Synthesis Paper

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1 
Synthesis Paper 
Emily Emmett 
School of Behavioral Science, Liberty University 
PYSC 255: Research in Psychology 
Professor Clark  
March 6, 2023   
2 
Synthesis Paper 
What I learned About Research  
This course was intentional to enhance my comprehension on accessing and gaining 
knowledge on research, how to properly carry out research, and learn more about all the 
aspects that work with this field of psychology. The course is built upon Christian morals, beliefs 
that help students learn to use research for careers and for God’s kingdom. Research is an 
important and valuable tool that can enhance the science of psychology. 
Scientific Method 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
3 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
4 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
5 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
6 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
7 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
8 
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
9 
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
10 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
11 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
12 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
13 
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
14 
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
15 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
16 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
17 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
18 
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
19 
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
20 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
21 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
22 
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
23 
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
24 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
25 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
26 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
27 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
28 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
29 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
30 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
31 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
32 
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
33 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
34 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
35 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
36 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
37 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
38 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
39 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
40 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
41 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
42 
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
43 
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
44 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
45 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
46 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
47 
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
48 
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
49 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
50 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
51 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
52 
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
53 
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
54 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
55 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
56 
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
57 
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
58 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
59 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
60 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
61 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
62 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
63 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
64 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
65 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
66 
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
67 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
68 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
69 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
70 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
71 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
72 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
73 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
74 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
75 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
76 
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
77 
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
78 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
79 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
80 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
81 
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
82 
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
83 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
84 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
85 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
86 
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
87 
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
88 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
89 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
90 
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
91 
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
92 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
93 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
94 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
95 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
96 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
97 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
98 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
99 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
100 
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
101 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
102 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
103 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
104 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
105 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
106 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
107 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
108 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
109 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
110 
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
111 
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
112 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
113 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
114 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
115 
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
116 
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
117 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
118 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
119 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
120 
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
121 
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
122 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
123 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
124 
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
125 
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
126 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
127 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
128 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
129 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
130 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
131 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
132 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
133 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
134 
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
135 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
136 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
137 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
138 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
139 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
140 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
141 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
142 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
143 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
144 
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
145 
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
146 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
147 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
148 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
149 
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
150 
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
151 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
152 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
153 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
154 
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
155 
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
156 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
157 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
158 
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
159 
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
160 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
161 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
162 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
163 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
164 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
165 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
166 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
167 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
168 
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
169 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
170 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
171 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
172 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
173 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
174 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
175 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
176 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
177 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
178 
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
179 
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
180 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
181 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
182 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
183 
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
184 
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
185 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
186 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
187 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
188 
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
189 
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
190 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
191 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
192 
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
193 
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
194 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
195 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
196 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
197 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
198 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
199 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
200 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
201 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
202 
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
203 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
204 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
205 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
206 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
207 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
208 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
209 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
210 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
211 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
212 
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
213 
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
214 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
215 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
Research is an important, valuable factor in almost every career field. It is what helps us 
grow and expand our knowledge. However, in many cases, people make life decisions or 
opinions without finding facts to back up their idea. This is dangerous because it is taking an 
unknown risk in any situation. Throughout research in psychology, we learned the importance of 
the scientific method. This method is what holds together many different scientific branches and 
creates credibility.  
Independent and Dependent Variable 
A key factor that plays a large role in research are independent and dependent variables. 
This course has shown me how to distinguish between the two. Understanding these factors 
helps finding critical parts of other studies. An independent variable can be changed or 
manipulated. It directly affects the dependent variable. It also helps establish the experimental 
216 
study to create a better foundation. “The dependent variable is the variable being tested and 
measured in an experiment and is dependent on the independent variable” (Mcleod, 2023).  
Validity of Research  
This course has taught me the importance of credentials and validity of research. 
Without either of these, the study, experiment, and research would be thrown away and not 
mattered anymore. “The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the 
study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study. This 
concept of validity applies to all types of clinical studies”. (Ferreira & Ferreira, 2018) It is 
important to have unbiased, accurate results for any kind of research. If any part of the 
experiment is questioned or flawed, the research will no longer continue. Having only one small 
part biased questions the rest of the evidence for the proposed hypothesis. To create validity, 
the researcher needs to create a detailed, organized experiment and quality control. “Quality 
control is a system for verifying and maintain a desired level of quality in an existing product or 
service by careful planning, use of proper equipment, and continued inspection, and corrective 
action as required.” (“Definition of Quality Control,” n.d.) Throughout the research to create a 
stronger case, the researcher needs to use a large, diverse, and real people groups. This will give 
a stronger scientific account. This course has taught me the significance of validity throughout 
conducting and finishing a research study.  
