Research Paper on Internet of Things

Running Head: SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN. 1

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN. 13

System Analysis and Design with UML.

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Introduction.

According to Quintero, (2017), information is a processed data that is meaningful to the recipient and is real or of great value in the current to the recipient. It is the product of processing data and has a value in making a decision. It also brings clarity and the response created by humans in their mind is intelligent. The parameters of good quality of information have proven to be difficult to determine. The quality of information is its effectiveness when used or its reliability. According to Grover, (2015), the characteristics of good information are summarized below.

Characteristics of good information.

Good information must have good timing i.e. the recipient must receive the information within the prescribed timeframes. If the recipient gets the information at the right time or when they need it, it will make decision making effective. The value information can depreciate if they are delayed. For information to be timeliness and effective it must be up-to-date i.e., it must include the current information available. Without good timing of the information critical decision can be delayed since proper and necessary information is not available in time which leads to missed opportunities. Café` de carol must always give their customers information when they ask for it and at the right time. This will help customers make their decisions concerning their bookings and delivery. It is important for them to ensure that the information provided is up-to-date. Employees should provide information on time when they are making important decisions.

Information accuracy is another aspect of good information, which means that information should not have any mistakes and errors. It is important for the information to be free from bias. Any wrong information given to management will result in wrong decision making. Managers rely on the information supplied in MIS reports to make their decision hence they must have accurate information. Information provided by the company should be accurate and up to date for the customers. Accurate information is a function of accurate collection of data i.e. they should spend a lot of time in checking the data. The information they provide should not be perfect information but it should be up-to-date. They should correct any errors obtain from the information in order to provide the most accurate information. Customers should be able to rely on the information that they have provided either through their website or social media. Accurate information will provide an easier way of communicating with customers. They should also provide accurate information to their fellow colleagues concerning the orders and delivery of the food. When the information is accurate the customer will be granted what they wanted hence customer service is enhanced and the customers are happy.

Adequacy is another characteristic of good information and it means that information must be sufficient in quantity. MIS must provide reports that will be required to provide information that will be used in deciding the processes of decision making. Reports should not provide inadequate or more than adequate information since it can create a difficult situation for the decision-maker, for instance, an inadequate decision can create a crisis while more than adequate information leads to chaos. Every employee at Café` de Carole should ensure that they have adequate information about the organization. They should be able to convey the message to the clients when they are ordering or booking. They should also be able to provide relevant information to the clients. Subsequently, employees should provide adequate information to the supervisors and managers when solving issues in the company and when reporting on its progress. Information adequacy increases the clientele which is an important factor to the company.

Usability of software systems.

According to, Prisyazhnyuk, (2018). Object-oriented development entity is made up of interacting objects that maintain their state and provide operations on that state. Object and object-oriented are applied to the different entities, design methods, systems, and programming languages. It is a popular technical approach for the analysis and designing an application, system, or business by applying object-oriented programming. The also use the visual modeling throughout the development to foster better stakeholder communication and product quality An object is an entity that has a state and a set of operations that operate on the state. The set of object attributes represents the state. The object operation provides services to other objects that request this service when the computation is required. Object communication is executed by exchanging information required for service provision that is the copies of information needed to execute the service and the results are passed as parameters. Objects are formed according to an object class definition. An object class definition is a type of specification and template for forming objects.

Object-oriented design is part of object-oriented development. It involves designing object classes and the relationship between the object classes. The classes define the system objects and how they interact. The design is realized as an executing program and the objected are created dynamically from these class definitions. The object-oriented strategy is used throughout the process of development: object-oriented analysis is mainly concerned with the object-oriented model of application domain development. In the model, the objects reflect the entities and operations associated with the problem. The object-oriented design is concerned with the development of the object-oriented model of the software to implement the identified requirements. The object-oriented programming main purpose is implementing a software design using an object-oriented programming language, for example, Java. The transition of the stages should ideally be seamless and compatible notations should be used at each stage. Refining the previous stage when moving to the next stage is important and can be done by adding detail to existing object classes and devising classes in order to provide additional functionality. Object-oriented systems have some advantages such as the system can realize changes easily because of the object independence, they can also be modified and taken as standalone entities and changes made during the implementation of an object or adding services should not affect the objects in other systems. Objects are independent encapsulation of states and operations and are reusable components. Objects created in previous designs can be used to develop designs. In UML, the object class is represented as a named rectangle with two sections. The operation is used in UML to mean the specification of action and the term method is used to refer to operation implementation.

