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First published 20M by Routledge

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'suarl QMoacI aW {o saldnwrd aatql aqD I nq) ulw uas uas-WL unS *

'Lusqauulaut0 lno smotS ru41wsrua\

-tpdlwsor sansoqdlaa ool uns /nfipN a4ry 'ruawaaow $qauadtu!-!1uu

aql {0 wsqaapt lua8nwa aql pua'uo4aztpan asaunl) nuadns fi11utow a lo aapy aLfi'wslulmtae la!r05, {o +ory'a&an8ual lo spu14 aanl4 spualq atnpal stH swnl $tutmne lanos u1 n1{y pua aBV {o sa1doad panuollJ4was pua pazxuoln ary {0 US1M aqy mas ung 'fi1snouas anlu fi&o1oapt stql lool oqm snpaay lo uotqutaua? nq,taa wqmauls a paluas -atdat aq asnaraq fiptad.pua 'I nM pUoM

to pua aql p4un frmquac qluaapuxu a+al aql w04 arcV $aJ ut saapt $twmffie lalrls {o atuay -uaatd aW {0 asnaJaq fr1qnr1 'plnm ary u! nmod snownua qcns uru8 oq awal $aM aql mo7 Sutpuuqstapun ux - anq paryasatd snpaal nqtrl a4l uaUl os atoLtr sdaqtad - pa$anlut fi1uaa4 lsla sam aq'aun4a ut wsxlaLt -adwt un$aM to anb4tn Swryqsaaap a pado1aoap uns aUW 'uoq)aps

quasatd aql pallnr aaaq am Wlqm wot{ ,a1doad aqq to sa1hcuud aan11, aql uo satnpal sltl u! pauruluoJ am saapt sru l0 fiuay1 ',aulllJ unplw

lo n44a{, aql so um0u4 fi1apm sx aq'Gyaam mat a nl Tuaprsatd pults -notd aqt sa paons aq !6r-ZL6y1 cqqnda>I asauu.l) aq4 {o fiiuaptsatd aqq frdntco q aruaqc aqy 7o8 haau (g76l-gggD uas-ry ung 43no4q1y

uas-laL uns

rf arnlJaT tuory suorlJalas

(Erdogd irHr co sETdrJNIud ffUHI IIHI) I NH) N/I/T AIYS

S U N Y A T - S E N

The population of the world today is approximately a billjon and a half'

One fourth of this number live it1 Chin;, which means that one out of

every four persons in the world is a chinese' The total population of the

white races of Europe also amounts to 400 million' The white division of

mankind, which is now the most flourishing, includes four races: in

central and northern Europe, the Teutons, who have founded many

states, the largest of which is Germany, others being Austria' sweden'

Norway, Holland, and Denmark; in eaitern Europe, the Slavs' who also

have founded a number of states, the largest 9"i^g Russia' and' after the

European War, the new countries of Czelhoslovakia and Yugoslavia; in

western Europe, the Saxons or Anglo-Saxons, who have founded two

large states - E;;1""d a1d the United States of America; in southem

Europe, the Latins, who have founded several states, the largest being

France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal' Td. *lo irave migrated to South

America formini states there i.rsias the Anglo-Saxons migrated to North

America and uuilt up Canada and the Uniled States. The white peoples

of Europe, now numbering only 400 rnillion Persons, are divided into

four great stocks which hu,r" established many states' Because the

national spirit of the white race was highly deveioped, when they had

filled up the European continent they Lxpanded io North and South

America in the Weit"m Hemisph"ru #d to Africa and Australia in the

southern and' eastem parts of the Eastern Hemisphere' ,

The Anglo-saxons at present occupy more sPace on the globe than any

other race. Although this race originited in Europe, the- 9nly

European

soil it holds are th! British Isles: ingland, Scotland, and lreland, which

occupy about the same position in th; Atlantic that Japan occupies in the

Pacific. The Anglo-Saxtns have extended their territory westward to

North America, Eastward to Australia and New Zealand, and southward

to Africa until they possess more land and are wealthier and stronger

than any othe. ,u.".'Before the European War the Teutons and the Slavs

were the strongest races; moreov"r,by reason of the sagacity-and ability

of the Teutoni; peoples, Germany wag abl.e to unite more than twenty

small states into a great German confed,eration. At the beginning an agri-

cultural nation, it" developed into an industrial nation and through

industrial prosperity its army and navy became exceedingly powerful'

