PATHOLOGY

Yehin Texidor

A 15-year-old male client recently initiated a strength training program in a local gym. He tells the PTA that he feels his strength has increased markedly over the first 3 to 4 weeks of this program. This initial gain is due to what phenomenon?

Increase of type I fibers

Improved neuromuscular recruitment

Increase of type II fibers

Increase in muscle mass

A 45-year-old male informs the PTA that he is beginning an endurance training program. The patient reports he is performing his program 2 days per week, at less than 50% maximal uptake, and for approximately 5 minutes. What is the correct advice to give this individual?

This is an adequate program to increase endurance.

The patient should maintain this current level for 2 weeks, then increase his exercise intensity.

This exercise program is not adequate for increasing an individual’s endurance.

The PTA is not qualified to comment on this individual’s exercise program.

A 70-year-old patient asks the PTA about beginning an exercise program. The PTA explains some of the benefits of exercise for this individual. Which of the following is not a benefit of exercise for an individual in this age group?

Improved function

Improved balance

Improved insulin-stimulated glucose uptake

Improved nerve conduction velocity

Articular cartilage can be described as:

containing few cells.

a large neural network.

a large vascular network.

a high friction surface.

Endurance training is directed at improving maximum force-generating capacity of muscle.

True

False

Fatigue-resistant type I muscle fibers demonstrate which of the following attributes?

They have a high capillary content.

They are referred to as fast oxidative fibers.

They are white in color.

They fatigue rapidly.

Loss of muscle function as we age can be attributable to all of the following except:

decreased glucose uptake.

decreased total fiber.

decreased muscle fiber size.

decreased high threshold motor units.

Strength training benefits the geriatric patient population by: (Select all that apply.)

producing substantial increases in strength and power.

normalizing blood pressure in those with high normal values.

reducing insulin resistance.

increasing maximal oxygen uptake beyond normal.

Strength training should be done 5 to 6 times per week.

True

False

The process in which white blood cells adhere to the walls of a damaged capillary is known as pavementing.

True

False

What is the primary objective of the vascular response to injury?

To bring white blood cells to the area

To bring red blood cells to the area

To bring platelets to the area

To promote bleeding

What is the youngest age that children can begin strength training safely?

Age 5

Age 9

Age 12

Age 15

What occurs first when white blood cells arrive at the area of tissue injury and defend the body against infection?

Pavementing

Margination

Chemotaxis

Diapedesis

Which of the following is a correct exercise prescription for a 90-year-old individual beginning an exercise program?

Frequency of 2 to 3 days per week, intensity of 40% to 60% of heart rate reserve, duration of 20 minutes

Frequency of 2 to 3 days per week, intensity of 60% to 80% of heart rate reserve, duration of 45 minutes

Frequency of 1 day per week, intensity of 40% to 60% of heart rate reserve, duration of 20 minutes

Frequency of 5 days per week, intensity of 60% to 80% of heart rate reserve, duration of 30 minutes

Which of the following is a normal response by articular cartilage to the aging process?

Proteoglycan aggregation is increased.

Chondroitin sulfate content is reduced.

Hydrophilic proteoglycans increase their ability to hold water.

Larger proteoglycans are synthesized with an increase in keratin sulfate content.

Which of the following is among the most common site of cancer metastasis?

Femur

Tibia

Humerus

Pelvis

Which of the following is false regarding loss of muscle mass?

The greatest decline of muscle mass for women occurs with inactivity, acute illness, and after age 70 years.

The greatest decline of muscle mass in men occurs with inactivity, acute illness, and after age 70 years.

Males appear to be more vulnerable to loss of lean tissue than females.

Muscle mass is lost at a rate of 4% to 6% per decade starting at age 40 years in women and age 60 years in men.

Which of the following is not a primary influence on bone remodeling?

Mechanical stresses

Neurologic stresses

Calcium and phosphate levels

Hormonal levels

Which of the following is true regarding differences between adults and children during exercise?

The child has a larger heart size than the adult.

The child has a larger stroke volume than the adult.

The child cannot exercise as efficiently as an adult.

A child’s heart rate is lower during maximal exercise than the adult.

Which of the following types of bone fractures is unique to children?

Greenstick fracture

Compression fracture

Avulsion fracture

Physeal plate fracture

Which of the following will have the most profound impact on physical work capacity?

1 week of bed rest

2 weeks of bed rest

3 weeks of bed rest

3 decades of aging

With aging, what two joints are the most susceptible to proprioception decline?

Shoulder and wrist

Knee and shoulder

Ankle and wrist

Knee and ankle

Women double their rate of musculoskeletal injury during what time?

Pregnancy

Menopause

Adolescence

Ovulation

TOTAL /23