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T.3.3_EngineeringPropertiesofSoil.pdf

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Conducted by: Offered to :

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2019-2020

Dr. Mohamed Ezzat Assistant professor of Civil Eng.

Department of Engineering Management

College of Engineering.

Prince Sultan University

Undergraduate Students –Senior Level.

Engineering Management Department.

College of Engineering.

Prince Sultan University

2nd semester- Year 2019-2020.

EM 306 : Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ OBJECTIVES OF THE LECTURE

■■ To illustrate the main characteristics and types of soil

■■ To give a brief explanation about Different Properties of Soil:

• Physical and Chemical Properties:

o To present the soil Composition and Weight Volume Relationships

o To Demonstrate grain size distribution and consistency of Soil.

o To Highlight different methods used for soil Classifications

• Mechanical and Engineering Properties.

2019-2020 (192)

SOIL GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

❑ Page :65 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

SOIL TEXTURAL CLASS •

•

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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SOIL TEXTURAL CLASS

USDA Soil Classification System

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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SOIL – PARTICLE SIZE

Particle-Size Classifications

Name of

organization

Grain size (mm)

Gravel Sand Silt Clay

MIT >2 2 to 0.06 0.06 to 0.002 < 0.002

USDA >2 2 to 0.05 0.05 to 0.002 < 0.002

AASHTO 76.2 to 2 2 to 0.075 0.075 to 0.002 < 0.002

USCS 76.2 to 4.75 4.75 t0 0.075 < 0.075

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

❑ Page :68 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

•

Clay Particles

Silt Particles

Sand Particles

Gravel

SOIL TEXTURAL CLASS

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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•

❑

•

SOIL TEXTURAL CLASS

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION

➢

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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Classification

Test

Soil

Type

Atterberg Limits

Hydrometer Analysis

Sieve Analysis

Classification of Soil

Non-Cohesive soil Cohesive soil

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

❑ Page :72 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

A. Mechanical analysis (sieve analysis) B. Sedimentation analysis (Hydrometer )

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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A. MECHANICAL ANALYSIS (SIEVE ANALYSIS)

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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SOIL GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION

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❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

Classification

Test

Soil

Type

Atterberg Limits

Hydrometer Analysis

Sieve Analysis

Classification of Soil

Non-Cohesive soil Cohesive soil

❑ Page :76 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

Example .1

Sieve number 4 10 20 40 60 100 200 Pan

Sieve diameter

(mm)

4.75 2.0 0.85 0.425 0.250 0.150 0.075 Pan

Weight retained

(gm)

28 42 48 128 221 86 40 24

❑ Page :77 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

Step (1): Determine finer percentage % :

Sieve

No.

Opening

Mass

retained

% Retained

on each sieve

(R%)

∑

%Retained

% Pass

4 4.75 28 4.54 4.54 95.5

10 2.00 42 6.81 11.35 88.7

20 0.85 48 7.78 19.13 80.9

40 0.425 128 20.74 39.87 60.1

60 0.250 221 35.81 75.68 24.3

100 0.15 86 13.94 89.62 10.4

200 0.075 40 6.49 96.11 3.9

pan - 24 3.89 100 0

Total mass (m) = 617 gm 100%

Solution: 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒔𝒊𝒆𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔

∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎

Check !

❑ Page :78 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

Step (2): Draw Grain Size Distribution Curve:

•

Solution:

Semi Log Scale Paper

95.5 88.7

80.9

60.1

24.3

10.4 3.9

100

0.01 0.1 1 10

P a s s P

e rc

e n ta

g e %

Particle Size (mm)

Grain Size Distribution

% Pass

❑ Page :79 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

100

0.01 0.1 1 10

P a s s P

e rc

e n ta

g e %

Particle Size (mm)

% Pass

D10 = 0.16mm Ans.

Step (3): Obtain D10 , D30 , D60 :

Solution:

D30 = 0.28mm Ans.

D60 = 0.42mm Ans.