Before th" ;ir;#an War all the European nations had been poisoned

by imperialism. wnut is imperialism? lt. it the policy of aggression

against otl.,u, .o.rntri", by leans of political forc e, ot, in the Chinese

pirur", 'long-range aggression'' As all the peoples -o.f

Europe were

imbued with this" policy, wars were continually breaking out; almost

every decade had at least one small war and each century one big war'

The greatest of all was the recent Europea" ryut, which may be called the

World War because it finally involvedihe whole world and pulled every

nation and peoples into its vortex. The causes of the European War were'

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11e /alua]ug aq] dq papunodord auaq] alqou aql Jo ]lnsar e sV'sautl ar{}

pulr{aq >lro,,v\ o} pu€ sarpuar+ 8lp ol srarnoqel Jo spuesnor{} Jo sparpunq

alnqrrluoJ plp aqs 1ad 'satture ou luas aqs q8noqtp 1re-r,r aql paJalua 'sa1u1g palpn aql

Jo uorlerrdsq aql rapun 'oo1 'eutq3 'uosllM luaprsard dq palenunua aldrturrd uorl€ururJalap-Jlos aql Jo asne)aq suan 'slaano4

pa1l17 aql ]sul€8e alualug aq] Jo apIS aql uo palsqua ile 'uruetuoy

pup eDIeAoISoqrazJ'puelocl se q)ns 'adorng;o saldoad lerus rar{}o dr{^

uosear aql puv'uorlrsodord lsnf s,uoslrM Jo preaq peq daql asnef,aq osp '+qBIJ ol aru€rC padlaq p1s daql relrr,r aq] Surrnp lad 'duuerdl qluarC aql

pateq aldoad uoululor aql pu€ aru€rC dq pale8nlqns uaaq peq rueuuv

q8noqtlV 'ulellrg learD o] p1e ane8 ,{1pe13 'saldoad IIErus pue >I€arvr

aq] Jo ruopaarJ ar{} roJ s€,vr rem ar{l }eq} des uosp14 pr€ar{ daql uaqrn 'saldoad

ileurs dueu 1ad '.radorlsap rlaql 'uTellrg learD pesoddo p1s

EIpuI ;o aldoad uoururoJ arp q8noqlp pu€ 'atuolla.an aprmplrom e laur Eapr srH 'saldoad rallerus pue ra>leam ar{} ol r{uoJa)uag druouo+ne Surnr8

pue raMod s,dueruraS Surdorlsap pasodord uoslrM 'a1ualug ueadornE

aql Jo saldoad ar{} r{snrr ol a)roy d.relrlrur dq SurnuJS sE^ dueura3

asnef,ag ',sa1doad Jo uorlernruJalap-JloS, - araqzrt.,{rala panTa)ar dpurem

pue uosIIM luaplsar4 dq pasn 'aserqd lear8 e seal,r araq] relvr aql Sur.rnq

t'l 'paqsrnbuen pue s.roranbuo) olul

papl^Ip aq lou plnoJ p1s laql rE1v{ ar{} Jo pua aq} rEau pue 'slead rnol

;o porrad p roJ surre rapun aram uaur uoqlnu {UIJ ol dpog 'plrom ar{l

yo drolsrq aqt uI re,vr InJpearp lsour ar{} sem re14 ueadornfl lua)ar ardl 'su8rsap JrlsIIeIr

-adurr raq Jo arnlleJ aq] pu€ dueurraS roJ leaJap s€zvt rem aq] Jo llnsar aql

1ng 'arrdrug uetuoy p1o arp a>lrl sarard olr4 Srnluarq'drolrrral raq IIe tsol

a^er{ plnom ule}Irg }earD pu€ reir,r ar{l ra}Je €as ar{} uo ram.od aurardns

aq+ plaq a^er{ plnom aqs tem aq} uom peq dueruraD JI 'suralqo'rd

plroA\ IeJrlrJ) a^Ios o+ uoJJa at{} se/V\ asne) puo)as aq} ldJ€ruardns .rol

sa)€r allqm uaamlaq a133n4s aq] sem 'uat{} teM ueadorng ar{l Jo asnel

lsrrJ aql 'pallnsar lem'1t allos o1 3urd4 sea,l adornll Jo uorleu drana pr-ru'

{rnluar e roJ pallos uaaq }ou per{ uoqsanb qsHrnl ar{} asneJag 'lI uoL -4red ol palu€M suo4eu ueadorng aql pue ssaldlaq dlarua.4xa aureraq l: 'rrlodsap ser\ uellns ar{} pue poua}q8quaun sealr luaururano8 aq} asne)ag ',adorng

