Network Architecture Paper: Using the TCP/IP Protocol Suite, describe how each layer of the Suite represents the communication flow between organizational levels and across departments/division of an actual hierarchical business. Be sure to include a com
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TCPrough.docxThe Core Protocols of the Internet
Nowadays the Internet is larger than ever and incorporates hundreds of thousands of networks in the world over. It is never dependent on a core network or on governmental support. In fact, the internet is built by commercial providers. 1 The Internet has grown far beyond its original scope. 2 Internet refers to any collection of separate physical networks, interconnected by a common protocol, to form a single logical network (Greenberg, 2015).
1 The original networks and agencies that built the Internet do not play a crucial role in the existing network. It should be understood that the internet has evolved from a simple mainstay network, through a three-tiered categorized arrangement, to a huge network of interconnected, distributed network hubs. It has exponentially grown doubling in size every year. Through all of this incredible change, one thing has remained constant that the Internet is built on the TCP/IP protocol suite.
3 The name TCP/IP refers to an entire suite of data communications protocols. The suite derives its name from two of the protocols that belong to it. 4 The two protocols include the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) as well as the Internet Protocol (IP). 5 TCP/IP is the customary name for the protocol suite (Stallings, 2017). 3 The TCP/IP protocol suite is also known as the Internet Protocol Suite (IPS). Both names are acceptable. 6 It is worth to note is that the interaction between two computers over the network through TCP/IP protocol suite takes place in the form of client-server architecture.
2 For the reason that TCP/IP is required for Internet connection, the growth of the Internet triggered interest in TCP/IP. As more organizations familiarized themselves with TCP/IP, they realized that its power can be useful in other network applications as well. The Internet protocols are frequently used for local area networking even in circumstances where the local network is not connected to the Internet (Stallings, 2017). TCP/IP is also widely used in building enterprise networks. 2 TCP/IP-based enterprise networks that use Internet methods and web tools to disseminate internal corporate information are called intranets.
The important part of networking is to understand the intricacies of how computers interact. 7 Communication between computers on a network is done by TCP/IP protocol suite. 8 The suite comprises a layered architecture whereby every layer represents some functionality which can be done by a protocol. 7 Actually, each layer has more than one protocol options to perform the responsibility that the layer adheres to. Normally, TCP/IP is a system of four layers which include following layers (Hall, 2018) · Application layer
· Transport layer
9 · Network layer · Data link layer
Application layer
10 The top layer of TCP/IP protocol suite is the application layer. 7 This layer comprises applications or techniques that use transport layer protocols to deliver the data to destination computers. In every layer, there are certain protocol options to perform the task designated to that specific layer. As such, application layer also has numerous protocols that are used by applications to interconnect with the second layer.
Transport layer The second layer of TCP/IP protocol suite is the transport layer which provides a backbone to the flow of data between two hosts. 11 Transport layer receives data from the top layer. In this layer, there are many protocols that work though only two of them are commonly used that provide end-to-end communication services for applications. They are as follows:
12 · Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
· User Datagram Protocol (UDP) UDP Like Internet Protocol (IP), UDP is connectionless and works with datagrams. This is a minimal service over IP, adding only optional check summing of data and multiplexing by port number. UDP is often used by applications that need multicast or broadcast delivery, services not offered by TCP. UDP, on the other hand, offers a comparatively simpler but unreliable service through transferring packages from one host to the other (Greenberg, 2015). 7 Never does UDP take any additional measures to make sure that the data transferred is received by the targeted host or not.
TCP TCP is a connection-oriented protocol. It provides end-to-end reliability, re-sequencing, and flow control. The delivery of data in the proper order is guaranteed. TCP can detect errors or lost data and can trigger retransmission until the data is received, complete and without errors. 7 TCP divides the data into proper sized portions and then passes them onto the network. It recognizes received packets, waits for the acknowledgments of the packets it forwarded and sets the timeout to resend the packets in case acknowledgments are not received within the required time.
Network Layer
13 In addition, TCP/IP protocol suite has the network which is also referred to as internet layer. 5 The central purpose of the network layer is to organize or manage the movement of data on the network. 11 IP is the main protocol that is used in this layer. In the network every system receives a network address, either it is an end system or intermediate system. At least one network address is required by the systems. To store information the network layer uses one or more routing tables. As the network changes due to failures, the addition or deletion of systems and links or other configuration changes the routing tables should be maintained, created and purged of old information. Therefore, the process of making tables to move data from source to destination is called routing, and the application of these tables for packet delivery is called forwarding.
14 The TCP/IP protocol suite furthermore has the data link layer which is also known as network interface layer. 13 The layer is made up of device drivers in the Operating System and the network interface card that is attached to the system (Hall, 2018). 7The purpose of the device drivers and the network interface card is to take care of the communication details (Hall, 2018).
There are media in the form of cables which is actually used to transfer the data over the network. 15 Address resolution protocol (ARP) and Point to point protocol (PPP) are among the popular protocols used in data link layer. It is worth to note that the popularity of the TCP/IP protocols did not grow promptly just for the reason that the protocols were there or because connecting to the Internet mandated their use. The fact is that they met an important need at the right time.