D10

D30

D60

❑ Page :80 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

Solution:

Step (4): Calculate Cu, and CC:

CU = 𝐃 𝟔𝟎

𝐃 𝟏𝟎

CC = 𝐃 𝟑𝟎 𝟐

𝐃 𝟔𝟎 . 𝐃𝟏𝟎

= 0.42/0.16 = 2.625

= 1.167

= 0.282/(0.42*0.16)

• Uniformity coefficient (Cu);

• Coefficient of gradation (CC );

 Poorly Graded Course Grained Soil (GP)

D10 = 0.16 mm

D30 = 0.28 mm

D60 = 0.42 mm

❑ Page :81 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

100

0.01 0.1 1 10 P a s s P

e rc

e n ta

g e %

Particle Size (mm)

% Pass

Step (5): Percentages of different Components

Solution:

sand

Clay+ silt

- Form grading curve:- • % Fines (% Clay + % Silt)

[0- 0.075 mm] = 3.9%

• % Sand

[0.075-4.75 mm] = 88.7 – 3.9

= 84.8%

• % Gravel

[4.75- 75 mm] = 100 – 88.7 = 11.3%

Gravel

❑ Page :83 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

Step (5): Percentages of different Components

Solution:

- Form grading Table:- • % Fines (% Clay + % Silt)

[0- 0.075 mm] = 3.9%

• % Sand

[0.075-4.75 mm] = 88.7 – 3.9

= 84.8%

• % Gravel

[4.75- 75 mm] = 100 – 84.8 - 3.9 = 11.3%

Sand

Clay

Gravel

❑ Page :84 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

•

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE:

•

❑ Page :85 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

B. SEDIMENTATION ANALYSIS (HYDROMETER)

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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SEDIMENTATION ANALYSIS (HYDROMETER) •

•

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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Methodology: •

•

SEDIMENTATION ANALYSIS (HYDROMETER)

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

❑ Page :88 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

This method is based on Stoke’s law:

𝒗 = (𝒑𝒔 − 𝒑𝒘)

𝟏𝟖 𝜼 D2

SEDIMENTATION ANALYSIS (HYDROMETER)

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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DATA OBTAINED FROM SIEVE ANALYSIS

•

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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CONSISTENCY LIMITS

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❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

CONSISTENCY AND WATER CONTENT •

•

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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PORE SPACE EFFECT

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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CONSISTENCY OF SOIL

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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CONSISTENCY OF SOIL

•

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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ATTERBURG LIMITS

•

Moisture content

•

DEFINITION :

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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•

Moisture content

ATTERBURG LIMITS •

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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CONSISTENCY LIMITS

•

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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•

ATTERBURG LIMITS

Moisture content

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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IMPORTANCE OF ATTERBURG LIMITS

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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CONSISTENCY INDICES

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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PLASTICITY INDEX (PI)

PI = LL – PL

•

❑ Definition:

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

❑ Page :103 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

NP: •

•

PLASTICITY INDEX (PI) PLASTICITY:

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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•

PLASTICITY :

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

❑ Page :105 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

LIQUIDITY INDEX (LI)

LI = 𝑾𝒄 −𝑷𝑳

𝑷𝑰

❑ Definition:

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

❑ Page :106 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

•

LIQUIDITY:

In this case: LI < 1.

In this case: LI > 1.

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

❑ Page :107 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

CONSISTENCY INDEX (CI)

CI = 𝑳𝑳 − 𝑾𝒄

𝑷𝑰

❑ Definition:

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

❑ Page :108 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

ACTIVITY (A) •

A = 𝑷𝑰

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟐μ𝒎

❑ Definition:

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

❑ Page :109 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

ACTIVITY (A)

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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SHRINKAGE RATIO (SR)

•

SR = 𝑴𝟐

𝑽𝟐 ∗ 𝒑𝒘

Gs = 𝟏

𝟏

𝑺𝑹 −

𝑺𝑳

𝟏𝟎𝟎

❑ Definition:

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

❑ Page :111 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

Example 2

Test No. Tin weight (gm) Tin + wet soil (gm) Tin + dry soil (gm) No. of blows

1 23.68 40.86 34.68 13

2 22.93 42.62 35.78 20

3 26.27 38.02 34.27 47

• Plastic limit test:

