outline

Public Speaking

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Using Supporting Materials

• Supporting materials are all the different types of information you use during your speech.

Building Audience Interest

Why Use Supporting Materials? Enhancing Audience Understanding

Winning Audience Agreement

• Give audience reasons to agree with you by: – Quoting an

expert – Presenting a

demonstration – Providing

examples

Evoking Audience Emotion

– Humor – Empathy – Anger – Commitment to act

Examples • Samples or instances that support or illustrate a

general claim

Definitions

Testimony

Statistics

Tips for Using Statistics

Narratives

Analogies

Proof

Variety

Appeal to Different Learning Styles

Avoid Long Lists

Other Considerations

• Time

• Audience

Organizing Your Speech • Clear Organization

• Clear Structure

Effective Organization

Selecting Your Main Points

Consider Your Purpose

Take Your Audience into Account

: Select an Appropriate Number of Main Points

Organizing Your Supporting Materials

Main points are the most important or highest level

Supporting materials used to develop main points are subpoints

Materials that support subpoints are sub-subpoints

Subordination

Subordination and Coordination

Arranging Your Main Points

• Common speech organization methods: – Spatial – Temporal (chronological) – Causal – Comparison – Problem-cause-solution – Criteria-application – Narrative – Categorical (topical)

Spatial Pattern

Temporal (Chronological) Pattern

Causal Pattern

Arranging Your Main Points: Comparison Pattern • The points discuss major

similarities and differences between two items.

Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern

: Criteria-Application Pattern

Narrative Pattern

Categorical Pattern

Transitions • Sentences that link one point in your speech to the next

Signposts

Internal Previews and Summaries

Introductions and Conclusions • Your introduction and conclusion can make or break

your presentation. • A strong introduction establishes rapport with

listeners by: • A strong conclusion leaves an impression of you and

your speech.

Introducing Your Speech: Gain Your Audience’s Attention

• Use an attention-getter

Tell a Story or Anecdote

Offer a Striking or Provocative Statement

Build Suspense

Let Listeners Know You’re One of Them

Use Humor

Provide a Quotation

Introducing Your Speech: Signal Your Thesis

: Show Your Audience “What’s in It for Them”

Establish Your Credibility

Preview Your Main Points

Concluding Your Speech

Finish with a Memorable Ending

Outlining Your Speech: Introduction • Outlining helps you visually represent your ideas, enabling you to

see if your speech flows logically and covers your subject matter adequately.

• Use your outlines to practice your speech.

Working vs. Speaking Outlines

Creating Your Working Outline: Outlining the Body of Your Speech

: Use Full Sentences or Detailed Phrases

Outlining the Body of Your Speech

Creating Your Working Outline: Outlining the Body of Your Speech

• Include full information for citations, quotations, and other evidence.

Insert Transitions

Creating a Bibliography

Formal Outline

• Thesis Statement • Purpose

Formatting Your Speaking Outline

• Use index cards or note paper. • Keep it brief, using only keywords or brief phrases. • Use the same structure as the working outline.

Elements of Your Speaking Outline

Outlining Your Speech