SurveyofChineseEspionage.pdf
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Survey of Chinese Espionage in the United States Since 2000
This survey lists 160 publicly reported instances of Chinese espionage directed at the United
States since 2000.1 It does not include espionage against other countries, against U.S. firms or
persons located in China, nor more than 50 additional cases involving attempts to smuggle
munitions or controlled technologies from the U.S. to China. We also did not include the more
than 1200 cases of intellectual property theft litigation brought by U.S. companies against
Chinese entities in either the U.S. or Chinese legal systems.1
For those cases where we could identify actor and intent, we found:
• 42% of actors were Chinese military or government employees.
• 32% were private Chinese citizens.
• 26% were non-Chinese actors (usually U.S. persons recruited by Chinese officials)
• 34% of incidents sought to acquire military technology.
• 51% of incidents sought to acquire commercial technologies.2
• 16% of incidents sought to acquire information on U.S. civilian agencies or politicians.
• 41% of incidents involved cyber espionage, usually by State-affiliated actors.
The list is derived from open-source material and likely does not reflect the full number of
incidents. Of the 160 incidents we found that 24% occurred between 2000-2009 and 76%
occurred between 2010-2021.
This could reflect an increase in the number of incidents after 2009, but it may also reflect more
public reporting of espionage cases, as greater attention was paid to the problem and the U.S.
government became less reluctant after 2007 to publicly identify China as the perpetrator. It is
perhaps noteworthy that of the 160 reported incidents we found, 89 occurred after Xi Jinping
took power (84 after he became President in March 2013 and another 5 after he became Chair of
the Central Military Commission in November 2012).
The list of individual incidents follows below.
May 2001: Beginning in January 2000, Hai Lin, Kai Xu, and Yong-Qing Cheng formed a joint
venture with the Datang Telecom Technology Company of Beijing to steal trade secrets from
Lucent.2
April 2003: Katrina M. Leung was arrested for convincing an FBI agent to share classified
1 We would like to thank David Robusto, Evan Burke, Matthew Serrone, Khristal Thomas, Arthur
Nelson, and Ian Haimowitz for their contributions to this timeline. 2 (N.B. These figures reflect a slight increase in acquisitions of commercial technology and a slight decline in acquisitions of military technology since 2019, but this is likely a statistical anomaly).
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information, which she passed on to China, over a ten-year period.3
February 2004: Ronald N. Montaperto, a former DIA intelligence analyst, was arrested for
providing Chinese military attaches with Secret and Top-Secret information.4
July 2004: Yan Ming Shan, a Chinese employee of a U.S. software firm that develops land
sensing technology for oil companies, gained unauthorized access to the company’s computer
system and attempted to bring sensitive technology back to China.5
June 2005: Noshir Gowadia, an American citizen, took six trips to China between 2003-2005 to
assist with its cruise missile system by developing a stealthy exhaust nozzle and was paid at least
$110,000 by China. He provided them with designs for a low-signature cruise missile exhaust
system.6
October 2005: Chi Mak and other Chinese intelligence operatives collected technical
information about the Navy’s current and future warship technologies. Chi intended to export
the information to China.7
November 2005: Moo Ko-Suen was a representative for an American aerospace firm for 10
years in Taiwan, during which time he acted as an agent for the Chinese government and tried to
buy sophisticated military parts and weapons, including an F-16 fighter jet engine and cruise
missiles, for China.8
2005: Chinese hackers infiltrated U.S. Department of Defense networks in an operation known
as “Titan Rain.” They targeted U.S. defense contractors, Army Information Systems Engineering
Command; the Defense Information Systems Agency; the Naval Ocean Systems Center; and, the
U.S. Army Space and Strategic Defense installation.9
April 2006: Chinese hackers infiltrated NASA networks managed by Lockheed Martin and
Boeing and exfiltrated information about the Space Shuttle Discovery program.10
May 2006: Shanshan Du stole trade secret information from General Motors for the benefit of a
Chinese competitor, Chery Automobile.11
June 2006: Lan Lee and Yufei Ge conspired to steal trade secrets related to computer chip
design and development from NetLogics Microsystems and TSMC.12
July 2006: Chinese hackers infiltrated the U.S. State Department’s unclassified network and
stole sensitive information and passwords.13
August 2006: Chinese hackers infiltrated the Department of Defense’s non-classified NIPRNet,
downloading 10 to 20 terabytes of data.14
December 2006: Xiaodong Sheldon Meng, a resident of Beijing and Cupertino California, stole
military IP and trade secrets from his former employer, the silicon valley firm Quantum3D.15
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December 2006: Fei Ye and Ming Zhong stole trade secrets from two American technology
firms to benefit China. They intended to utilize the secrets to build microprocessors for their
company, Supervisor Inc. which would share any profits made on the sale of chips to the City of
Hangzhou and the Province of Zhejiang in China.16
December 2006: Xiang Dong Yu stole trade secret information worth $50-100 million from
Ford Motor Company for the benefit of Beijing Automotive Company.17
December 2006: Chinese hackers infiltrated the U.S. Naval War College18
2007: Chinese hackers breached the Pentagon’s Joint Strike Fighter project and stole data related
to the F-35 fighter jet.19
January 2007: The National Defense University discovered Chinese malware in its computer
systems.20
June 2007: PLA hackers breached a Pentagon computer network serving the Secretary of
Defense, forcing the network to be shut down for more than a week.21
September 2007: Hackers gained access to the Department of Homeland Security’s networks
through a contractor and exfiltrated unclassified information to Chinese servers.22
December 2007: Chinese hackers successfully stole information from Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the National Nuclear Security
