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Table 2: Summary of Nutrition and Exercise (frequency per month) at Baseline, Immediate Post-intervention Test (IPT), and 6- and 12-Month Follow-up Assessments
|
Question |
Recoding |
Condition |
Baseline (n=562) a |
IPT (n=488) a |
6-Month (n=422) |
12-Month (n=428) |
|
(W2)How often did you eat a serving of fruit? |
0=Never 2=1 to 3 times per month 6=1 to 2 times per week 14=3 to 4 times per week 22=5 to 6 times per week 30=More than 6 times perweek |
Couple Wellness Promotion |
9.3 (8.3) |
10.5 (9.2) |
8.3 (8.1) |
8.9 (9.0) |
|
|
|
Individual Risk Reduction |
10.3 (9.4) |
9.8 (9.2) |
8.5 (9.1) |
8.5 (9.2) |
|
|
|
Couple Risk Reduction |
9.5 (9.2) |
10.0 (9.4) |
9.2 (9.6) |
8.7 (8.8) |
|
(W3) How often did you eat green salad? |
0=Never 2=1 to 3 times per month 6=1 to 2 times per week 14=3 to 4 times per week 22=5 to 6 times per week 30=More than 6 times per week |
Couple Wellness Promotion |
7.9 (7.8) |
8.5 (8.0) |
7.7 (8.1) |
7.8 (8.4) |
|
|
|
Individual Risk Reduction |
7.3 (8.1) |
7.2 (7.9) |
7.6 (8.3) |
6.6 (7.9) |
|
|
|
Couple Risk Reduction |
8.2 (8.7) |
8.2 (8.7) |
7.1 (8.2) |
7.9 (8.6) |
|
(W5)How often did you eat foods that have been steamed, broiled, or grilled? |
0=Never 2=1 to 3 times per month 6=1 to 2 times per week 14=3 to 4 times per week 22=5 to 6 times per week 30=More than 6 times per week |
Couple Wellness Promotion |
8.8 (8.3) |
10.1 (9.3)† |
9.3 (9.1) |
8.8 (8.8) |
|
|
|
Individual Risk Reduction |
7.9 (8.4) |
8.7 (8.9) |
9.5 (9.6) |
7.1 (7.7) |
|
|
|
Couple Risk Reduction |
9.3 (9.5) |
7.8 (8.3)† |
9.0 (9.1) |
8.6 (8.1) |
|
(W6) How often did you eat vegetables, not counting green salad or potatoes? |
0=Never 2=1 to 3 times per month 6=1 to 2 times per week 14=3 to 4 times per week 22=5 to 6 times per week 30=More than 6 times per week |
Couple Wellness Promotion |
10.4 (9.2) |
10.3 (8.8) |
9.6 (8.7) |
9.8 (9.2) |
|
|
|
Individual Risk Reduction |
9.4 (9.1) |
9.1 (9.0) |
10.8 (9.8) |
9.1 (8.7) |
|
|
|
Couple Risk Reduction |
10.7 (9.8) |
9.7 (9.1) |
9.7 (9.3) |
9.8 (9.2) |
|
Nutrition 1: Good Eating Habit |
W2 + W3 + W5 + W6 (4 items; Range: 0 – 120; alpha =0.78) |
Couple Wellness Promotion |
36.4 (25.3) |
39.5 (29.1) |
34.8 (26.5) |
35.3 (29.7) |
|
|
|
Individual Risk Reduction |
34.9 (27.6) |
34.9 (27.7) |
36.4 (29.7) |
31.4 (25.3) |
|
|
|
Couple Risk Reduction |
37.7 (29.4) |
35.7 (28.4) |
35.0 (29.7) |
35.0 (27.7) |
|
(W4) How often did you eat fried foods like French fries of fried rice? |
0=Never 2=1 to 3 times per month 6=1 to 2 times per week 14=3 to 4 times per week 22=5 to 6 times per week 30=More than 6 times per week |
Couple Wellness Promotion |
10.6 (9.0) |
8.2 (7.9) |
9.3 (9.5) |
7.8 (8.1) |
|
|
|
Individual Risk Reduction |
11.3 (9.6) |
9.8 (9.3) |
10.0 (9.1) |
9.0 (8.7) |
|
|
|
Couple Risk Reduction |
11.9 (9.6) |
9.5 (9.1) |
10.0 (9.4) |
8.8 (8.4) |
|
(W7)How often did you cook and/or eat foods that were made with butter, ham, bacon, Crisco, or similar ingredients to enhance the flavor? |
