Discussion 7 chapter 21

Terrorism

CHAPTER 21

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Learning Objectives, 1

Identify the three radical movements within Islam

Provide a brief history of Osama bin Laden and the evolution of the al-Qaeda terrorist organization

Discuss the recent development of the Islamic State and the role of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in its inception

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Learning Objectives, 2

Be familiar with different terrorist groups that threaten the United States and its allies; describe the term homegrown terrorism

Distinguish between right-wing and left-wing domestic terrorists

Describe the prominent national structures involved in terrorist intelligence, and outline their responsibilities

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Learning Objectives, 3

List and explain several ways terrorist organizations finance themselves

List and describe some of the steps every police agency and slash or officer can take to prevent terrorism in the United States

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Learning Objectives, 4

Describe some of the suspicious factors to consider that may indicate a possible terrorist threat

Describe the type of attacks conducted by homegrown, lone wolf terrorists that may describe the future

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International Terrorism

Involves violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that:

• Are the violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any state

• Are considered criminal acts if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or any state

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Radical Islam

Has long been a component of terrorist activity throughout the world • The Wahhabi Movement: Basic concept is that the

teachings of Islam were corrupted after the time of the Prophet Muhammad

• The Muslim Brotherhood: Formed in 1928 as an Egyptian youth organization and grew into a political party by 1939, influenced by the writings of Hasan al-Banna

• Jihadist Salafism: Embraces a strict, literal interpretation of Islam combined with an emphasis on jihad as a holy war against all Western influences in the Middle East

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Radical Islamic Groups

Islamic State, or the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria,

or I S I S

Al-Qaeda

Jemaah Islamiyah, or J I

Hizbollah

Palestinian terrorist groups

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Abu Musab al-Zarqawi

Militant Islamist from Jordan who operated a large training camp for al-Qaeda in Afghanistan during the last 1990s

Main focus of enmity was the Shi’a population in Iraq • The United States’ war in Iraq was turned into the

genocide of the Shi’a population in that country

Had a huge impact though his tenure was short as a leader of Sunni radicals in Iraq

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Islamic State, or I S I S, 1

Significant movement across the world that sees itself as the provocateurs of the coming apocalypse

Rules by fear and demands obedience to conservative Islamic law by citizens within its control

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Islamic State, or I S I S, 2

Targets American soldiers, government buildings, security positions, and non-Islamic schools throughout the Middle East

Continues to grow in sustained acts of violence against Western interests • I S I S bombers and soldiers continue to strike at

locations in the Middle East, Europe, and the United States

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Osama bin Laden, 1

Founder of al-Qaeda

Came into disfavor with the Saudi Arabian government due to his vocal opposition to the Saudi alliance with the United States during the first Gulf War

Settled in Sudan in 1992 where he sponsored the training camps for fundamental Islamic young men

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Osama bin Laden, 2

Was offered sanctuary by the Taliban, which benefited greatly from his wealth after the 1993 World Trade Center bombings

Was killed in a firefight in a small town in Pakistan

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Al-Qaeda, 1

Has its basis in the mujahedin, or holy warriors, who fought against the Russians when they invaded Afghanistan in 1979

Set up in order to track the movements of fighters and money coming into the Afghan resistance

Made its first strike against the United States in 1988

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Al-Qaeda, 2

Expanding its presence in Somalia and Yemen

Has been linked to numerous other terrorist organizations throughout the Middle East and Asia

Continues to condemn the involvement of United States in Muslim affairs

Urges jihad and violent terrorist attacks against the United States and its allies

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Jemaah Islamiyah, or J I, 1

Began when two radical Indonesian clerics established a pirate radio station in 1960, which advocated Shari’a, strict Muslim law • Islamic school was opened, which taught a hard-line

version of Salafi Wahhabism

Preaches jihad and the establishment of an Islamic republic across Malaysia, Indonesia, southern Thailand, and the southern Philippines

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Jemaah Islamiyah, or J I, 2

In 2000, J I carried out a series of bombings in Indonesia and Manila, resulting in the deaths of 27 people

In 2002, a Bali nightclub frequented by Western tourists was bombed, resulting in the deaths of 202 people

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Hizbollah, 1

The Party of God

Founded in 1982 in reaction to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon

Absorbed all the smaller Shi’ite resistance groups, becoming a powerful force against the Israeli occupation

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Hizbollah, 2

Holds 12 seats in the Lebanese parliament and has built an extensive educational and social aid network within the Lebanese Shi’ite community