Jo ueur {rIS, aql }I paller anpr{ plrom aq} Jo aldoad aq} s,rua-'-

parpunr{ lsed aq1 rog darynl pallp) a}els >leam e sr arar{l adornE ura}sL'a

q drolrrral arour roy a133n4s s,uorleu r{JEa s€,vr asne, Otor". Yo.",,

ar{l aureJ eas aq} uo areld lsrrJ JoJ a133n4s srt{} worc 'sJar{ ol }xau sp.','

rauvrod eas asor{lvr 'dueruraS dorlsap ol parrl aqs os seas ar{} alnr o} d.ru;

u^lo Jaq palueM urelrrg ]PaJD lpForw aql q rartod eas puof,os ar{} sP..''.

aqs plun dneu raq padola^ap peq ssaulear8 o1 asIJ rar{ ur dueruraD 'E$

ar{} Jo loJ}uo) JoJ saJer JruoJnal pue uoxPs aq} uaa/v{}oq drpnrr aql '}sr.-

!I-IdOEd !IHI CO S!ITdIf,NIUd !IEUHI !IHJ

,OJAM JE

lraaa p; aqt palll re,u 8rq

+sourlE : aJaM ac asarnL{J

uorssarB pauosro(

'lnJra.

qBnorqt -rr8e ue l d1ua.u1 r llqrqe pr s^els aLIl ra8uorls preMqln( ol pru^rl aq] trl sar r{rlrlr\ 'p

uuado.rn: l.'e ueqi

aq] q e{ qlnos pu peq daql at{l asnP: olr4 papl saldoad a rluol{ o} I qlnos ol Suraq lsaf urar{lnos olv\] papu ur lerzrelsc aq] Jaue 'I

osle oq^^ ' 'uapamg ,r

dueru pap UI :SAJPJ J

JO Uorsr^rp aLIl Jo uorl

JO lno auo 'JIEL{ e puts

S U N Y A T - S E N

the oppressed peoples of Europe and of Asia finally joined together to

help ihem in theiritruggle against the Allied Powers. At the same time

Wilson proposed, to guiid the future peace of the world, fourteen points,

of which the most important was that each people should have the right

of self-determination.-When victory and defeat still hung in the balance,

England and France heartily endorsed these points, but when victory

*ui *or', and the Peace Conference was opened, England, France, and

Italy realized that Wilson's proposal of freedom for nations conflicted too

se.iously with the interesti of imperialism; and so, during the confer-

ence, they used all kinds of methods to explain away Wilson's principles'

The result was a peace treaty with most unjust terms; the weaker, smaller

nations not only did not secure self-determination and freedom but

found themselves under an opPression more terrible than before. This

shows that the strong states at d th" powerful races have already forced

possession of the gtobe and that the rights and privileges -of other states

and nations are ironopolrzed, by them. Hoping to make themselves

forever secure in their exclusive position and to prevent the smaller and

weaker peoples from again reviving, they sing praises to cosmopoli-

tanism, saying that nationalism is too narrow; really their espousal of

internationalism is but imperialism and aggression in another guise.

But Wilson's proposals, once set forth, could not be recalled; each one

of the weaker, smaller nations who had helped the Entente to defeat the

Allied powers and had hoped to attain freedom as a fruit of the victory

was doomed to bitter disappointment by the results of the Peace

Conference. Then Annam, Burma, Java, India, the Malay Archipelago,

Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan, Egypt, and the scores of weak nations in

Europe, were stiried with a great, new consciousness; they saw how

.o*plut"ly they had been deieived by the Great Powers' advocacy of

self-determination, and began independently and separately to carry out

the principle of the'self-determination of peoples''

Ma.y y"u.t of fierce warfare had not been able to destroy imperialism

because this war was a conflict of imperialisms between states, not a

struggle between savagery and civilization or between Might and Right'

So the effect of the war was merely the overthrow of one imperialism by

another imperialism; what survived was still imperialism. But from the

war there was unconsciously born in the heart of mankind a great hope -

the Russian Revolution. The Russian Revolution had begun much earlier,

as far back as 1905, but had not accomplished its purpose' Now during

the European War the efforts of the revolutionists were crowned with

success. Th" ,*uron for the outbreak of revolution again at this time was

the great awakening of the people as a result of their war experience.