Test No. Tin weight (gm) Tin + wet soil (gm) Tin + dry soil (gm)

1 25.34 32.17 31.01

2 24.83 30.48 29.51

• Liquid limit test (Casagrande Apparatus):

❑ Page :112 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

0 10 20 30 40 50

W a

te r

C o n

te n

t %

Number of Blow

Wc%

Test W1 W2 W3 Wc% No of blows Log N

1 23.68 40.86 34.68 56.18 13 1.11

2 22.93 42.62 35.78 53.22 20 1.30

3 26.27 38.02 34.27 46.88 47 1.67

Solution:

Step (1): Find Liquid limit (L.L):

You can draw on a semi log scale.

Or on a normal scale.

25 Below

Or, Log 25 = 1.4corresponding to N = 25 blows

Wc = LL = 51.60% Ans.

❑ Page :113 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

Test W1 W2 W3 Wc%

1 25.34 32.17 31.01 20.46

2 24.83 30.48 29.51 20.73

PL = 𝐖𝐜𝟏+𝐖𝐜𝟐

𝟐

Pl = 𝟐𝟎.𝟒𝟔+𝟐𝟎.𝟕𝟑

𝟐 = 20.60%

Step (2): Find Plastic limit (P.L):

Solution:

Step (3): Find Shrinkage limit (S.L):

SL = γ𝒘

γ𝒅 −

𝟏

𝐆𝐬 =

𝐞

𝐆𝐬

Sl = 𝟎.𝟕𝟗

𝟐.𝟔𝟓 = 29.80%

❑ Page :114 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

Solution

PI = LL - PL

Ic = 𝐋𝐋 −𝐖𝐜

𝐋𝐋 −𝐏𝐋

IL = 𝐖𝐜 −𝐏𝐋

𝐋𝐋 −𝐏𝐋

In organic Clays of highly Plasticity (CH)

= 51.60 - 20.60 = 31% Ans.

= 𝟓𝟏.𝟔𝟎 −𝟑𝟓.𝟔𝟕

𝟓𝟏.𝟔𝟎 −𝟐𝟎.𝟔 = 0.5138 Ans.

= 𝟑𝟓.𝟔𝟕 −𝟐𝟎.𝟔𝟎

𝟓𝟏.𝟔𝟎 −𝟐𝟎.𝟔𝟎 = 0.486 Ans.

Step (4): Find consistency indices

Plasticity index:

Consistency index:

Liquidity index:

❑ Page :115 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

• Burmister (1949)

❑ Page :116 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

Summary of Soil Classification

❑ Page :117 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

Percentages of Components:

Classification using USCS

❑ Page :118 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

❑ Page :120 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

❑ Page :121 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

• Soil Colour, and bulky shape.

• Soil Textural Class [Grain size].

• Density of Soil [bulk, dry, saturated,

Submerged].

• Pore Space [water content, void ratio,

degree of saturation, porosity].

• Soil Consistence [Atterberg Limits].

PROPERTIES OF SOIL

Physical properties Chemical properties

Engineering properties

(Mechanical properties)

• Soil Strength (stresses at failure).

• Soil deformation (settlement).

• Soil water behavior and its effect

in soil mass.

• Soil Structure [Composition].

• Minerals

• chemical analysis

❑ Page :122 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

❑ OBJECTIVES OF THE LECTURE

■■ To illustrate the main characteristics and types of soil

■■ To give a brief explanation about Different Properties of Soil:

• Physical and Chemical Properties:

o To present the soil Composition and Weight Volume Relationships

o To Demonstrate grain size distribution and consistency of Soil.

o To Highlight different methods used for soil Classifications

• Mechanical and Engineering Properties.

