Order 1120588: Natural Science

Example Task1 for INT1

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 In the 19th century matter was thought to be made up of tiny units, called atoms.  John Dalton applied ancient Greek concept from the philosopher,

Democritus (Van Helden, 1995).

 Electron is discovered by J. J. Thompson (Stern and Peredo, 2004).  He discovered negatively charged particles, electrons.  Electrons were smaller that atoms, changing previous ideas.

 Subsequent discoveries in quantum mechanics radically changed our understanding of electron behavior (Krumeich, n. d.).

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 Circa 1803 John Dalton introduced Atomic Theory (Frostburg, 2005).

 Matter was composed of tiny, indivisible units called atoms.

 Atoms were the smallest unit of matter.

John Dalton (Worthington, 1895)

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 J. J. Thompson in 1897 discovered electrons while working with cathode ray tubes. (Stern and Peredo, 2004).

 Since no atoms of gas were present in the cathode ray tubes, smaller particles must have been present.

 This meant that particles smaller than atoms exist, a big change from Dalton’s theory.

J. J. Thompson (Stotesbury, 1900)

A cathode ray tube (Crookes, 1879)

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 In 1924 Louis de Broglie successfully theorized that electrons act like waves and particles at the same time. (Krumeich, n. d.).

 This discovery meant that

electrons exhibit wave- particle duality.

 This was a change from Thompson’s view as electrons being only particles.

Louis de Broglie, (Author unknown)

Artist conception of electron as a standing wave, (Kuiper, n.d.)

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 Published May 23, 1833 in the United Kingdom

 Michael Faraday continued his work in discovering the connection between electricity and magnetism (Faraday, 1833).

 First recorded evidence of semiconductors

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 William IV was the ruling monarch of the United Kingdom (Johnson, 2013).

 1833 the UK abolished all slavery in its colonies (The National Archives, n. d.).

 Electric power as we know it was not available.

 In the United States Andrew Jackson was serving as the 7th President (Summers, 2013)

William IV (Shee, 1833)

Andrew Jackson (Sully, 1824) Please note that this is a task example. No portion of this example should be used in your submission for this assessment. This example cannot be cited as a source.

 This discovery changed the previous understanding

of how materials conduct electricity.

 Observations paved the way for discovery of

semiconductors and theories that are part of current knowledge (Computer History Museum, 2013).

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 A compound of silver and sulfur was the first material to show electrical conduction somewhere between conductors and non- conductors (Faraday, 1833).

 Therefore, the date of this publication gives the starting point for all semiconductor research. (Computer History Museum, 2013).

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 The compound of sulfur and silver showed poor conduction of electricity at low temperatures, but conduction of electricity increased as the compounds were heated (Faraday, 1833).

 This observation laid the foundations for our understanding of how semiconductors function (Computer History Museum, 2013).

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Computer History Museum. (2007). 1833-the first semiconductor effect is recorded. The Silicon Engine: A Timeline of Semiconductors in Computers. Retrieved from http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1833- first.html.

[Photograph of cathode ray tube]. Crookes, W. (1879). On radiant matter. The Popular Science Monthly, 157–167. Retrieved from http://www.electrotherapymuseum.com/Library/SirWilliamCrookes/pages/1880Crookes0022.htm.

Faraday, M. (1833). Experimental researches in electricity, fourth series. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,123, 507–522. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/108004.

Frostburg, A. (2005). Dalton’s atomic theory. Retrieved from http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/atoms/dalton.shtml.

Johnson, B. (Ed.) (2013). Kings and Queens of England & Britain. Historic UK. Retrieved from http://www.historic- uk.com/HistoryUK/KingsQueensofBritain/.

Krumeich, F. (n.d.). Properties of electrons, their interactions with matter and applications in electron microscopy. Retrieved from http://www.microscopy.ethz.ch/downloads/Interactions.pdf.

[Image of a deBroglie wave]. Kuiper, P. (n d). AtomdeBroglie.jpg. 612 x 599 pixels. Retrieved fromhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atom_deBrogie.jpg.

[Painting of William IV]. Shee, M. A. (1833). 270.5 x 178.1 cm. Retrieved from http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/eGallery/object.asp?.

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Stern, D. P., & Peredo, M. (2004). History of the electron. Retrieved from http://www- spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/Education/whelect.html.

[Photograph of J. J. Thompson]. Stotesbury, H. (1899–1900). An English university. Appleton’s Popular Science Monthly, 46, 14–25. Retrieved from http://ia700306.us.archive.org/34/items/popularsciencemo561900newy/popularsciencemo56190 0newy.pdf.

[Painting of Andrew Jackson]. Sully, T. (1824). Andrew Jackson - 7th President of the United States . Retrieved from http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/art/resources/graphic/xlarge/32_00018.jpg

Summers, R. S. (2013). Andrew Jackson. POTUS. Retrieved from http://www.potus.com/ajackson.html.

The National Archives. n d. “Slavery.” Slavery. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/lesson27.htm.

[Photograph of Louis de Broglie]. Unknown. (1929). Louis de Broglie. Retrieved fromhttp://www.physics.umd.edu/courses/Phys420/Spring2002/Parra_Spring2002/HTMPages/w hoswho.htm.

Van Helden, A. (1995). Atomism. The Galileo Project. Retrieved from http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/theories/atomism.html.

[Engraving of John Dalton]. Worthington, W. H. (1895). Frontispiece of John Dalton and the Rise of Modern Chemistry. Retrieved from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dalton_John_desk.jpg.

Please note that this is a task example. No portion of this example should be used in your submission for this assessment. This example cannot be cited as a source.