Russ--ia was formeriy one of the Entente nations; when the Entente

powers were fighting Germany, Russia sent over 10 million soldiers into

the field - r,ol u p.t.ty force. Without Russia's part in the war, the

24

97,

pualxa ol lu€,lvr aM JI lursqeuorleu Jo lno slvroJ8 tusruelrlodoruso) ]€q] puelsrapun lsnul aM 'rusrpuorleu Jno papJ€JSIp aAEq 'ursruelrlodorusor

Jo sasnuord aql dq palooJ 'alvr se 1sn[ alod srq deane Marql dlalerpaunur 'azudls"rr; SuruuIM uo 'arlool ar{I 'rusqeuoqeu'a1od ooqtueq ar{l luISIuP} -qodousor sluasardar lapq drapol aqJ 'r€ap dran sFn ap€ul dpearp

seq drapol aql q azud lsrrJ uom otllvr arlooJ ar{} }o arn})al 1se1 du w pasn

I uorlerlsnlll aql 'ulsluelllodorusot ssnrsrp ol ]lJ are airllr aroJaq dlqenba

pue uopaaJJ leuorleu Jo uorlrsod Jno JaAoJaJ ]sJrJ lsnw 'sa)pJ pa8uorrvr

aql 'aM 'lnoqe >ll€l plnor{s sar€r pa8uo.rm, q)Iq/\^ aurr})op E }ou q }I lng .arnrlJop sgt dq de4se pa1 'usrpuolleu Sursoddo uaaq an€q'arn11nl ,v'au

ar{t Jo saalolap 'g}nod s,eulq) Jo aruos sJead JuaJaJ uI 'rusruelrlodoursor

asnodsa ppor{s a,vr }eqt a)uar{ pue 'a8e luasard aq} o} palrnsun 'rvroJJuu

ool SauroJaq urs{€uor}eu 'sa8relua uolsrn S,pul{ueru Se pue SaJuelpu

plJom aql Jo uoIJezIIIAlt aq1 se '1eql Surrepap 'sn atuelJul ol rusluel -rlodorusoJ Surl€Jo^pp zvrou arp laqJ 'arnr+)op snorJads e qUoJ 3uq1as

ar€ pue slq8noql r{Jns aleq IIrM alvr }Et{l prer}e are sramod aldl 'uorssrur

au]^Ip rno sr sn{l larl}snfur lsureSe purlueu roJ ]q8IJ ol suoqlrw 007 rno

Jo qlSualls arp asn pu€ urs{Puorleu }SoI S,et4q3 aATAaJ ol }uem alvr ,vroN

t'l 'uo{Iw

0gZ aq} 'apls raq}o ar{} uo 1uor11tru 092'I aq} aq IIrM aprs

auo uo :sdruEJ o.ry\J olur papl^p aq ilI^ prnTueru ralteoraq os 'uoqlnu

0gZ'I raqlo arp at€8nfqns o1 a)roJ drelrpu pue spot{}aur uewngur ,{q

Surdq IIqs arp daql lng'rya1 are sarer letrtruerdl aql Jo uoqlru gg7 dluo og 'saJeJ prruuerdl ar{l }surp8e a133n4s E rn ersv yo saldoad ralpurs 'lalea.rvr

aql qlIM ]ol rraql ur Surmorql Jo 8q+qqt a.re daql ,rtou lrnorzreqaq

rrlsqerradlur s,ueur allqm aql pauwapuor pu€ sa)er allqm raqlo aq] r{llrrt

a>lorq'papaarrns uorlnlo^ar rraql uaqM 'suerssny uoqluu 09I aq] ]ng

'1no padrm aq'3uo1 aroJaq 't{evt pue uoIS -sarddo s,ueru allqm aql ol paltafqns 8.q"q lvrou aJE ersv Jo sa)er rrrroga,,{

ar{} 'uo4nlos$p }o ssaJoJd

".{t t4 sT elpul Jo a)er umorq ar{} 'pa}€tnur

-ralxa aq uoos IIrM $lJelq ue)rrJv aql 'auo8 are saurSlJoqu pal ueJrraurv

al{L 'saJer Jaq}o dn rvrolplv\s o} lno paue}s aAPq saJeJ allq/\^ ar{l aseq

sF{} urorJ lslueuquor ueJlrawv pue ueadorng ar{} uo sa}rqm uoIIIrur 00t aq] are p;rauvrod lsow aq] 'plrom aql uI aldoad

JIeq e pue uoIIIIq aq] JO t'l

'dueurra3 qlIM aread aleredas p papnl)uor pup /alualu5l ar{l

ruorJ deme a>lorq'a1o.nne suazrlr) pue srarplos Jo dnor8 V'pua aql uI lI Jo owor plnod\ sllnsar pooS ou leql puE arroJ alnrq auo 1q3r1 ol sa)roJ alnrq