Observational Methods  
Halfway through the class we learned about different observational methods. There are 
different methods to consider when conducting an experiment correctly. Two popular we were 
taught are qualitative and quantitative methods.  
“Qualitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting 
nonnumerical data.” (Mcleod, 2023b) It does not use numerical data or recordings. Most of the 
findings include dairy accounts, interviews, and observational analysis. This approach to 
research is viewed as naturalistic. It is attempting to use nature to find information and, or 
further the science of psychology.  
217 
This method is excellent for the researcher to gain a bigger, better perspective of the 
people or nature they are observing. Being close to the experiment allows them to find errors 
before they effect the rest of the study. This method gives the finished study a well-rounded 
descriptive narrative. The research is easier for others to understand.  
Every method has limitations that prohibit some scientists from using it for their 
experimental study. Time is a large reason why many choose to not use qualitative research. 
Most of the data is collected in small pieces over many months or years. This takes more money 
than other methods to uphold the research. Another downside are replications. Since the 
collection of data is observational it is extremely hard to replicate. Many researchers use 
interviews of different people groups to gain more information. These interviews cannot be 
replicated. Qualitative data needs to be handled with great care.  
Quantitative research is the other observational method. “Quantitative research involves 
the process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control 
variables of interest. The goals are to test casual relationships between variables, make 
predictions, and generalize results to wider populations.” (Mcleod, 2023b) Many researchers 
use this method because it is a measurement of data as the support system. Most of the 
experiments are done in a controlled setting as in a lab.  
The researcher holds many limitations to the quantitative method. Bias is usually 
developed within the study. This throws off the entire analysis because the researcher does not 
allow it to support or reject the theory. He creates bias that only supports it even if there is 
scientific proof against it. Many get tunnel vision on a specific part of the study instead of 
looking at the big picture. Another limitation is the controlled setting. Having a controlled 
environment allows for accurate results but hinders the naturalistic side of science. The 
questions that may be brought are precisely picked leaving no room to elaborate on the answer. 
Researchers need to be careful when conducting quantitative research to prevent these 
limitations.  
218 
While there are a couple of limitations, the advantages make this method very popular 
for studies. The method is scientifically strong because it is made up of numerical data and 
statistical analysis. It is a great way to test a theory. It helps build a very strong foundation that 
case studies can be used and built upon. This method is great for using a finished study yet 
continuing to develop on it. Quantitative methods are a great way to find a support or reject a 
hypothesis or theory.  
Christian Values 
Since this course is built on Biblical Christian beliefs it has helped me see research with a 
Biblical perspective. Research can be used for God’s kingdom. Mark 16:15 says “Go into all the 
world and preach the gospel to all creation”. This verse calls us to use our lives for God. Even 
throughout our careers, God can use that for His glory. Every job can be turned into a mission 
field. Therefore, research can be used to demonstrate how amazing God and His creation is. In 
science and the world honesty, bias is relevant. It becomes difficult to determine what is true. 
As a Christian, I know that the bible is the only truth and breathed out from our Creator. “All 
scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for 
training in righteousness” says 2 Timothy 3:16. This course has shown me that even though 
many researchers are biased and manipulate data, God calls us to be set apart. Therefore, as a  
Christian I will use research to glorify God truthfully for His kingdom. 
 
References 
Association, A.P. (2019). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.  
American Psychological Association  
Crawford (2018). Introduction to Research: Less Fright, More Insight: A Customized version of  
Research Methods: Are You Equipped? (2nd ed). Kendall Hunt Publishing  
Mcleod, S., PhD. (2023, February 20). Independent and Dependent Variables: Definitions &  
Examples. Study Guides for Psychology Students – Simply Psychology.  
https://simplypsychology.org/variables.html 
219 
Definition of quality control. (n.d.). In www.dictionary.com.  
https://dictionary.com/browse/quality-control  
Mcleod, S., PhD. (2023b), February 20). Qualitative vs Quantitative Research: Differences, 
Examples & Methods. Study Guides for Psychology Students – Simply Psychology 
https://simplypsychology.org/qualitative-quantitative.html 
Mark 16:15 (ESV).(n.d). In Bible Gateway 
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=mark+16%3A15&version=ESV 
2 Timothy 3:16 (ESV).(n.d.). In Bible Gateway 
https://biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+timothy+3%3A16&version=ESV 
Ferreira, J.c., & Ferreira, J.C. (2018). Internal and external validity: can you apply 
research study results to your patients? Jornal Brasileiro De Pneumologia, 44(3), 
https://doi.org/10.1590/s1806-37562018000000164 
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