Administration.23
January 2008: Qinggui Zeng stole trade secret information related to the paint industry from an
American firm for the benefit of a Chinese firm.24
February 2008: The Department of Justice charged Dongfan Chung, a former Boeing engineer,
with economic espionage and serving as a foreign agent for China. Prosecutors determined that
he had been acting on Chinese orders since at least 1979. He stole Boeing trade secrets relating
to the Space Shuttle, the C-17 military transport aircraft and the Delta IV rocket for China.25
February 2008: Tai Shen Kuo, a U.S. citizen, was arrested for providing China with classified
information between March 2007 to February 2008. Kuo obtained the information from a
Pentagon weapons system policy analyst, Gregg Bergersen.26
March 2008: Hanjuan Jin attempted to leave the country with 1000+ electronic and paper copies
of proprietary information related to Motorola’s interstate communication feature.27
May 2008: Chinese officials inserted spyware onto the laptop of U.S. Secretary of Commerce
Carlos Gutierrez during a trade mission.28
September 2008: Anne Lockwood and Fuping Liu stole trade secret information from
Metaldyne to benefit a Chinese competitor, Huafu.29
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November 2008: Chinese hackers infiltrated the computer networks of three major oil
companies and stole trade secret information.30
November 2008: Chinese hackers infiltrated the networks of Barack Obama and John McCain’s
presidential campaigns and exfiltrated information about future policy agendas.31
November 2008: Chinese hackers infiltrated the computer network of the White House and
obtained emails between senior government officials.32
March 2009: David Yen Lee, a technical director with Valspar Corp, illegally downloaded
Valspar trade secrets with the intent of delivering them to Nippon Paint in Shanghai, where he
had accepted a vice president position.33
March 2009: Chinese hackers infiltrated Coca-Cola Co. computer networks and stole trade
secret information, including information related to the attempted $2.4 billion acquisition of
Huiyuan Juice Group.34
March 2009: Chinese hackers stole information from the Office of Senator Bill Nelson in
Florida.35
March 2009: A Chinese espionage network was discovered to have penetrated political,
economic, and social institutions in 103 countries. The network was discovered during a 10-
month investigation by researchers at InfoWar Monitor when they were called to investigate the
compromise of the Dalai Lama's computer systems.36
April 2009: Yan Zhu, along with unidentified co-conspirators, planned to steal trade secrets
relating to computer systems and software with environmental applications from his U.S.
employer.37
October 2009: Hong Meng accepted employment as a faculty member at Peking University,
and thereafter began soliciting funding to commercialize his research from Dupont on Organic
Light-Emitting Diodes. He shared trade secret chemical processes, including those related to
OLEDs, with PKU.38
November 2009: Janice Capener, a Chinese national, stole trade secret information from Orbit
Irrigation for the benefit of a competing Chinese firm.39
January 2010: Beginning in 2009, China carried out a series of cyberattacks to steal trade secret
information from dozens of U.S. companies including Google, Yahoo, Adobe, Dow Chemical,
and Morgan Stanley.40
2010: The PLA infiltrated the computer network of a Civilian Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF)
contractor in which documents, flight details, credentials and passwords for encrypted email
were stolen.41
May 2010: Glenn Shriver attempted to gain access to classified national defense information on
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behalf of Chinese intelligence officers.42
May 2010: Chinese hackers breached the computer network of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce
and stole information related to U.S. industries.43
August 2010: Kexue Huang, a Chinese research scientist, stole trade secret information related
to organic pesticides for the benefit of a Chinese firm.44
October 2010: York Yuan Chang and Leping Huang owned a company called General
Technology Systems Integration, Inc. (GTSI), which was involved in the export of technology to
the PRC. GTSI allegedly entered into contracts with the 24th Research Institute of the China
Electronics Technology Corporation Group to design and transfer to the PRC technology for the
development of two types of high-performance analog-to-digital converters.45
November 2010: Zhiqiang Zhang allegedly stole trade secret information from SiRF for the
benefit of a competing Chinese firm.46
January 2011: A Chinese company, Pangang Group, and Walter Liew attempted to steal trade
secret information related to TiO2 technology from DuPont.47
February 2011: Wen Chyu Liu, a research scientist, conspired to steal trade secret information
from Dow for the benefit of Chinese firms.48
March 2011: Sinovel, a Chinese company, stole trade secret information related to source code
and designs of superconductors from AMSC.49
March 2011: Chinese hackers breached the RSA Security division of the EMC Corporation to
steal information related to encryption software, compromising RSA SecureID tokens. The
stolen information was used in subsequent attacks carried out by China.50
April 2011: Chinese hackers engaged in a phishing campaign aimed at compromising hundreds
of Gmail passwords for accounts of prominent people, including senior U.S. officials. 51
April 2011: Chinese hackers attempted to steal technical data from the computer systems of Oak
Ridge National Laboratory.52
June 2011: Beginning in 2010, Chunlai Yang conspired to steal trade secret information related
to the source code of the OS for the Globex electronic trading platform for the benefit of a
Chinese firm.53
August 2011: Chinese hackers engaged in a series of cyber-attacks against 72 entities, including
multiple U.S. government networks.54
October 2011: Chinese hackers infiltrated at least 48 chemical and defense companies and stole
trade secret information and sensitive military information.55
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November 2011: Chinese hackers interfered with U.S. satellites and stole sensitive data.56