Ieralas Surdlag dlararu sezvr aqs dueura3 ]qBIJ ol alualufl aql Surdlaq

uI leq] paz{ear ar{s pue 'lragar o1 ue8aq erssn5 te,lr aql q8norql dezvrlpq

1sn{ drol)rl o}ur lea1ap urnl dleulJ pue sread aarql ro ozvr} ro; duerura3

qlllv\ ua^a >learq ol alqe araM sraMod alualug ar{l '}uorJ uralsEg aql

uo su€urraD aqt Sursserreqwa sem €rssng asn€)aq 1,,{uerurag dq paqserus

uaaq a^€q aroJaq 3uo1 plnom ]uorC rualsaM aql uo aug s,alualug

ATdOlId IIHJ CO S!I'IdI)NIU.M!IUHJ EHJ

a{l ?e,! olur sJal alualuE 'aJuarJac

SEA\ AUUT rfir/vl pal Stnrnp ^r tarlrPa q - adoq 1r aql ruorJ dq rus4er '1q3ry pu e 1ou 'sa

usqer.rad

1no dr;ur yo drero.r AI'OLI 1\/tes

ur suorlPl 'oBeladrq:

aread ali ftolrrrr au aql ]eaJap auo qJEa I

'asrn.

;o psnod: -rlodourso

pue raIIEu sa^laSruaq salels raql parro; dpt sildl 'oroJ€

lnq uopai rallews ?a: 'saldnur.rd

-raJuoJ aq: ool palrruL pue'aluer drolrr.t uai /aJueleq aq l{3gr aq} a1 'slurod uaa: awrl aures ot raqlaSo]

S U N Y A T - S E N

cosmopolitanism we must first establish strongly our own nationalism' If

nationalism cannot become strong, cosmoPolitanism certainly cannot

prosper. Thus we see that cosmofohtani4. it hidden in the heart of

nationalism just as the ticket *ut hidden inside the bamboo pole; if we

discard nationalism and go and talk cosmopolitanism we are just like the

coolie who threw his bamboo pole into the sea'

We put the cart before the horse. I said before that our position is not

equal to urut of the Annamese or the Koreans; they are subject peoples

and slaves while we cannot even be called slaves. Yet we discourse about

cosmopolitanism and say that we do not need nationalism' Gentlemen, is

this reisonable? According to history, our 400 millions of Chinese have

also come

down the road of imperialism. Our forefathers constantly employed

political force to enc'roach uPon weaker . and smaller nations; but

economic force in those days rias not a serious thing, so we were not

ilil;ieconomic oppr"rrion of other people-s. Then comPare China's

culture with E.rrop";s ancient culture. The Golden Age o{ European

culture was in the time of Greece and Rome, yet Rome at the height of its

power was contemporaneou-s Yith as late a dynasty in China as the Han'

At that time Chinais political thinking was very profound; *?ly orators

were earnestly opporitg imperialism and much anti-imperialjstic litera-

ture was proirr"li, th""moti famous being 'Discussions on abandoning

the Pearl Cliffs'. Such writings opposed Chit'u" efforts to expand he1

territory and her struggle o'o"i land with the southern barbarians' which

shows that as early uiif," Han dynasty, China already discouraged war

'"g"it r, outsiders and had developed the Peace idea to broad

propor-

tions. In the S.rng dynasty, China was not only ceasing to encroach

upon

other peoples,-bui she was even being herseif invaded by foreigners' The

Srr.g dynasty was overthrown by the Mongols and the nation did not

ug;; revive until the Ming dynasiy. After this restoration, China became

much less aggressive. However, many small states in the south china

Sea wanted to bring tribute and to adopt Chinese culture' giving volun-

tary adherence belarrse of their admiration for our culture and not

because of military Pressure from China. The small countries in the

Malay Archipelugo urla the South China Sea considered it a great honour

for China to annex them and receive their tribute; China's refusal would

have brought them disgrace' The strongest pow"r"t it the world today have not succeeded

in calling

forth praise" like this. Take America's treatment of the Philippines:

allowing the Filipinos to organize their own Assembly and to have a

share in the ;;;**"nt; ailowing them to appoint delegates to the

Congress in frashington; not only not requiring a mgney tribute but

subsidizing their t"ui" items oi "*p"r1ditnt", building roads' and

prcviding et merrt can tx rnrv do nd eking for ir ae called G lrc cutquel

Senerursty, Chtot4 fearn ;'hat trE 3 &qgland's g fu year of bchina" wl Hfteirho t-..1 Gerdemeru lhrs, in ft€ G e ' & e d