0=Never 2=1 to 3 times per month 6=1 to 2 times per week 14=3 to 4 times per week 22=5 to 6 times per week 30=More than 6 times per week |
Couple Wellness Promotion |
10.8 (9.5) |
8.2 (8.3)† |
9.8 (9.5) |
7.7 (8.6) |
|
|
|
Individual Risk Reduction |
11.1 (9.9) |
9.2 (9.2) |
8.4 (8.9) |
9.3 (9.2) |
|
|
|
Couple Risk Reduction |
12.2 (10.1) |
10.5 (9.9)† |
9.7 (9.0) |
9.2 (8.7) |
|
Nutrition 2: Bad Eating Habit |
W4 + W7 (2 items; Range: 0 – 60; alpha = 0.69) |
Couple Wellness Promotion |
21.4 (16.0) |
16.4 (14.0) |
19.1 (17.1) |
15.5 (14.6) |
|
|
|
Individual Risk Reduction |
22.3 (17.2) |
19.0 (16.3) |
18.4 (15.8) |
18.3 (15.3) |
|
|
|
Couple Risk Reduction |
24.1 (17.3) |
20.0 (16.2) |
19.7 (16.4) |
18.1 (14.9) |
|
(W16) How often do you exercise or participate in vigorous physical activity such as basketball, soccer, running, swimming laps, fast bicycling, fast dancing, or similar aerobic activities? |
0=Never 2=1 to 3 times per month 6=1 to 2 times per week 14=3 to 4 times per week 22=5 to 6 times per week 30=More than 6 times per week |
Couple Wellness Promotion |
4.7 (6.8) |
7.2 (8.1)*(*) |
5.9 (8.2) |
5.7 (7.6)* |
|
|
|
Individual Risk Reduction |
4.2 (6.4) |
4.7 (7.9)* |
5.1 (8.1) |
5.0 (7.2) |
|
|
|
Couple Risk Reduction |
4.8 (7.5) |
4.6 (7.3)** |
5.1 (7.4) |
3.6 (5.8)* |
|
(W17) How often to you exercise or participate in light physical activity such as fast walking, slow bicycling, skating, pushing a lawn mower, mopping floors, or anything else that causes small increases in your breathing or heart rate? |
0=Never 2=1 to 3 times per month 6=1 to 2 times per week 14=3 to 4 times per week 22=5 to 6 times per week 30=More than 6 times per week |
Couple Wellness Promotion |
7.6 (9.3) |
9.6 (9.1)* |
7.8 (9.0) |
8.1 (9.2)** |
|
|
|
Individual Risk Reduction |
7.9 (9.3) |
7.8 (9.6) |
7.9 (9.7) |
7.6 (9.4)* |
|
|
|
Couple Risk Reduction |
7.9 (9.4) |
6.9 (9.0)* |
7.8 (9.3) |
5.0 (7.5)*(*) |
|
(W18)How often do you exercise to strengthen or tone your muscles, such as push-ups, sit-ups, or weight lifting? |
0=Never 2=1 to 3 times per month 6=1 to 2 times per week 14=3 to 4 times per week 22=5 to 6 times per week 30=More than 6 times per week |
Couple Wellness Promotion |
3.8 (6.6) |
6.3 (7.7)* |
5.4 (7.7) |
5.3 (7.6) |
|
|
|
Individual Risk Reduction |
4.7 (7.3) |
5.0 (8.1) |
5.2 (8.6) |
4.3 (6.9) |
|
|
|
Couple Risk Reduction |
4.6 (7.0) |
4.3 (7.0)* |
4.8 (6.9) |
3.9 (6.4) |
|
Exercise |
W16 + W17 + W18 (3 items; Range: 0 – 90; alpha = 0.76) |
Couple Wellness Promotion |
16.2 (18.7) |
23.1 (21.1)**† |
19.1 (21.7) |
19.0 (21.6)* |
|
|
|
Individual Risk Reduction |
16.7 (19.4) |
17.4 (22.6)† |
18.1 (23.6) |
16.9 (20.0) |
|
|
|
Couple Risk Reduction |
17.3 (20.0) |
15.8 (20.1)** |
17.7 (19.7) |
12.5 (17.4)* |
† p<0.1; * p<0.05; ** p<0.01
Note:
a. The data for two participants was lost due to computer failure.
b. The significance tests were to compare across three arms at each time points by Bonferroni multiple-comparison test
c. Calculation of Cronbach’s alpha was based on the baseline data.