February 2012: Chinese hackers stole classified information about the technologies onboard F-
35 Joint Strike Fighters.57
March 2012: NASA’s Inspector General reported that Chinese hackers conducted 13 attacks
against NASA computers in 2011. In one attack, intruders stole 150 user credentials that could
be used to gain unauthorized access to NASA systems. Another attack at the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory allowed intruders to gain full access to key JPL systems and sensitive user accounts. 58
June 2012: DHS reported that between December 2011 and June 2012, Chinese hackers
targeted 23 gas pipeline companies and stole information that could be used for sabotage
purposes.59
June 2012: P.L.A. Unit 61398 attacked Digital Bond, a SCADA security company with a spear
phishing attack.60
August 2012: Jerry Lee, a former CIA agent, attempted to provide China with classified
information about CIA activities within China.61
September 2012: Employees of a semiconductor chip equipment manufacturer stole trade
secrets related to high-volume manufacturing of semiconductor wafers used in electronic devices
for the benefit of a competing Chinese firm.62
September 2012: Sixing Liu, a Chinese national, stole technical data related to defense items
and conspired to give the information to China.63
September 2012: Ji Li Huang and Xiao Guang Qi attempted to steal trade secret information
related to cellular glass installation for the benefit of a competing Chinese firm.64
November 2012: Wenfeng Lu, a Chinese national, stole trade secret information for medical
devices from American medical equipment manufacturers for the benefit a Chinese firm.65
January 2013: The FBI warned Senator Dianne Feinstein’s office that one of her San Francisco-
based drivers was a Chinese intelligence asset.66
January 2013: A Defense Science Board report found that Chinese hackers stole U.S. weapons
systems designs including for the PAC-3, THAAD, Aegis, F/A-18 fighter jet, V-22 Osprey,
Black Hawk, and Littoral Combat Ship.67
January 2013: The New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, and Bloomberg
News experienced persistent cyberattacks, presumed to originate in China.68
February 2013: Security researchers revealed that PLA Unit 61398 had hacked 115 U.S.-
victims since 2006, including organizations in the IT, aerospace, and telecommunicatinos
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sectors, among others.69
March 2013: Beginning in 2012, Chinese hackers targeted civilian and military maritime
operations within the South China Sea, in addition to U.S. companies involved in maritime
satellite systems, aerospace companies and defense contractors.70
May 2013: Chinese hackers compromised the U.S. Department of Labor and at least nine other
agencies, including the Agency for International Development and the Army Corps of
Engineers’ National Inventory of Dams.71
June 2013: PLA hackers infiltrated the computer networks of the U.S. Transportation Command
and stole sensitive military information.72
July 2013: Tung Pham stole trade secrets from a solar technology company for the benefit of a
competing Chinese firm.73
September 2013: Chinese hackers targeted three U.S. organizations, including a large
American oil and gas corporation.74
September 2013: Chinese hackers used malware, known as ‘Sykipot’, to target entities in the
U.S. defense industrial base and companies in key industries such as telecommunications,
computer hardware, government contractors, and aerospace.75
October 2013: Chinese hackers targeted a U.S. based think tank.76
December 2013: Six Chinese nationals conspired to steal trade secret information related to
seeds from Dupont, Monsanto, and LG seeds for the benefit of Beijing Dabeinong Technology
Group, a competing Chinese firm.77
December 2013: Weiqiang Zhang stole trade secret information related to rice seeds from an
American agricultural firm for the benefit of a Chinese firm.78
February 2014: Amin Yu stole systems and components for marine submersible vehicles from
U.S. manufacturers for the benefit of a state-owned entity in China.79
May 2014: Chinese military hackers targeted six American companies in the power, metals, and
solar production industries and stole trade secret information.80 The U.S. Department of Justice
indicted them and identified them as members of the People’s Liberation Army Unit 61398.
June 2014: CrowdStrike reported that Unit 61398 had targeted U.S. corporations in the satellite
industry.81
June 2014: Jun Xie allegedly stole trade secret information from GE Healthcare to benefit a
competing entity in China.82
August 2014: Community Health Systems disclosed that suspected Chinese hackers infiltrated
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its network and stole personal information from 4.5 million patients.83
August 2014: Su Bin, a Chinese national, worked with co-conspirators in China to infiltrate
Boeing’s computer networks to gain access to confidential access about the C-17, the F-22, and
the F-35.84
August 2014: Chinese hackers infiltrated the U.S. Investigations Services. This was one of the
first steps in the 2015 OPM hack.85
September 2014: Chinese company Huawei86 repeatedly attempted to steal trade secret
information about robotics designs from T-Mobile.87
September 2014: Benjamin Bishop was arrested for passing classified information between May
2012 – December 2012 to a Chinese national he was romantically involved with.88
November 2014: Chinese hackers breached the U.S. Postal Service computer networks and
exfiltrated data of approximately 800,000 employees.89
November 2014: Yu Long worked at URTC from 2008-2014, but was recruited by the state-run
Shenyang Institute of Automation in 2014. Upon departure Long stole confidential IP, trade
secrets, and export-controlled technology to give to SIA for the benefit of China.90
January 2015: Chinese hackers, including Fujie Wang, infiltrated Anthem Inc., a health insurer
company, and stole data concerning approximately 78.8 million people from Anthem’s computer
networks.91
February 2015: Xudong Yao stole trade secret information relating to locomotives for the
benefit of a Chinese firm.92
March 2015: Canadian researchers say Chinese hackers launched a DDoS attack against U.S.
hosting site GitHub. GitHub said the attack involve a wide combination of attack vectors and
used new techniques to involve unsuspecting web users in the flood of traffic to the site.