The principle of OOD includes the single responsivity principle, the open-closed principle, the Liskov substitution principle, the interface segregation principle, and the dependency inversion principle. The single responsibility principle is where a class should be responsible for the tasks that are single or it must have a specific purpose. The purpose of this principle is that each class is responsible for one and only one thing. The principle is valuable since it provides a key to thinking about design. The open-close principle states that entities must be open to extension but closed for modification i.e. the extension of a class should be easy without modification. Liskov substitution principle states that a class that can inherit a parent class, should not replicate functionality implemented by the parent class. The parent class should be able to be replaced by any of its subclasses in the region of the code i.e. the derived classes must be substitutes for their base classes. Another principle is interface segregation principle dictates that specialized interface is better than one universal i.e. clients should not be forced to implement an interface that it doesn't use. The main purpose of this principle is to divide the interface that is more specific and make fine grained interface that are specific to the client. Dependency inversion principle is another principle that states that a high level of modules should not depend on low-level modules i.e. they should depend on abstractions. It also states that abstractions should not depend on abstractions. This principle says that dependency should be based on abstractions, not details (Tegarden, 2015).

Development methodologies.

Iterative development strategy is an important element to system developers and is considered the basis of many of today's development methods. Iterative development is well-defined as the way of breaking down software development of the large application to smaller chunks. The feature codes in iterative development are designed, developed and tested in cycles that are repeated. The software application will be ready to be deployed to customers when each iteration additional features can be designed, developed, and tested fully. It is used in conjunction with incremental development whereby a longer software development cycle is split into smaller segments that build upon one another. In agile development methodologies iterative an incremental development are the key practices. Iteration or sprint is the shorter development cycle in the agile methodologies and its time boxed i.e. it is limited to a certain increment of time. The working code can be demonstrated for a customer at the end of the iteration. Iteration development highly contrasts with the traditional waterfall method whereby each phase of the software development life is gated. Coding should begin after the design of the entire software application is complete and has gone through a phase gate review. Also, testing should begin after coding is complete and has passed necessary phase gate reviews. Working iterative main purpose is to allow flexibility for changes. Some unforeseen problems don't surface until development begins hence it important to make changes when the requirement and design of the major application in the traditional method is done. Working iteratively allows the team to go through a cycle where they evaluate each iteration and determine the changes that are required to produce a satisfactory end product. Iteration creates a high-level design of the application before we actually begin building the product and define the design for the solution. After that they can design and build skeleton version then evolve the design on what has been built. The model improves the product step by step which enables detection of defects in the early stages. In the model less time is spent when documenting and more time is given designing the product. Using the model they can easily get user feedback which enables the user to imagine how the product works.

In the management perspective, iteration consists of the application of the discipline to software development which produced a demonstrable, executable release of the product under development. It is important to ensure that the product will grow incrementally across a series of iterations. In their perspective, each iteration appears to be a small and self-contained project where all the disciplines of software development are applied to products that meet specific and agreed set of objectives. The manager also provides direction of a project, organize work so that each iteration contributes progressively to deliver the solution. To achieve that they should plan, execute, and access the project and organize its series of contagious iteration. Regular iteration assessment provides a mechanism for judging progress. The progress of minor milestones should be assessed against the goals and objectives set forth in the iteration plan. The implication of activity-based status reporting is not as useful as the achievement-based status reporting. The Iteration approach has proven to be hard to hide the truth for very long. The typical approach of measuring activities cause’s problems compared to real progress. Teams should be flexible in adapting activities to meet the desired goal and it is impossible for the manager to predict the future accurately enough to plan all the work needed to accomplish the goals. Objective measurement of project results during every iteration eliminates the need to access the progress of projects though subjective quality assessments of intermediate products. Café` de Carole should assess their progress after every iteration in order to stick to their goals. They should ensure that all the workers are aware of the goals and are determined to work towards them.

