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Conducted by: Offered to :

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2019-2020

Dr. Mohamed Ezzat Assistant professor of Civil Eng.

Department of Engineering Management

College of Engineering.

Prince Sultan University

Undergraduate Students –Senior Level.

Engineering Management Department.

College of Engineering.

Prince Sultan University

2nd semester- Year 2019-2020.

EM 306 : Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ OBJECTIVES OF THE LECTURE

■■ To give a brief explanation about evaluation of soil properties, including reconnaissance, steps of

soil exploration (boring, sampling, and testing), and the record of field exploration. Although different

types of soil tests are discussed.

2019-2020 (192)

❑ Page :1 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

TENTATIVE WEEKLY COURSE SCHEDULE WEEK UNIT/ TOPIC

Number of Contact

hours

1 Introduction 5

2 Soil Formation 5

3 Engineering Properties of Soil 5

4 Soil Exploration 5

5 Soil Compaction 5

6 Water in Soil 5

7 Stress in soils 5

8-9 Consolidation of soil 5

10-11 Shear Strength of soil 10

12-13 Bearing Capacity and Shallow Foundations 10

14 Deep Foundations 5

15 Lateral Earth Pressure & Retaining Structures As Scheduled

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

Soil Exploration

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :2 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

DEFINITION ❑

❑

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :3 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

STAGES OF SOIL EXPLORATION Stage (1):

Reconnaissance

Stage (2):

Preliminary Investigation

Stage (3):

Detailed investigation

Boring –Sampling - Testing

Stage (4):

Report Writing

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :4 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

RECONNAISSANCE ❑

❑

▪

❑

▪

❑

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :5 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

STEP(2) OF SOIL EXPLORATION ❑ Detailed Soil exploration consists of three steps: o

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :6 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

1. BORING: ❑ Common types of borings are:

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :7 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

A. AUGER BORING:

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :8 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

A. AUGER BORING:

•

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :9 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

B. TEST PITS:

Shoring

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :10 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

•

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :11 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

C. CORE BORINGS

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :12 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

core barrel

Videos : Core Boring

C. CORE BORINGS •

•

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :13 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

•

C. CORE BORINGS

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :14 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ Compression tests :

❑ Permeability tests: Rock Compression tests

Rock Permeability Test

C. CORE BORINGS

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :15 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

CORE RECOVERY

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :16 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

ROCK QUALITY DESIGNATION (RQD)

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :17 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

NUMBER OF BORINGS & DEPTH OF BORING

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :18 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ROUGH GUIDE FOR INITIAL SPACING OF BORINGS:

NUMBER OF BORINGS o

•

❑

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :19 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

ROUGH GUIDE FOR INITIAL SPACING OF BORINGS :

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :20 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

In general, the depth of boring should: ▪

▪

DEPTH OF BORINGS

Determination of the minimum

depth of boring

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :21 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

DEPTH OF BORINGS

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :22 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑

GROUNDWATER TABLE (GWT)

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :23 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

DEPTH OF BORINGS ❑ GWT & Depth of boring:

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :24 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

DEPTH OF BORINGS

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :25 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

Example 1

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :26 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑



❑



Solution:

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :27 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

Sampling

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :28 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

STEPS OF SOIL EXPLORATION

2. SAMPLING: •

•

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :29 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

2. SAMPLING:

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :30 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

Disturbed Undisturbed

Boring Method

Auger boring o Carving a sample from test pits

o Pushing Shelby tube into soil to

extract sample

Characteristics some of their characteristics are

changed due boring process.

exactly the same as it was when it

existed in place within the ground

Packaging and

Transportation

airtight container (plastic bag or

airtight jar)

coated with paraffin wax

Lab. Tests these

samples are used

for

• soil grain-size analysis, liquid

and plastic limits

• specific gravity

• the compaction

• CBR tests

• Strength,

• Compressibility,

• Permeability

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :31 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

Testing

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :32 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ Laboratory Test o

❑ Field Test o

3.TESTING

STEPS OF SOIL EXPLORATION ❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :33 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

GROUNDWATER TABLE (GWT) ❑

❑

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :34 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑

STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (ASTM D 1586)

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :35 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑

STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (S.P.T)

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :36 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (S.P.T)

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :37 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑

STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (S.P.T)

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :38 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ Method 2:

𝑵 = 𝑵′ × ( Τ𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝟎) Τ𝟏 𝟐

STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (S.P.T)

❑

❑ Method 1:

𝑪𝑵 = 𝟎.𝟕𝟕𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟓

𝒑𝟎 𝒑𝟎in kN/m

𝟐

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :39 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

Example 2

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :40 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ Using Method (1):

❑

Ans.