According to the researchers, the attack targeted pages for two GitHub users – GreatFire and The
New York Times’ Chinese mirror site – both of which circumvent China’s firewall. 93
April 2015: The Office of Personnel Management discovered that China had infiltrated its
networks and stolen the personal information of federal employees, including security clearance
information.94
May 2015: Xiwen Huang, a Chinese businessman, stole confidential and trade secret
information – including intellectual property – from an unnamed government research facility
related to military vehicle fuel cells, for the benefit of China.95
May 2015: Chinese intelligence officers infiltrated networks and exfiltrated trade secret
information about turbofan engines from U.S. and European aerospace firms over the course of
five years.96
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May 2015: Beginning in 2014, Thomas Rukavina stole and passed on trade secret information
from PPG to a competing Chinese firm.97
May 2015: Chinese nationals Wei Pang and Hao Zhang stole trade secrets related to the
development of thin-film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) technology for the benefit of China.98
May 2015: Chinese hackers exfiltrated significant amounts of customer data from United
Airlines.99
September 2015: Robert O’Rourke allegedly illegally downloaded data from his employer, an
American manufacturer of cast-iron products. O’Rourke had accepted a similar position with a
rival firm in China and was planning to use the stolen IP to improve the competitiveness of his
new firm’s products.100
December 2015: Chinese National Xu Jiaqiang conspired to steal source code from an unnamed
U.S. company where he worked as software developer. Xu intended to transfer the stolen code
to benefit China’s National Health and Family Planning Commission.101
January 2016: Tao Li and co-defendants Yu Xue & Yan Mei engaged in conspiracy to steal
trade secrets from GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) for the benefit of a Chinese firm.102
March 2016: Kun Shan Chun, a naturalized U.S. citizen, was sentenced to 24 months in prison
for acting as an agent of China. Chun, an FBI employee with a top-secret clearance, provided a
Chinese government official with sensitive, nonpublic information about FBI surveillance
methods, internal organization, and identify and travel patterns of an FBI special agent.103
April 2016: Szuhsiung Ho, an American nuclear engineer employed as a consultant by CGNPC,
provided engineers and experts to assist CGNPC in developing nuclear material and reactors
between 1997 and 2016 without authorization from DOE.104
March 2017: A State Department employee with TS clearance provided copies of internal
Department of State documents to Chinese intelligence officers.105
April 2017: CrowdStrike observed a China-based adversary target a U.S.-based think tank.
Crowdstrike later named the adversary "Mustang Panda".106
May 2017: Beginning in 2011, Hackers from the internet security firm Boyusec (which has ties
to MSS) compromised the networks of three companies over a multi-year period and gained
access to confidential documents and data, including sensitive internal communications,
usernames and passwords, and business and commercial information.107
June 2017: U.S. citizen Shan Shi and Chinese national Gang Liu worked on behalf of Chinese
company CBM-Future New Material Science and Technology Co. Ltd. (CBMF) to steal trade
secrets related to the development of syntactic foam from an unnamed global engineering
firm.108
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June 2017: Kevin Patrick Mallory, a former CIA officer, transferred classified documents to an
agent of China’s intelligence services.109
August 2017: Dong Liu attempted to obtain trade secret information from Medrobotics
Corporation for China.110
September 2017: China allegedly inserted malware into a widely used PC management tool.
The malware targeted at least 20 major international technology firms.111
October 2017: China allegedly carried out a cyberattack against a U.S. think tank and law firm,
both of which were associated with fugitive Chinese tycoon Guo Wengui.112
October 2017: Jerry Jindong Xu sought to help Chinese investors build a sodium cyanide plant
to compete with Chemours by stealing pricing information, passwords for spreadsheets,
confidential documents, and plant system diagrams from Chemours while he was employed
there.113
January 2018: Yi-Chi Shih and Kiet Ahn Mai stole trade secret information from Monolithic
Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) technology for the benefit of Chengdu GaStone
Technology Company (CGTC), a competing Chinese firm.114
January 2018: Chinese hackers infiltrated a U.S. Navy contractor working for the Naval
Undersea Warfare Center. 614 gigabytes of material related to a supersonic anti-ship missile for
use on U.S. submarines were taken, along with submarine radio room information related to
cryptographic systems and the Navy submarine development unit’s electronic warfare library.115
April 2018: Yanjun Xu, an MSS operative, attempted to recruit experts employed by leading
American aviation companies to China, often under the guise of giving a presentation at a
university.116
April 2018: A cyber espionage campaign originating in China collected data from satellite,
telecom, and defense organizations in the United States and Southeast Asia.117
June 2018: Ron Rockwell Hansen, a former DIA officer, attempted to transmit national defense
information to China.118
July 2018: Xiaqing Zhang conspired to steal trade secret information from General Electric for
the benefit of China.119
July 2018: Xiaolang Zhang was arrested for stealing trade secret information about the circuit
board of Apple’s self-driving car initiative. The case is still active as of August 2019.120
September 2018: Chinese hackers breached the systems of the Starwood hotel chain in 2014. It
is estimated that the personal information of up to 500 million people was stolen.121
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September 2018: Ji Chaoqun, a Chinese citizen residing in Chicago, worked at the behest of the
Jiangsu Province Ministry of State Security (JSSD) to get biographical information on eight
Chinese nationals working as engineers and scientists in the United States that the JSSD had
targeted for recruitment. Some worked for U.S. defense contractors.122
November 2018: Chen Zhengkun, He Jianting, and Wang Yungming stole Micron trade secrets
related to dynamic random-access memory technology (DRAM) for the benefit of China.123
November 2018: Beginning in March 2017, U.S. citizen Xiaorong You and Chinese national Liu
Xiangchen conspired to steal trade secrets worth more than $100 million related to the
development of BPA-free coatings. You stole trade secrets from the two American companies
that employed her and provided them to Liu, whose company used them to create products that
would compete with the two American companies in question.124
December 2018: A Chinese national, Hongjin Tan, was arrested for stealing trade secret
information from an American petroleum company, Phillips 66, and conspiring to use to benefit
a Chinese firm.125
December 2018: Chinese hackers stole IP and confidential business and technological
information from managed service providers – companies that manage IT infrastructure for other
businesses and governments.126
December 2018: Chinese hackers stole hundreds of gigabytes of data from computers of more
than 45 technology companies and U.S. government agencies. The defendants also stole names,
SSNs, DOBs, salary info, phone numbers, and email addresses of more than 100,000 U.S. Navy
personnel.127
January 2019: A Chinese national, Jizhong Chen, stole trade secret information about
autonomous vehicles from Apple to benefit a competing Chinese firm.128
March 2019: Beginning in April 2017, Chinese hackers stole research from universities about
maritime technology being developed for military use.129
March 2019: Chinese hackers targeted Israeli defense firms that had connections to the U.S.