Professionalism.

According to the BSC code of conduct, it serves a unique and powerful endorsement of your professional integrity. The code of conduct defines the characteristics we share as practitioners which builds a responsible computing profession. It comprises of four key principles which are outlined in this paper.

Public interest.

It is important to make IT for everyone. Working together addresses issues in the profession and the society. Everyone must be able to access IT and the ability to share what one knows. They should be able to uphold standards and conduct oneself in a professional and fairly at times. In the public interest one shall have regard for public health, privacy, security and wellbeing of others and the environment. They should have regards for the legitimate rights of third party. Moreover, they should always conduct their professional activities without discrimination on the grounds of sex, sexual orientation, marital status, nationality, color, race, ethnic origin, religion, age, or disability or any other requirements. They should also promote equal access to the benefits of IT and seek to promote the inclusion of all sectors in the society wherever opportunity arise.

Professional competence and integrity.

They must show integrity and competence. It is important that individuals continue to learn since nobody knows everything. This enables one to grow and never take tasks that don’t have the skills and resources to complete. In order to accomplish this one shall and this is in reference to chartered institute of IT;

· Only provide a service that is within your professional competence.

· They should not claim any level of competence that individuals don’t possess.

· Develop professional knowledge and competence on the basis of continuing, maintaining technological development awareness, procedures, and standards relevant to your field.

· Ensure that they have efficient knowledge and understanding of legislation and they should comply with the legislation when carrying out professional responsibilities.

· They shall value and respect alternative viewpoints and accept honest criticisms of work.

· They shall not make any bribery offer of unethical inducement.

Duty to relevant authority.

It is important to respect the organization or individuals you work for. Working with due care and diligence through acting in your client or company’s best interest at all times. It is important to take personal and collective responsibility for your actions while maintaining discretion and ethical standards. One shall:

· Carry out the professional responsibilities with care and diligence in accordance with the relevant authority while exercising professional judgement at all times.

· Aim at avoiding any situation that may give rise to conflict of interest between individuals and the authority. They should also accept professional responsibility for the work and colleagues under your supervision.

· Not disclose or authorize any disclosure of any information to benefit a third party or for personal gain. They should not disclose any confidential information except with the permission of the relevant authority as per the legislation.

· Not withhold information concerning the performance of products, systems or services unless under the lawful bound by a duty of confidentiality. They should not take advantage of the lack of relevant knowledge or other people inexperience.

Duty to the profession.

The code of conduct requires individual to keep it real, professional and pass it on to others. This helps to promote positivity to the world. They should be able to support their colleagues and other members in the professional and personal growth. One shall:

· Accept their personal duty in order to uphold the reputation of the profession and they should not partake in activities that will bring professional disrepute.

· Seek to improve professional standards by participating in their development, use and enforcement.

· Uphold the BSCs reputation and good standing.

· Act in integrity and respect in the professional relationships with the BSCs members and other members of other professional with the same professional capacity.

· Notify BSCs of any criminal conviction or bankruptcy or disqualification as company director and details of relevant jurisdiction.

· Encourage and support members in developing professionally.

Café` de carol should adopt the above professional behavior to enhance their quality in providing services. In spite of the few numbers of workers, it is important for them to observe their behavior under pressure and promote teamwork among themselves. They should also be able to maintain their professionalism when addressing a client. In investigating and analyzing the system requires the workers should be accountable with what they have done and they should be able, to be honest about the system with the management. This will enable growth and efficiency in the organization.

Conclusion.

It has been proven that system analysis and design with UML can be very successful in organizing and Café` de Carole can easily adapt. The information that they provide for the client, usability, development methodologies, and professionalism are the main elements that will contribute to its success. They should adopt the ideas and every person should be able to comply with the system.

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