Solution:

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :41 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

36)907.0)(40( ==correctedN

907.0 1915

log77.0

kN/m2.127)kN/m0.21)(m6(

0 10

23 0

p C

Using Method (2):

Solution:

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :42 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

46.35

)kN/m2.127100()40(

)100(

kN/m2.127

212

=

corrected N

p'NN

❑

RESULTS OF STANDARD PENETRATION TEST

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :43 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑

RESULTS OF STANDARD PENETRATION TEST

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :44 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑

RESULTS OF STANDARD PENETRATION TEST

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :45 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑

VANE TEST ❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :46 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :47 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=za_MXhUYIoM

VANE TEST ❑

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :48 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

  ( )3-3

)6/()2/( 32

dhd

T c

+ = 

❑



VANE TEST

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :49 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑

Example 3

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :50 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

Solution:

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :51 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

( ) ( ) 

( ) ( ) ( )

N/m94.8233

0920

18400920

mN5023

 

  

 +



 =

+ =

... π

. c

/dh/dπ

T c

❑  ❑

Solution:

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :52 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

RECORD OF SOIL EXPLORATION

“REPORT WRITING”

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :53 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

RECORD OF SOIL EXPLORATION ❑

❑

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :54 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑

RECORD OF SOIL EXPLORATION

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :55 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑

RECORD OF SOIL EXPLORATION

geological profile

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :56 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

RECIPE FOR SUCCESS,

As long as you live, Just Keep

L e a r n i n g …

References

• Das, B., M. (2014), “ Principles of geotechnical Engineering ” Eighth Edition, CENGAGE Learning, ISBN-

13: 978-1-133-10867-2.

• Knappett, J. A. and Craig R. F. (2012), “ Craig’s Soil Mechanics” Eighth Edition, Spon Press, ISBN: 978-0-

415-56125-9.

• Orabi, A. (2015),Soil Mechanics, “Introduction &Properties of Soil lecture notes”, International university of

sciences and technology.

• Terzaghi, K. (1936) "Stress Distribution in Dry and in Saturated Sand Above a Yielding Trap-Door",

Proceedings. First International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Cambridge,

Massachusetts, pp. 307-311.

• Terzaghi, K. (1943). “Theoretical Soil Mechanics”. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

• Meyerhof, G. G. (1951). “The Bearing Capacity of Foundations”. In Géotechnique, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 301-

332.

• Radwan, A. (2013), “fundamentals of Soil Mechanics”. Helwan university, Faculty of engineering. Civil

Department library.

• El-Kadi, F. (2002), “Principles of Soil Mechanics”. Ain shams university, Faculty of engineering. Civil

Department library.

• Vesic, A. S. (1975). Principle of pile foundation design. Soil Mechanics Series No 38, School of

Engineering, Duke University.

• Joseph E. Bowels, (1999), "Physical and Geotechnical Properties of Soils"; McGraw Hill Book.

• Cheng Liu and Jack B. Evett, Soils and Foundations, 8th Edition; 2013.

❑ Soil Exploration Topic No. 4

❑ Page :57 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

• Presentation of the theories and principles of soil mechanics

and foundation engineering.

• Explore the equipment's and instrumentations used for in-situ

and laboratory testing of soil.

• Outline the design standards of different types of foundation,

soil support systems according to several international codes.

• Provide sufficient field case studies and solved examples so that

students can make judgements as to the credibility of results

that they may obtain, or review, in the future.

Soil is a complex multiphase material. A sound understanding of

the fundamental principles and design applications of soil

mechanics is needed to predict the behavior and performance of

soil as a construction material or as a supporting medium for

engineering structures.

The main objective of this course is to provide the undergraduate

student with an insight into the theories and principles of soil

mechanics and foundation engineering, and its applications in

practical problems. The methodology that will be followed in this

course to achieve its objectives are directed towards the following

points:

Preface

Course Instructor

Dr. Mohamed Ezzat Al-Atroush

Dr. Mohamed Ezzat obtained his Ph.D. Degree from Ain Shams University, Egypt, in 2018. He joined the Prince Sultan University (PSU) in 2019 as an Assistant Professor in the area of Civil Engineering. He has broad experience in the field of geotechnical engineering on academic and professional works. Also, he has published many international journal and conference publications in the area of Geotechnical Engineering. He is a member of several international technical committees, such as the American society of civil engineers (ASCE).

On the other hand, Dr. Ezzat participated in many consultancy projects involving site investigations, problematic soils, evaluation of stability of slopes and escarpments, construction and permanent dewatering, design of deep excavation support, traditional and specialized lab testing, field monitoring, geophysical studies, foundation and bridge design, effect of tunnel induced ground deformations on adjacent surface and underground structures. His main research interests are in the Large Diameter bored piles, tunneling and deep excavations, Dynamic soil-structure interaction, Ground Improvement, and Energy and Sustainable Geotechnics.