military.130
April 2019: Chinese hackers stole General Electric’s trade secrets concerning jet engine turbine
technologies.131
June 2019: Haoyang Yu was arrested in connection with stealing proprietary information from
Analog Devices, a U.S. semiconductor company. 132
June 2019: Since at least 2017, Chinese hackers exfiltrated Call Detail Records (CDRs) from
telecommunication companies to track dissidents, officials, and suspected spies.133
July 2019: Chinese hackers from the group APT10 targeted three U.S. utility companies with a
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spear-phishing campaign to gain access to computer networks.134
August 2019: Active since 2012, a previously unidentified Chinese espionage group, APT41,
gathered data from firms in telecommunications, healthcare, semiconductor manufacturing, and
machine learning. The group was also active in the theft of virtual currencies.135
September 2019: Two Chinese nationals stole sensitive exosome medical research from the
Nationwide Children’s Hospital.136
September 2019: Zhongsan Liu was arrested for fraudulently gaining J-1 visas for Chinese
government officials. Such an incursion was meant to bring in facilitators of "talent-recruitment
programs," a known Chinese espionage tactic.137 138
September 2019: Xuehua "Edward" Peng was charged for acting as an illegal foreign agent for
his delivering of classified information to the Chinese Ministry of State Security. 139
November 2019: Jerry Chun Shing Lee, a former CIA officer, was sentenced for providing
classified information to Chinese intelligence officers.140
January 2020: A Harvard University Professor, Dr. Charles Lieber, and two Chinese nationals,
Yanqing Ye and Zaosong Zheng, were indicted for attempted theft of biological research. Dr.
Lieber was a participant in the Thousand Talents Plan while actively accepting the National
Institutes of Health and Department of Defense funding. Ye, a lieutenant of the PLA, compiled
information on U.S. military projects for the CCP. Zheng committed the theft of 21 biological
research vials to promote Chinese projects.141
June 2020: Hao Zhang, a Chinese national, was convicted under charges of economic espionage
and theft of trade secrets from two companies involved semiconductor design and processing.142
May 2020: Song Guo Zheng, a professor of internal medicine at Ohio State University and
Pennsylvania State University, pled guilty to making false statements to federal authorities as
part of a scheme to use over $4 million in grants from the NIH to develop China’s expertise in
rheumatology and immunology through his undisclosed partnership with a Chinese university
controlled by the Chinese government.143
July 2020: Four Chinese nationals were charged with visa fraud due to their connection with the
PLA. Efforts included observing U.S. labs and institutions to replicate research and designs in
China.144
July 2020: Jun Wei "Dickson" Yeo, was arrested for acting as an illegal agent for the Chinese
government. Efforts included creating a fake consulting company to recruit cleared professionals
to obtain information for the PRC and MSS.145
July 2020: Saw-Teong Ang, a University of Arkansas professor, was indicted for wire fraud for
his acceptance of U.S contracting funds related to NASA and the Air Force while being
employed by Chinese entities.146
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July 2020: Li Xiaoyu and Dong Jiazhi, two Chinese nationals, were charged by the FBI for
hacking the U.S. Department of Energy on behalf of the MSS. The two allegedly had committed
economic espionage, extortion, computer fraud, and IP theft over the course of 11 years.147
August 2020: Zhengdong Cheng, a professor at Texas A&M, was charged with wire fraud for
concealing his affiliation with Chinese universities and enterprises while accepting a NASA
grant. His position allowed him access to sensitive NASA projects. He was a participant of the
Thousand Talents Plan. 148
August 2020: Guan Lei was charged with destruction of evidence during an FBI investigation.
Guan is being investigated for transferring sensitive software and other technical data to the PLA
and China's National University of Defense Technology. 149
August 2020: Former CIA officer Alexander Yuk Ching Ma was arrested and charged with
espionage on behalf of China’s MSS. Between 2001 and 2010, Ma routinely exfiltrated classified
CIA and FBI information to MSS operatives.150
September 2020: Baimadajie Angwang, an NYPD officer and U.S. Army reservist, was charged
as acting as an illegal agent of the PRC. He attempted to gather information on Chinese citizens
living in the U.S. and recruit intelligence sources. 151
October 2020: Lei Gao was charged with conspiring to steal trade secrets from a U.S. oil and
gas manufacturer to benefit a Chinse firm.152
October 2020: Eight individuals were charged with conspiring to act as illegal agents on behalf
of the PRC. The individuals engaging in “Operation Fox Hunt” allegedly attempted to harass,
stalk, and coerce individuals living in the U.S. who are wanted in China to return to the
country.153
October 2020: U.S. citizen Elliott Broidy pleaded guilty to undisclosed lobbying on behalf of
the PRC in exchange for millions of dollars. Broidy attempted to get the U.S. government to
drop a large fraud and money laundering prosecution and deport a critic of the PRC.154
November 2020: Wei Sun, an electrical engineer with Raytheon, was sentenced to 38 months in
federal prison for transporting sensitive missile technology to China on his laptop.155
December 2020: Axios reports on a Chinese intelligence operation that allegedly occurred
between 2011 and 2015. During the operation, a suspected Chinese spy named Fang Fang
targeted local and national politicians through networking, campaign fundraising, and romantic
or sexual relationships to gain proximity to political power.156
December 2020: Yu Zhou and his wife Li Chen admit to conspiring to steal trade secrets from
the local Ohio pediatric research institute where they worked and sell them to China.157
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January 2021: Chinese national Cheng Bo, aka Jo Cheng, was indicted for conspiring to
illegally export U.S. power amplifiers to China between 2012 and 2015.158
January 2021: MIT professor Gang Chen, a naturalized U.S. citizen born in China, was charged
with wire fraud for failing to disclose connections to various entities in the PRC. It is alleged that
Chen received, and did not disclose, approximately $29 million in foreign funding since 2013,
including $19 million from the PRC’s Southern University of Science and Technology.
