of forming a committed relationship
Hook-up culture forgoes traditional dating in favor of attending parties or going to bars in large groups to party, then hooking up for sex with casual friends or strangers
Between 66% and 80% of college students hook up at some point in their college careers
Theme parties and alcohol fuel hook-ups
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Abstinence
Running counter to the hook-up culture are college students who are in favor of sexual abstinence
These students can be stigmatized, marginalized, or alienated
Growing number of groups of conservative college students believe in abstinence until marriage
Princeton’s Anscombe Society
Harvard’s True Love Revolution
The Love and Fidelity Network
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Condom Accessibility on College Campuses
Eighty-seven percent of college students report having had intercourse
Only about half of college students engaging in vaginal sex use a condom
Condom dispensers provide a low-cost, high-impact way to distribute free condoms on college campuses
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Stealthing: Is it a Criminal Act?
Disturbing new trend is stealthing: intentionally removing a condom during sex without consent or knowledge of the sexual partner
Law has been largely silent on stealthing
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Cybersex and Sexting
Cybersex: virtual sexual encounters on the Internet including online porn, real-time interactions, and multimedia software
Sexting: sending nude, sexually explicit messages electronically, mostly by cell phone
About 80% of college students engage in sexting
Risk embarrassment or career damage if their phone is misplaced, stolen, or hacked
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Internet Pornography
Internet has vastly increased pornography’s availability
According to one report, one in four Internet users looks at a pornography website in any given month
Some sexual health experts argue that Internet pornography reduces health-risk behaviors by managing sex drive effectively and safely
Viewing pornography does seem to have negative effects on relationships
Internet infidelity is an emotional or physical relationship from Internet usage that is viewed by one partner as a breach of their relationship intimacy contract
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Revenge Porn and Revenge Sex
Revenge porn: uploading explicit photos by a jilted ex-lover/partner or someone seeking to humiliate or expose the victim
Most common form is publishing a sext from one former lover to another
Most states do not view the posting of a person’s personal information and photos without their consent a crime
Revenge (rebound) sex: sex to compensate for hurt feelings associated with getting “dumped”
Tendency to indulge in it declines over time
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College Students and Sex Trafficking
Sex trafficking: the use of force, fraud, or coercion to push a person into commercial sex exploitation
Commercial sex exploitation includes the promotion of sex acts that include prostitution, pornography, and sexual performance for money, drugs, shelter, food, or clothing
Many are not aware that it is a public health problem or that college students could be victims of it
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The Future of Sex
Sex technology has been evolving with the help of several innovations
Virtual reality: immersive entertainment
Teledildonics: remote use of sex toys via the Internet
Augmented reality: an advanced virtual reality
Direct neurostimulation: skin sensors enable users to see, hear, taste, smell, and feel sexual pleasure
Affective technology: sensors that may enable online users to share their degree of sexual arousal with each other
Sex robots: some envision lifelike pleasure robots by 2050
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Misuse of ED Drugs by Young Men
Viagra and ED drugs are taken by young men who mistakenly believe they will quickly and easily attain an erection that will allow them to have sex for hours
Any effect these drugs seem to have is more likely a placebo effect
Combining ED drugs with alcohol or illicit substances can be life-threatening
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Aphrodisiacs
Aphrodisiacs include drugs, perfumes, and some foods resembling male and female anatomy used as the magic potion for enhancing sexual pleasure
Use of drugs for sexual pleasure has long been a part of the American culture
Scientists have mixed views about their effectiveness
Use of crystal meth in “party-and-play” sex marathons
Often result in trauma to sex organs that increases risk for STIs
Crystal meth can also cause erectile dysfunction
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In Review
How do the sex organs function, and what are the components of sexual response?
What are the common varieties of sexual behavior?
What are sexual dysfunctions in males and in females?
What are the best ways to protect your sexual health?
What are important sex-related issues in the 21st century?
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Accessibility Content: Text Alternatives For Images
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Appendix A
Image Descriptions for Unsighted Students
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Figure 11.1 Female Sexual Anatomy Text Alternative
External genitalia are called the vulva and include the following:
Mons pubis, a mound of fatty tissue that pads the pubic bone
Labia majora and labia minora, folds of tissue around the entrance to the vagina
Clitoris, about 3 centimeters in length, at the top of the vulva between the lips of the labia minora, which form a protective hood, or prepuce
Urethral opening, located immediately below the clitoris
Vaginal opening
Between the bottom of the vulva and the anus is the perineum
Internal sex organs include:
Vagina, a hollow tube extending from the vaginal opening to the cervix
Cervix, the lower part of the uterus, extending into the vagina and containing the opening to the uterus
Uterus, approximately the size of a pear, in which a fertilized egg develops
Ovaries, the reproductive glands located on either side of the uterus
Fallopian tubes, extending from the upper sides of the uterus
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Figure 11.2 Male Sexual Anatomy Text Alternative
External genitalia include the following:
Scrotum, which contains the testes
Penis, which itself consists of the glans (or head); the corona, a crownlike structure that protrudes slightly and forms a border between the glans and the shaft of the penis; the frenulum, a fold of skin extending from the corona to the foreskin; the foreskin, or prepuce, which covers the glans more or less completely; and the urethral opening at the tip of the penis in the glans
Area between the scrotum and the anus is the perineum
Internal reproductive organs include the following:
Two testes
Series of ducts that transport sperm: the epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra
Set of glands that produce semen and other fluids: the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper’s glands
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Figure 11.3 Human Sexual Response, Female Text Alternative
In the excitement phase in females, the uterus rises; vaginal lubrication occurs; the clitoris enlarges; and both the labia minora and labia majora swell
In the plateau phase, the uterus rises further; the upper part of the vagina expands; the vaginal walls expand; and the color of the labia darkens
In the orgasm phase, contractions occur in the uterus, along with rhythmic contractions in the vagina; and the rectal sphincter contracts
In the resolution phase, the uterus lowers; the vagina returns to its normal state; the clitoris returns to its unaroused position; and the labia return to their normal size and color
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Figure 11.3 Human Sexual Response, Male Text Alternative
In the excitement phase in males, vasocongestion in the penis leads to an erection; the skin of the scrotum tenses, thickens, and rises; and the testes rise
In the plateau phase, the scrotum thickens and tenses; the testes enlarge and are full elevated; the prostate gland enlarges; the color of the penile glans darkens; and clear mucus from the Cowper’s gland is secreted from the tip of the penis
In the orgasm phase, the rectal sphincter contracts; the seminal vesicles contract; the prostate gland contracts; the internal sphincter of the bladder contracts; the vas deferens contracts; contractions are experienced in the penis; and sperm and semen are expelled by the rhythmic contractions of the urethra
In the resolution phase, the erection subsides and the penis returns to an unstimulated state; the testes lower to their normal position; and the scrotum thins and shows its usual folds
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Figure 11.4 Factors Inhibiting Orgasm Text Alternative
While the top reason is lack of foreplay, many other factors may inhibit women’s orgasm during intercourse
From most to least common, these include:
Fatigue
Preoccupation with nonsexual thoughts
Ejaculation too soon after intromission (insertion of penis into the vagina)
Conflicts with partner unrelated to intromission
Lack of interest or foreplay by partner
Lack of adequate vaginal lubrication
Lack of tenderness by partner
Lack of privacy for intromission
Overindulgence in alcohol
Desire to perform well after intromission
Difficulty with sexual arousal with partner
Painful sexual intercourse
Overeating
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