ftliling it u dblmd'- [ hrnudr m lhe Ch Oimdu twqld- (ElCssa rmd espn fooper*

0rr{fl} t r e T l n l fiha€c igrrt', tl

ffirIi{ r d r e l C ilrrdm ya |f,Lln0r nuedr

l n * d d r ein Hct fmtis d h t u dftryH fundn

SryEr b f r H

26

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Ierraleur ueadorng ;o ssarSord "q+

qlIM 'uoqezrrlnrr Ierraleur Jo plalJ aq+ uI

raq1a3o1p 1nq dqdosopqd prqrlod ul tou $ eLmJJ o1 dlpopadns ueadorng 'AJOAql aJour lou pue urslu

-nruruo) q Sqql Iear ar{} spm ura}sds rnuouora srq luenqr-nrs11 3un11 ;o

"-p aql uI eulqf, ur pagddp spm lI lng 'araqzvtdue lno palrl dll.J uaaq ]ou

suq lI luorssntslp Jo a8els oql q ilps sl salrlunoJ rar{lo tn ursrunururo3 'ursrunururoJ

IEar dpo at{l sr pa}e)o^pe urun{eg pue uoqpnord

l€r{M 'rusrunluuloJ

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a.rnd ]ou sr arqrerd oluT 3q]1nd uaaq seq Prssny lEt{M 'araq p1o sread

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S U N Y A T - S E N

civilization, all the duily provisions for clothing, foo{, housing.and commw

nication have become extremely convenient and timesaving, and the

weapons of war - poison, gas and such - have become extraordinarily

perflcted and deadiy. A11 th"t" new inventions and weapons- have come

since the development of science. It was after the seventeenth and eigh-

teenth centuries when Bacon, Newton and other great sdrolrs-ldvocated

the use of observation, experiment and investigation of u[ .$hgs' that

science came into being. Sowhen we speak of Furope's scientific. Progress

and of the advance of EuroPean materill civilization, we are talking about

something which has only-200 years' history. A few hundred years ago/

Europe cJdd not comp# wittt- China, so now if we want to leam from

Europe we should leam what we ourselves lack - science - but not political

philosophy. u,rrop"urs ur" sti]l looking to china for the fundamentals of

politici piriforop'ny. You all h9* that the best scholarship today is found

ih Germany. y"i i"** scholars are studying Chinese philosophy an{

even brdian Buddhist principles to supplemlnt their partial conceptions of

science. Cosmopolitanism his just flowered in Europe during this genera-

tion, but it was talked of 2,000 years ago in china. Europeans cannot yet

discern our ancient civilization, yet mant of our race have imagined a polit-

ical world civilization; and u, fot intemational morality, our 400 millions

have been devoted to the principle of world peace. But because of the loss

of our nationalism, our ancient morality and civilization have not been able

to manifest themselves and are now even declining

The cosmopolitanism which Europeans "ry t"ry"g fbout

todll is really a

principle supported by force withoutlustice. The English exprcs.sY 'might is

hghf *"*r inat figh'ting for acquisition is just. The Chinese mind has never

re"garded acquisitiJn by *1t it right; it considers aggressive warfare

barbarous. This pacifist morality is tha true spirit of cosmopolitanism' Upon

what foundation can we defend and build upthis spirit? - Upolnationalism'

Russia's 150 millions are the foundation of E*op"'s cosmopolitanism' and

china,s 400 millions are the foundation of Asia's cosmopolitanism'As a foun-

dation is essential to expansioru so we must talk nationalism fil.St if we want

to talk cosmopolitanism. 'Those desiring to pacify d." *o-dd must first

govem their own state'. Let us revive our lost nationalism and make it shine

i6tf't greater splendoul, then we will have some ground for discussing inter-

nationalism' 171ebruanrr9z4

T I

T b M p d f f i Adldul t sillisrrlt at

;dnirry (*abtb fttdr*nt f f i u f5dcnw f f i g m . 'Cl{tzrltt

2 3

Notes

Sun Yat-sen (1927) San Min Chu I (The Three Principles of-the l:opl"L trans'

Frank w. Price, shanghai: china committee, Institute of Pacific Relations'

Selections from Lecturc 4,76_100' Hwaneti and Laotze. The nJme of a philosopher in the Chow dynasty'

28