According to the indictment, Chen is accused of attempting to defraud “DOE by means of
materially false and fraudulent pretenses…” but the Homeland Security Agent in his affidavit
indicated that he did not included all facts about the investigation, only those required to
establish probable cause. 159
April 2021: Mingqing Xiao, mathematics professor at Southern Illinois University –
Carbondale, was charged with wire fraud and making a false statement. Xiao obtained $151,099
in NSF grant money without disclosing his loyalties to, and the support he received from, the
Chinese government and a Chinese University.160
April 2021: Chinese national Suren Qin pleaded guilty to illegally exporting $100,000 of U.S.
goods to PLA-affiliated Northwester Polytechnical University in China. Qin primarily sent
underwater and marine technologies to the PRC through their company LinkOcean
Technologies, LTD.161
July 2021: The U.S., NATO, and allies accused the PRC of using contract hackers to conduct an
ongoing global cyberespionage campaign that includes ransomware attacks, cyber extortion,
crypto-jacking, and rank theft. Accompanying this accusation were charges against four MSS
hackers for engaging in a multi-year campaign to steal trade secrets, business information, IP,
and Ebola vaccine research. Finally, the U.S. government announced they are attributing a
March 2021 exploitation of zero-day vulnerabilities in Microsoft Exchange Server to MSS
hackers.162
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Notes
1 An initial search of IP litigation identified 1200+ cases of U.S. entities against Chinese entities. The results were
based on data listed in the U.S. Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER) database, Lex Machina, and
annual statistics released by China’s Supreme People’s Court on judicial enforcement of IPR in China. While the
total volume of IP litigation may reflect a concerning trend of Chinese-sponsored intellectual property theft,
individual cases do not denote espionage. 2 https://www.justice.gov/archive/criminal/cybercrime/press-releases/2002/lucentSupIndict.htm 3 https://evergreen.loyola.edu/khula/www/strategic-intelligence/intel/Leung-DOJ-finalreport.pdf;
https://oig.justice.gov/special/s0605/final.pdf
5 https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2004/12/18/consultant-pleads-guilty-in-tech-theft-2/amp/ 6 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/hawaii-man-sentenced-32-years-prison-providing-defense-information-and-
services-people-s 7 https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2008/March/08_nsd_229.html 8 http://www.nbcnews.com/id/12836771/ns/us_news-security/t/taiwanese-man-admits-acting-covert-
agent/#.XUSUGm9KjIU 9 https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/24/AR2005082402318.html 10 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2008-11-19/network-security-breaches-plague-nasa 11 https://www.justice.gov/file/347376/download: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/couple-convicted-of-stealing-gm-
trade-secrets 12 https://www.justice.gov/archive/criminal/cybercrime/press-releases/2006/liIndict.htm 13 https://www.cbsnews.com/news/state-department-computers-hacked/ 14 https://gcn.com/articles/2006/08/17/red-storm-rising.aspx 15 https://www.justice.gov/archive/criminal/cybercrime/press-releases/2006/mengCharge.htm 16 https://www.justice.gov/archive/criminal/cybercrime/press-releases/2006/yePlea.htm 17 https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal-ccips/legacy/2012/03/15/yuPlea.pdf 18 https://fcw.com/articles/2006/12/04/china-is-suspected-of-hacking-into-navy-site.aspx?sc_lang=en 19 Dreazen, “Computer Spies Breach Fighter-Jet Project.” 20 https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/jan/12/20070112-123024-8199r/ 21 https://www.ft.com/content/9dba9ba2-5a3b-11dc-9bcd-0000779fd2ac 22 http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/09/24/homelandsecurity.computers/index.html 23 http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/09/us/nationalspecial3/09hack.html 24 https://www.justice.gov/archive/criminal/cybercrime/press-releases/2008/zengConvict.pdf 25 http://www.nbcnews.com/id/35300466/ns/us_news-security/t/chinese-born-engineer-gets-years-spying/ 26 https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/10/washington/10spy.html 27 https://www.justice.gov/archive/criminal/cybercrime/press-releases/2008/jinIndict 28 http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24880526/ns/us_news-security/t/did-chinese-hack-cabinet-secretarys-laptop/ 29 https://www.justice.gov/archive/criminal/cybercrime/press-releases/2008/lockwoodPlea.pdf 30 https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0125/US-oil-industry-hit-by-cyberattacks-Was-China-involved 31 http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/11/06/campaign.computers.hacked/ 32 https://www.ft.com/content/2931c542-ac35-11dd-bf71-000077b07658 33 https://www.justice.gov/nsd/files/export_case_list_june_2016_2.pdf/download 34 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-11-04/coke-hacked-and-doesn-t-tell 35 https://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2009/03/nelson-gets-hacked-and-hacked-off.html 36 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/5071124/Chinas-global-cyber-espionage-network- GhostNet-penetrates-103-countries.html 37 https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal-ccips/legacy/2012/03/15/zhuIndict.pdf 38 https://www.justice.gov/nsd/files/export_case_list_june_2016_2.pdf/download 39 https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/pages/attachments/2015/07/22/export-case-list-201505-final.pdf 40 https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2012/0914/Stealing-US-business-secrets-Experts-ID-two-huge-cyber-gangs-in-
China
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41 https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/press-releases/sasc-investigation-finds-chinese-intrusions-into-key-
defense-contractors 42 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/michigan-man-sentenced-48-months-attempting-spy-people-s-republic-china 43 https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204058404577110541568535300 44 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-national-sentenced-87-months-prison-economic-espionage-and-theft-
trade-secrets 45 https://www.justice.gov/nsd/files/export_case_list_june_2016_2.pdf/download 46 https://www.cio.com/article/2413391/man-charged-with-stealing-secrets-from-wireless-company-sirf.html 47 https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndca/pr/four-chinese-state-owned-industrial-companies-arraigned-economic-
espionage-conspiracy 48 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-dow-research-scientist-sentenced-60-months-prison-stealing-trade-secrets-
and-perjury 49 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-company-sinovel-wind-group-convicted-theft-trade-secrets 50 https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/18/technology/18secure.html 51 https://www.wired.com/2011/06/gmail-hack/; https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-tech/post/google-