Table 3: Longitudinal Multilevel Analysis of Nutrition and Exercise (frequency per month) in the Past 90 Days: Effect Estimates and Standard Errors
|
Question |
Model |
Entire Follow-up |
IPT |
6-Month |
12-Month |
|
(W2)How often did you eat a serving of fruit? |
Full sample: Wellness Promotion vs. Risk Reduction |
0.14 (0.51) |
0.46 (0.78) |
0.13 (0.51) |
-0.19 (0.82) |
|
|
Subgroup: Couple Wellness vs. Couple Risk |
-0.16 (0.58) |
0.11 (0.89) |
-0.17 (0.58) |
-0.44 (0.94) |
|
(W3) How often did you eat green salad? |
Full sample: Wellness Promotion vs. Risk Reduction |
0.34 (0.44) |
0.53 (0.68) |
0.34 (0.44) |
0.14 (0.71) |
|
|
Subgroup: Couple Wellness vs. Couple Risk |
0.34 (0.52) |
0.51 (0.80) |
0.33 (0.52) |
0.16 (0.84) |
|
(W5)How often did you eat foods that have been steamed, broiled, or grilled? |
Full sample: Wellness Promotion vs. Risk Reduction |
0.79 (0.50) |
1.34 (0.77)† |
0.77 (0.51) |
0.20 (0.81) |
|
|
Subgroup: Couple Wellness vs. Couple Risk |
1.00 (0.58)† |
2.06 (0.88)* |
0.95 (0.58)† |
-0.15 (0.93) |
|
(W6)How often did you eat vegetables, not counting green salad or potatoes? |
Full sample: Wellness Promotion vs. Risk Reduction |
0.06 (0.52) |
0.50 (0.80) |
0.04 (0.52) |
-0.41 (0.84) |
|
|
Subgroup: Couple Wellness vs. Couple Risk |
0.12 (0.60) |
0.53 (0.92) |
0.11 (0.60) |
-0.32 (0.97) |
|
Nutrition 1: Good Eating Habit (W2 + W3 + W5 + W6) |
Full sample: Wellness Promotion vs. Risk Reduction |
1.21 (1.54) |
2.80 (2.35) |
1.16 (1.54) |
-0.49 (2.47) |
|
|
Subgroup: Couple Wellness vs. Couple Risk |
1.30 (1.81) |
3.30 (2.76) |
1.24 (1.81) |
-0.82 (2.92) |
|
(W4) How often did you eat fried foods like French fries of fried rice? |
Full sample: Wellness Promotion vs. Risk Reduction |
-0.94 (0.49)† |
-1.04 (0.76) |
-0.94 (0.50)† |
-0.83 (0.79) |
|
|
Subgroup: Couple Wellness vs. Couple Risk |
-0.76 (0.57) |
-0.87 (0.88) |
-0.75 (0.57) |
-0.64 (0.92) |
|
(W7) How often did you cook and/or eat foods that were made with butter, ham, bacon, Crisco, or similar ingredients to enhance the flavor? |
Full sample: Wellness Promotion vs. Risk Reduction |
-0.88 (0.53)† |
-0.89 (0.81) |
-0.87 (0.53)† |
-0.85 (0.84) |
|
|
Subgroup: Couple Wellness vs. Couple Risk |
-1.19 (0.61)* |
-1.50 (0.93) |
-1.17 (0.61)† |
-0.85 (0.98) |
|
Nutrition 2: Bad Eating Habit (W4 + W7) |
Full sample: Wellness Promotion vs. Risk Reduction |
-1.80 (0.87)* |
-1.91 (1.33) |
-1.79 (0.87)* |
-1.67 (1.40) |
|
|
Subgroup: Couple Wellness vs. Couple Risk |
-1.89 (1.02)† |
-2.29 (1.55) |
-1.86 (1.02)† |
-1.42 (1.64) |
|
(W16) How often do you exercise or participate in vigorous physical activity such as basketball, soccer, running, swimming laps, fast bicycling, fast dancing, or similar aerobic activities? |
Full sample: Wellness Promotion vs. Risk Reduction |
1.43 (0.42)** |
2.04 (0.64)** |
1.41 (0.42)** |
0.79 (0.67) |
|
|
Subgroup: Couple Wellness vs. Couple Risk |
1.83 (0.48)** |
2.10 (0.73)** |
1.82 (0.48)** |
1.55 (0.77)* |
|
(W17)How often to you exercise or participate in light physical activity such as fast walking, slow bicycling, skating, pushing a lawn mower, mopping floors, or anything else that causes small increases in your breathing or heart rate? |
Full sample: Wellness Promotion vs. Risk Reduction |
1.49 (0.51)** |
1.74 (0.78)* |
1.48 (0.51)** |
1.21 (0.82) |
|
|
Subgroup: Couple Wellness vs. Couple Risk |
2.11 (0.57)** |
1.92 (0.87)* |
2.12 (0.57)** |
2.32 (0.92)* |
|
(W18) How often do you exercise to strengthen or tone your muscles, such as push-ups, sit-ups, or weight lifting? |
Full sample: Wellness Promotion vs. Risk Reduction |
1.31 (0.41)** |
1.67 (0.63)** |
1.30 (0.41)** |
0.92 (0.66) |
|
|
Subgroup: Couple Wellness vs. Couple Risk |
1.47 (0.46)** |
1.87 (0.71)** |
1.46 (0.46)** |
1.05 (0.75) |
|
Exercise (W16 + W17 + W18) |
Full sample: Wellness Promotion vs. Risk Reduction |
4.26 (1.15)** |
5.50 (1.76)** |
4.21 (1.15)** |
2.93 (1.85) |
|
|
Subgroup: Couple Wellness vs. Couple Risk |
5.50 (1.29)** |
5.99 (1.97)** |
5.49 (1.29)** |
4.99 (2.08)* |
† p<0.1; * p<0.05; ** p<0.01
Note:
Multilevel regression models were used to estimate the effects with setting random-effects for couple