2019-2020 (192)

PERMEABILITY, CAPILLARITY & FROST HEAVE

❑

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

❑ Page :123 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

PERMEABILITY

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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CAPILLARITY

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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FROST HEAVE o

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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FROST HEAVE o

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

❑ Page :127 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

COMPRESSIBILITY ❑

❑

→

❑

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

❑ Page :128 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑

COMPRESSIBILITY

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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COMPRESSIBILITY

❑

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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❑

COMPRESSIBILITY

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

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SHEAR STRENGTH ❑

❑

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

❑ Page :132 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑

𝒔 = 𝒄 + 𝝈𝐭𝐚𝐧𝝋

friction oft coefficien tan

friction internal of angle

pressure normallar intergranu effective

cohesion c

strengthshear s where





SHEAR STRENGTH

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

❑ Page :133 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

COMPACTNESS—RELATIVE DENSITY ❑

❑

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

❑ Page :134 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

RECIPE FOR SUCCESS,

As long as you live, Just Keep

L e a r n i n g …

References • Das, B., M. (2014), “ Principles of geotechnical Engineering ” Eighth Edition, CENGAGE Learning, ISBN-

13: 978-1-133-10867-2.

• Knappett, J. A. and Craig R. F. (2012), “ Craig’s Soil Mechanics” Eighth Edition, Spon Press, ISBN: 978-0-

415-56125-9.

• Orabi, A. (2015),Soil Mechanics, “Introduction &Properties of Soil lecture notes”, International university of

sciences and technology.

• Terzaghi, K. (1936) "Stress Distribution in Dry and in Saturated Sand Above a Yielding Trap-Door",

Proceedings. First International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Cambridge,

Massachusetts, pp. 307-311.

• Terzaghi, K. (1943). “Theoretical Soil Mechanics”. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

• Meyerhof, G. G. (1951). “The Bearing Capacity of Foundations”. In Géotechnique, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 301-

332.

• Radwan, A. (2013), “fundamentals of Soil Mechanics”. Helwan university, Faculty of engineering. Civil

Department library.

• El-Kadi, F. (2002), “Principles of Soil Mechanics”. Ain shams university, Faculty of engineering. Civil

Department library.

• Vesic, A. S. (1975). Principle of pile foundation design. Soil Mechanics Series No 38, School of

Engineering, Duke University.

• Joseph E. Bowels, (1999), "Physical and Geotechnical Properties of Soils"; McGraw Hill Book.

• Cheng Liu and Jack B. Evett, Soils and Foundations, 8th Edition; 2013.

❑ Page :135 Dr. Eng. Mohamed Ezzat EM306: Soil Mechanics and Foundations

❑ Engineering Properties of soils Topic No. 3

• Presentation of the theories and principles of soil mechanics

and foundation engineering.

• Explore the equipment's and instrumentations used for in-situ

and laboratory testing of soil.

• Outline the design standards of different types of foundation,

soil support systems according to several international codes.

• Provide sufficient field case studies and solved examples so that

students can make judgements as to the credibility of results

that they may obtain, or review, in the future.

Soil is a complex multiphase material. A sound understanding of

the fundamental principles and design applications of soil

mechanics is needed to predict the behavior and performance of

soil as a construction material or as a supporting medium for

engineering structures.

The main objective of this course is to provide the undergraduate

student with an insight into the theories and principles of soil

mechanics and foundation engineering, and its applications in

practical problems. The methodology that will be followed in this

course to achieve its objectives are directed towards the following

points:

Preface

Course Instructor

Dr. Mohamed Ezzat Al-Atroush

Dr. Mohamed Ezzat obtained his Ph.D. Degree from Ain Shams University, Egypt, in 2018. He joined the Prince Sultan University (PSU) in 2019 as an Assistant Professor in the area of Civil Engineering. He has broad experience in the field of geotechnical engineering on academic and professional works. Also, he has published many international journal and conference publications in the area of Geotechnical Engineering. He is a member of several international technical committees, such as the American society of civil engineers (ASCE).

On the other hand, Dr. Ezzat participated in many consultancy projects involving site investigations, problematic soils, evaluation of stability of slopes and escarpments, construction and permanent dewatering, design of deep excavation support, traditional and specialized lab testing, field monitoring, geophysical studies, foundation and bridge design, effect of tunnel induced ground deformations on adjacent surface and underground structures. His main research interests are in the Large Diameter bored piles, tunneling and deep excavations, Dynamic soil-structure interaction, Ground Improvement, and Energy and Sustainable Geotechnics.