hundreds-of-gmail-accounts-hacked-including-some-senior-us-government-
officials/2011/06/01/AGgASgGH_blog.html 52 http://www.computerworld.com/article/2507715/cybercrime-hacking/oak-ridge-national-lab-shuts-down-internet-
-email-after-cyberattack.html 53 https://www.justice.gov/nsd/files/export_case_list_june_2016_2.pdf/download 54 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyberattacks/state-actor-behind-slew-of-cyber-attacks-
idUSTRE7720HU20110803 55 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyberattack-chemicals-idUSTRE79U4K920111031 56https://web.archive.org/web/20111124012100/http://www.uscc.gov/annual_report/2011/annual_report_full_11.pdf 57 https://www.military.com/defensetech/2012/02/06/did-chinese-espionage-lead-to-f-35-delays;
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/confidential-report-lists-us-weapons-system-designs-
compromised-by-chinese-cyberspies/2013/05/27/a42c3e1c-c2dd-11e2-8c3b-0b5e9247e8ca_story.html 58 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nasa-cyberattack/nasa-says-was-hacked-13-times-last-year-
idUSTRE8211G320120303 59 https://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2013/0227/Exclusive-Cyberattack-leaves-natural-gas-pipelines-
vulnerable-to-sabotage 60 https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf 61 https://www.justice.gov/usao-edva/pr/former-cia-officer-pleads-guilty-conspiracy-commit-espionage 62 justice.gov/usao-ndca/pr/four-executives-bay-area-semiconductor-equipment-manufacturer-charged-alleged 63 https://www.justice.gov/usao-nj/pr/former-employee-new-jersey-defense-contractor-sentenced-70-months-prison-
exporting 64 https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdmo/pr/chinese-business-owner-employee-plead-guilty-sentenced-stealing-trade-
secrets-sedalia 65 https://www.justice.gov/usao-cdca/pr/chinese-national-who-stole-trade-secrets-while-working-medical-device-
companies 66 https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/matier-ross/article/Sen-Feinstein-had-a-Chinese-connection-she-
13121441.php 67 Ellen Nakashima, “Confidential Report Lists U.S. Weapons System Designs Compromised by Chinese
Cyberspies.”; https://www.mic.com/articles/44897/defense-science-board-hacking-report-china-is-hacking-its-way-
through-u-s-defenses 68 https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/02/technology/washington-posts-joins-list-of-media-hacked-by-the-
chinese.html 69 https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf 70 https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/whois-anchor-panda/ 71 https://www.pcworld.com/article/2037037/us-department-of-labor-website-infected-with-malware.html 72 https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/press-releases/sasc-investigation-finds-chinese-intrusions-into-key-
defense-contractors 73 https://www.justice.gov/usao-edpa/pr/solar-technology-research-scientist-pleas-guilty-wire-fraud 74 https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/09/26/icefog_hit_and_run_apt_japan_south_korea/
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75 https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/sykipot-now-targeting-us-civil-aviation-sector-
information/ 76 https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2013/10/know-your-enemy-tracking-a-rapidly-evolving-apt-
actor.html 77 https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdia/pr/six-chinese-nationals-indicted-conspiring-steal-trade-secrets-us-seed-
companies 78 https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1122681/download 79 https://www.justice.gov/nsd/page/file/1044446/download 80 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/us-charges-five-chinese-military-hackers-cyber-espionage-against-us-
corporations-and-labor 81 https://cdn0.vox-cdn.com/assets/4589853/crowdstrike-intelligence-report-putter-panda.original.pdf 82 https://www.meddeviceonline.com/doc/ge-files-charges-against-chinese-engineer-for-stealing-trade-secrets-0001 83 https://time.com/3148773/report-devastating-heartbleed-flaw-was-used-in-hospital-hack/ 84 https://www.justice.gov/usao-cdca/pr/los-angeles-grand-jury-indicts-chinese-national-computer-hacking-scheme-
allegedly 85 https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/dhs-contractor-suffers-major-computer-breach-officials-
say/2014/08/06/8ed131b4-1d89-11e4-ae54-0cfe1f974f8a_story.html 86 Earlier reporting on credible allegations of Huawei’s theft of technology from the Canadian company Nortel are not included despite Nortel having a strong presence in the US. 87 https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1124996/download 88 https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-china-espionage-idUSL1N0RJ02T20140918 89 https://www.w ashingtonpost.com/news/federal-eye/wp/2014/11/10/china-suspected-of-breaching-u-s-
postal-service-computer-networks/ 90 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-national-admits-stealing-sensitive-military-program-documents-united-
technologies 91 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/member-sophisticated-china -hacking-group-indicted-series-computer-intrusions-
including 92 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/newly-unsealed-federal-indictment-charges-software-engineer-taking-stolen-trade-
secrets-china 93 https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/mar/30/github-cleans-up-cyber-attack 94 https://www.wired.com/2016/10/inside-cyberattack-shocked-us-government/ 95 https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdnc/pr/chinese-businessman-charged-theft-trade-secrets 96 https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1122681/download 97 https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdpa/pr/former-ppg-employee-charged-theft-trade-secrets 98 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-professors-among-six-defendants-charged-economic-espionage-and-theft-
trade-secrets 99 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-29/china-tied-hackers-that-hit-u-s-said-to-breach-united-
airlines 100 https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndil/pr/businessman-indicted-allegedly-stealing-employer-s-trade-secrets-while-
planning-new-job 101 https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/manhattan-us-attorney-announces-economic-espionage-charges-against-
chinese-man-stealing 102 https://www.justice.gov/usao-edpa/pr/second-former-glaxosmithkline-scientist-pleads-guilty-stealing-trade-
secrets-benefit 103 https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/former-fbi-employee-sentenced-manhattan-federal-court-24-months-
prison-acting-agent 104 https://www.justice.gov/nsd/page/file/1044446/download 105 https://www.apnews.com/957fced045b1624d5e3d46cba250125e 106 https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/meet-crowdstrikes-adversary-of-the-month-for-june-mustang-panda/ 107 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-state-department-employee-sentenced-conspiring-chinese-agents 108 https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1122681/download 109 https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1122681/download 110 https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/pr/dual-canadianchinese-citizen-arrested-attempting-steal-trade-secrets-and-