Limited to fundraising, technology purchases, recruiting, and arms smuggling in the United States

Maintains sleeper cells throughout the United States and Canada to carry out fundraising and reconnaissance activities

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Palestinian Terrorist Groups, 1

The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, or P F L P • Christian-led Marxist-Leninist group founded in 1967 by

George Habash as a direct response to the Six-Day War of 1967

The Abu-Nidal Organization, or A N O • Group formed after it split from the Palestinian

Liberation Organization as a result of perceived moderation on the part of Yassir Arafat in 1972

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Palestinian Terrorist Groups, 2

The Palestinian Islamic Resistance Movement, or HAMAS • Radical fundamentalist organization • Came to prominence as the foremost opponent of the

Oslo peace accords following the first major Palestinian Intifada in the 1990s

• Primary modus operandi of HAMAS is suicide bombings against civilian targets

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Homegrown Terrorists, 1

Plot to carry out attacks at home in the United States

Provide material support to foreign terrorist organizations via financial, intellectual, or other means

Mostly American citizens, although others may be immigrants to the United States

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Homegrown Terrorists, 2

American citizens are particularly attractive recruits for two reasons • Ability to travel quite extensively largely without

questioning or investigation

• Ideal candidates for jihadist organizations because of their innate knowledge of the English language and of American cultural norms

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Domestic Terrorism

Unlawful use, or threatened use, of violence by a

group or an individual based and operating entirely

within the United States or its territories, without

foreign direction

• Violence is committed against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian

population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of

political or social objectives

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Categories of Domestic Terrorism

Right-wing terrorists • Often adhere to the principles of racial supremacy and

embrace antigovernment, antiregulatory beliefs

Left-wing terrorists • Profess a revolutionary socialist doctrine and view

themselves as protectors of the people against the dehumanizing effects of capitalism and imperialism

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Special-Interest Groups

The Earth Liberation Front, or E L F • Splinter groups that broke away from the group Earth

First! • Responsible for numerous ecoterrorism attacks in this

country

The Animal Liberation Front, or A L F • Committed to ending the abuse and exploitation of

animals

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Financing Terrorist Organizations, 1

Steps were taken to strengthen America’s ability to

combat the flow of funds into terrorist

organizations

• Executive order 13224 on Terror Financing authorized the seizure of assets that belong to terrorist or terrorist

supporters

• Dovetailed with the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, which established penalties for

people who finance terrorism

• The U S A PATRIOT Act strengthened the measures to prevent, detect, and prosecute terrorist financing and

money laundering

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Financing Terrorist Organizations, 2

The Foreign Terrorist Asset Tracking Center, F T A T,

brings together members of the Treasury

Department, F B I, and C I A to:

• Identify terrorist financial infrastructures • Focus on eliminating the ability of terrorists to obtain

funds through the international financial system

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Financing Terrorist Organizations, 3

Sources of financing

• Drug smuggling • Arms smuggling • Credit card fraud and theft • Charities fraud and linkages • Black market operations • Human smuggling and prostitution

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National Counterterrorism Intelligence Structures, 1 The National Infrastructures Protection Center, or N I P C, is responsible for protecting and investigating:

• Unlawful acts against computer and information technologies of the United States

• Unlawful acts, both physical and electronic, that threaten or target critical infrastructures of the United States

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National Counterterrorism Intelligence Structures, 2 The PATRIOT Act of 2001 • Provides law enforcement with new, broadened

electronic surveillance authority

The National Domestic Preparedness Office, or N D P O • Responsible for assisting state and local authorities with

the planning, equipment, and training needed to respond to weapons of mass destruction attacks

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National Counterterrorism Intelligence Structures, 3 The F B I Counterterrorism Center operates on three fronts • International terrorism operations within the United

States and abroad • Domestic terrorism operations • Counterterrorism measures at home and abroad

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The Department of Homeland

Security, or D H S

Created in 2001 as an immediate response to the

September 11 attacks

Established to develop and coordinate the

implementation of a comprehensive national

strategy within the federal executive branch

Plays a significant role in intelligence gathering and

analysis

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Investigation of Terrorist Activities

Steps that police agencies and their officers can take immediately to thwart attacks • Participate in joint terrorism task forces • Be aware of suspicious activity and keep a log • Use critical thinking • Be alert for reconnaissance operations • Analyze past terrorist attacks • Coordinate and disseminate intelligence information

through the use of advanced technology

• Apply and update the knowledge base

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Biological Agents

Include living microorganisms and the toxins produced by organisms • Effect on humans range from varying degrees of illness

to death

Slower-acting than chemical agents

Examples include smallpox, anthrax, plague, botulism, tularemia, hemorrhagic fevers, and Q fever