computer
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111 https://blog.checkpoint.com/2017/06/01/fireball-chinese-malware-250-million-infection/ 112 https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-governments-battle-against-fugitive-guo-wengui-spills-into-washington-
1507260255 113 https://www.justice.gov/usao-de/pr/former-chemours-employee-charged-conspiracy-steal-trade-secrets-
connection-plan-sell 114 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/electrical-engineer-convicted-conspiring-illegally-export-china-semiconductor-
chips-missile 115 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-cyber/china-hacked-sensitive-us-navy-undersea-warfare-plans-
washington-post-idUSKCN1J42MM 116 https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1122681/download 117 https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/thrip-hits-satellite-telecoms-defense-
targets 118 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-defense-intelligence-officer-pleads-guilty-attempted-espionage 119 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/new-york-man-charged-theft-trade-secrets 120 https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2018/07/17/apple-employee-pleads-not-guilty-car-secrets-aapl.html 121 https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/12/pompeo-says-china-hacked-marriott-1059172 122 https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1122681/download 123 https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1122681/download 124 https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1132356/download 125 https://www.scmp.com/news/world/united-states-canada/article/2179192/chinese-battery-expert-hongjin-tan-
charged-stealing 126 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/two-chinese-hackers-associated-ministry-state-security-charged-global-computer-
intrusion 127 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/two-chinese-hackers-associated-ministry-state-security-charged-global-computer- intrusion 128 https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/2184393/chinese-man-jizhong-chen-stole-apples-future-car-
secrets-company 129 https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-hackers-target-universities-in-pursuit-of-maritime-military-secrets-
11551781800 130 https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/24/china-and-russia-are-spying-on-israel-to-steal-u-s-secrets-putin-netanyahu-
xi-haifa-ashdod-iai-elbit/ 131 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-ge-engineer-and-chinese-businessman-charged-economic-espionage-and-
theft-ge-s-trade 132 https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/pr/lexington-man-and-semiconductor-company-indicted-theft-trade-secrets 133 https://www.wsj.com/articles/global-telecom-carriers-attacked-by-suspected-chinese-hackers-11561428003 134 https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/08/03/chinese-state-hackers-suspected-of-malicious-cyber-
attack-on-u-s-utilities/?sh=6c90a6776758 135 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-cyber-moonlighters/chinese-government-hackers-suspected-of-
moonlighting-for-profit-idUSKCN1UX1JE; https://content.fireeye.com/apt-41/rpt-apt41/ 136 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/couple-who-worked-local-research-institute-10-years-charged-stealing-trade-
secrets-wire-fraud 137 https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1202996/download 138 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-government-employee-charged-manhattan-federal-court-participating-
conspiracy 139 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-intelligence-officer-convicted-attempted-espionage-sentenced-10-years-
federal-prison 140 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-cia-officer-sentenced-conspiracy-commit-espionage 141 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/harvard-university-professor-and-two-chinese-nationals-charged-three-separate-
china-related 142 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-citizen-convicted-economic-espionage-theft-trade-secrets-and-conspiracy 143 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/university-researcher-pleads-guilty-lying-grant-applications-develop-scientific-
expertise 144 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/researchers-charged-visa-fraud-after-lying-about-their-work-china-s-people-s-
liberation-army
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145 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/singaporean-national-pleads-guilty-acting-united-states-illegal-agent-chinese-
intelligence 146 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/university-arkansas-professor-indicted-wire-fraud-and-passport-fraud 147 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/two-chinese-hackers-working-ministry-state-security-charged-global-computer-
intrusion 148 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/nasa-researcher-arrested-false-statements-and-wire-fraud-relation-china-s-talents-
program 149 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-national-charged-destroying-hard-drive-during-fbi-investigation-
possible-transfer 150 https://news.clearancejobs.com/2020/08/18/chinas-mss-uses-alexander-ma-to-penetrate-fbi/ 151 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/new-york-city-police-department-officer-charged-acting-illegal-agent-people-s-
republic-china 152 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-energy-company-us-oil-gas-affiliate-and-chinese-national-indicted-theft-
trade-secrets 153 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/eight-individuals-charged-conspiring-act-illegal-agents-people-s-republic-china 154 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/elliott-broidy-pleads-guilty-back-channel-lobbying-campaign-drop-1mdb-
investigation-and 155 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-raytheon-engineer-sentenced-exporting-sensitive-military-related-
technology-china 156 https://www.axios.com/china-spy-california-politicians-9d2dfb99-f839-4e00-8bd8-59dec0daf589.html 157 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/man-who-worked-local-research-institute-10-years-pleads-guilty-conspiring-
steal-trade-secrets 158 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-national-charged-criminal-conspiracy-export-us-power-amplifiers-china 159 https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/pr/mit-professor-arrested-and-charged-grant-fraud & https://bit.ly/3zkdz2c 160 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/mathematics-professor-and-university-researcher-indicted-grant-fraud 161 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-national-pleads-guilty-illegal-exports-northwestern-polytechnical-
university 162 https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/07/19/the-united-states-joined-by-allies-
and-partners-attributes-malicious-cyber-activity-and-irresponsible-state-behavior-to-the-peoples-republic-of-china/