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Anthrax

Acute infectious disease caused by a bacterium

Cutaneous anthrax: Cut or abrasion in the skin allows the anthrax bacterium to enter the body

Intestinal anthrax: Contracted by eating anthrax- contaminated meat that has been insufficiently cooked

Inhalation anthrax: Enters the body through the respiratory system

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Unopened Suspicious Letters and Packages, 1 To reduce the potential of receiving anthrax-tainted mail, the following efforts have been made:

• Guidelines have been issued to help spot suspicious mail • Postal workers are being trained to identify such mail • Many post offices are using electronic beams to kill

biological bacteria such as anthrax

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Unopened Suspicious Letters and Packages, 2 Precautions • Control the scene and assess the threat • Allow only qualified emergency personnel to enter the

scene

• Responders should not smell, shake, or handle the mail • Person handling the evidence should triple-bag the

suspicious mail in heavy plastic evidence pouches

• Mark “Biohazard” on each evidence pouch • Do not conduct the preliminary investigation in or near

the room where the suspicious mail was found

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Unopened Suspicious Letters and Packages, 3 • Get the names of and locator information for everyone

who was in the room, anyone who came into the room, and the primary handler of the mail

• Have the organization’s health and safety officer advise persons who have been exposed to the biological threat

• Do not allow site decontamination to take place until the crime scene is released, and inspect the ventilation system to see if it was tampered with

• Follow standard procedures for discarding items and for decontamination

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Opened and Easily Bagged Letters and Packages Precautions • Full-face-piece respirator is needed for safety along with:

• P100 filter or air-purifying respirator, or P A P R • High-efficiency particulate air, or H E P A • Appropriate personal protection equipment, or P P E

• Control the scene and assess the threat • Ask the organization’s health and safety officer to attend

to the people

• Proceed with the investigation along the lines outlined in the previous list

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Chemical Attacks

Accomplished with V agents, mustard gas, sarin, soman, and tabun

Rapidly acting substances that incapacitate their victims

Produce mass casualties • Casualties depend on variation in factors such as the

nature of the chemical agent, the method of dispersal, weather conditions, etcetera

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Signs of Chemical Attacks, 1

Lack of insects

Birds falling from the sky, dying animals acting in an unusual manner, and dead animals

Discoloration and withering of some types of grass, plants, shrubs, and trees

Unexplained casualties and multiple victims

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Signs of Chemical Attacks, 2

Unusual liquid droplets with an oily film

Unexplained odors

Vapor, mist, thin fog, or low clouds unrelated to the weather

Unusual metal debris or unusual equipment

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Protection Measures in Chemical Attacks, 1 Resist the urge to rush in and help

Protect your respiratory system

Inform other responders about the dangerous conditions

Be aware that an integrated team will soon be there to help

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Protection Measures in Chemical Attacks, 2 Deny entry to the area to all but emergency responders

Identify a staging area for responders

Direct survivors to a single area

Be alert to the possibility of secondary devices being present

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Terrorism and the Future, 1

Other types of terrorist acts include:

• Agroterrorism: Deliberate and malicious use of biological agents as weapons against the agricultural and food supply industries

• Threats to water supplies • Use of high-energy radio frequency, or H E R F, and

electromagnetic pulse, or E M P weapons

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Terrorism and the Future, 2

Confronting terrorism is an ongoing responsibility

Information systems must be improved and the products shared

Genuine teamwork across numerous agencies will ensure progress

Homegrown terrorists acting as lone wolves have become a huge threat to American interests

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Terrorism and the Future, 3

Lone wolf attacks • Acts of random violence seemingly come out of

nowhere, with no warning and result in mass carnage, death, and destruction

• Dominate the future because they can be accomplished with very little planning, and virtually no training, yet result in massive numbers of deaths and casualties

• Sporadic nature of such attacks heightens fear and distrust among the greater public as common and popular entertainment and gathering places become favorite targets

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Terrorism and the Future, 4

The Islamic State’s influence and call to Muslims worldwide as a global caliphate continue • Despite significant losses in fighters and territory in Iraq

and Syria in 2016 and 2017, the Islamic State continues to be a dangerous threat to Western nations

Domestic right-wing groups inside the United States appear to be escalating in terms of rhetoric and numbers • Reaction to a paradigm shift in American politics and

economics